Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Tax Audit in Turkiye: Simulation and Estimations Based on Kernel and Weight Functions

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 264 - 272
https://doi.org/10.51537/chaos.1486869

Abstract

This research examines the use of kernel estimation and $FindDistribution$ methods in $Mathematica$ software to analyze the ratio of taxpayer audits to total taxpayers, focusing on two large populations: one with approximately 80,000 audits per 100,000 taxpayers and the other with 4.5 million audits per 6 million taxpayers. Comparing the maximum statistics, the study shows that a larger number of taxpayers leads to more audits. The dataset also includes a weighted average for audits and taxpayers with a maximum of around 75,000 and 4 million respectively. These numerical values have been determined using the simulation carried out after modeling the real data sets of the total number of taxpayers and their audits from the years 2012 to 2023. These results show that different taxpayer populations require the targeted audit strategies and highlight the importance of the statistical models with corresponding estimation method to better understand complex distributions and improve tax audit processes.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

Yes, we have done.

References

  • Alleva, G. and A. E. Giommi, 2016 Topics in Theoretical and Applied Statistics. Springer.
  • Aydın, M. and M. N. Çankaya, 2024 Assessing the regulatory impact of the turkish competition authority on market dynamics: A statistical approach using kernel estimation and its simulation. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty 11: 837–853.
  • Brushwood, J. D., D. M. Johnston, and S. J. Lusch, 2018 The effect of tax audit outcomes on the reporting and valuation of unrecognized tax benefits. Advances in Accounting 42: 1–11.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2020a M-estimations of shape and scale parameters by order statistics in least informative distributions on q-deformed logarithm. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10: 1984–1996.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2020b On the robust estimations of location and scale parameters for least informative distributions. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 15: 71–78.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and O. Arslan, 2020 On the robustness properties for maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in exponential power and generalized t distributions. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods 49: 607–630.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and M. Aydın, 2024 Future prediction for tax complaints to turkish ombudsman by models from polynomial regression and parametric distribution. Chaos Theory and Applications 6: 63–72.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and J. Korbel, 2018 Least informative distributions in maximum q-log-likelihood estimation. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 509: 140–150.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and R. Vila, 2023 Maximum log q likelihood estimation for parameters of weibull distribution and properties: Monte carlo simulation. Soft Computing 27: 6903–6926.
  • Çankaya, M. N., A. Yalçınkaya, Ö. Altındaˇ g, and O. Arslan, 2019 On the robustness of an epsilon skew extension for burr iii distribution on the real line. Computational Statistics 34: 1247–1273.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2021 Derivatives by ratio principle for q-sets on the time scale calculus. Fractals 29: 2140040.
  • Chamberlain, A. and G. Prante, 2007 Who Pays Taxes and Who Receives Government Spending? An Analysis of Federal, State and Local Tax and Spending Distributions, 1991-2004. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Chen, Y. and H. Wang, 2011 Construction and application of bipartite recursive algorithm based on kernel density estimation: A new non-parametric method to measure the given income population scale. In Statistics & Information Forum, pp. 3–8.
  • Chotikapanich, D., 2008 Modeling income distributions and Lorenz curves, volume 5. Springer Science & Business Media. Cowx, M. and M. Vernon, 2023 Accounting for tax uncertainty over time. Available at SSRN 4678373 .
  • Davidson, R. and J.-Y. Duclos, 1997 Statistical Inference for the Measurement of the Incidence of Taxes and Transfers. Econometrica 65: 1453.
  • Hanif, M. and U. Shahzad, 2019 Estimation of population variance using kernel matrix. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 22: 563–586.
  • Johns, A. and J. Slemrod, 2010 The distribution of income tax noncompliance. National Tax Journal 63: 397–418.
  • Kuk, A. Y., 1993 A kernel method for estimating finite population distribution functions using auxiliary information. Biometrika 80: 385–392.
  • Maronna, R. A., R. D. Martin, V. J. Yohai, and M. Salibián-Barrera, 2019 Robust statistics: theory and methods (with R). JohnWiley & Sons.
  • Minoiu, C. and S. Reddy, 2008 Kernel density estimation based on grouped data: The case of poverty assessment. IMF Working Papers 08: 1.
  • Özen, E. and M. N. Çankaya, 2023 Estimation of the turkish stock investor numbers based on kernel method. In Competitivitatea ¸si inovarea în economia cunoa¸sterii, pp. 445–454.
  • Papatheodorou, C., P. Peristera, and A. Kostaki, 2004 Kernel density techniques as a tool for estimating and comparing income distributions: a cross european–country study. Journal of Income Distribution 13: 2–2.
  • Perese, K., 2015 The distribution of household income and federal taxes, 2011. Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico 17: 695.
  • Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2017 Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
  • Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2018 Distributional national accounts: methods and estimates for the united states. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
  • Ruggles, P. and M. O’Higgins, 1981 The distribution of public expenditure among households in the united states. Review of Income andWealth 27: 137–164.
  • Serikova, M., L. Sembiyeva, K. Balginova, G. Alina, A. Shakharova, et al., 2020 Tax revenues estimation and forecast for state tax audit. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 7: 2419–2435.
  • VDK, T., 2023 Vdk annual reports. https://en-vdk.hmb.gov.tr/ annual-reports, [Online; accessed 10-May-2024].
  • Vila, R., L. Alfaia, A. F. Menezes, M. N. Çankaya, and M. Bourguignon, 2024a A model for bimodal rates and proportions. Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 664–681.
  • Vila, R. and M. N. Çankaya, 2022 A bimodal weibull distribution: properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 49: 3044– 3062.
  • Vila, R., V. Serra, M. N. Çankaya, and F. Quintino, 2024b A general class of trimodal distributions: properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 1446–1469.
  • Wand, M. P. and M. C. Jones, 1994 Kernel smoothing. CRC press. Wolfram, S., 2003 The mathematica book.Wolfram Research, Inc.
Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 264 - 272
https://doi.org/10.51537/chaos.1486869

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Alleva, G. and A. E. Giommi, 2016 Topics in Theoretical and Applied Statistics. Springer.
  • Aydın, M. and M. N. Çankaya, 2024 Assessing the regulatory impact of the turkish competition authority on market dynamics: A statistical approach using kernel estimation and its simulation. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty 11: 837–853.
  • Brushwood, J. D., D. M. Johnston, and S. J. Lusch, 2018 The effect of tax audit outcomes on the reporting and valuation of unrecognized tax benefits. Advances in Accounting 42: 1–11.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2020a M-estimations of shape and scale parameters by order statistics in least informative distributions on q-deformed logarithm. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10: 1984–1996.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2020b On the robust estimations of location and scale parameters for least informative distributions. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 15: 71–78.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and O. Arslan, 2020 On the robustness properties for maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in exponential power and generalized t distributions. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods 49: 607–630.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and M. Aydın, 2024 Future prediction for tax complaints to turkish ombudsman by models from polynomial regression and parametric distribution. Chaos Theory and Applications 6: 63–72.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and J. Korbel, 2018 Least informative distributions in maximum q-log-likelihood estimation. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 509: 140–150.
  • Çankaya, M. N. and R. Vila, 2023 Maximum log q likelihood estimation for parameters of weibull distribution and properties: Monte carlo simulation. Soft Computing 27: 6903–6926.
  • Çankaya, M. N., A. Yalçınkaya, Ö. Altındaˇ g, and O. Arslan, 2019 On the robustness of an epsilon skew extension for burr iii distribution on the real line. Computational Statistics 34: 1247–1273.
  • Çankaya, M. N., 2021 Derivatives by ratio principle for q-sets on the time scale calculus. Fractals 29: 2140040.
  • Chamberlain, A. and G. Prante, 2007 Who Pays Taxes and Who Receives Government Spending? An Analysis of Federal, State and Local Tax and Spending Distributions, 1991-2004. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Chen, Y. and H. Wang, 2011 Construction and application of bipartite recursive algorithm based on kernel density estimation: A new non-parametric method to measure the given income population scale. In Statistics & Information Forum, pp. 3–8.
  • Chotikapanich, D., 2008 Modeling income distributions and Lorenz curves, volume 5. Springer Science & Business Media. Cowx, M. and M. Vernon, 2023 Accounting for tax uncertainty over time. Available at SSRN 4678373 .
  • Davidson, R. and J.-Y. Duclos, 1997 Statistical Inference for the Measurement of the Incidence of Taxes and Transfers. Econometrica 65: 1453.
  • Hanif, M. and U. Shahzad, 2019 Estimation of population variance using kernel matrix. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 22: 563–586.
  • Johns, A. and J. Slemrod, 2010 The distribution of income tax noncompliance. National Tax Journal 63: 397–418.
  • Kuk, A. Y., 1993 A kernel method for estimating finite population distribution functions using auxiliary information. Biometrika 80: 385–392.
  • Maronna, R. A., R. D. Martin, V. J. Yohai, and M. Salibián-Barrera, 2019 Robust statistics: theory and methods (with R). JohnWiley & Sons.
  • Minoiu, C. and S. Reddy, 2008 Kernel density estimation based on grouped data: The case of poverty assessment. IMF Working Papers 08: 1.
  • Özen, E. and M. N. Çankaya, 2023 Estimation of the turkish stock investor numbers based on kernel method. In Competitivitatea ¸si inovarea în economia cunoa¸sterii, pp. 445–454.
  • Papatheodorou, C., P. Peristera, and A. Kostaki, 2004 Kernel density techniques as a tool for estimating and comparing income distributions: a cross european–country study. Journal of Income Distribution 13: 2–2.
  • Perese, K., 2015 The distribution of household income and federal taxes, 2011. Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico 17: 695.
  • Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2017 Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
  • Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2018 Distributional national accounts: methods and estimates for the united states. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
  • Ruggles, P. and M. O’Higgins, 1981 The distribution of public expenditure among households in the united states. Review of Income andWealth 27: 137–164.
  • Serikova, M., L. Sembiyeva, K. Balginova, G. Alina, A. Shakharova, et al., 2020 Tax revenues estimation and forecast for state tax audit. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 7: 2419–2435.
  • VDK, T., 2023 Vdk annual reports. https://en-vdk.hmb.gov.tr/ annual-reports, [Online; accessed 10-May-2024].
  • Vila, R., L. Alfaia, A. F. Menezes, M. N. Çankaya, and M. Bourguignon, 2024a A model for bimodal rates and proportions. Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 664–681.
  • Vila, R. and M. N. Çankaya, 2022 A bimodal weibull distribution: properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 49: 3044– 3062.
  • Vila, R., V. Serra, M. N. Çankaya, and F. Quintino, 2024b A general class of trimodal distributions: properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 1446–1469.
  • Wand, M. P. and M. C. Jones, 1994 Kernel smoothing. CRC press. Wolfram, S., 2003 The mathematica book.Wolfram Research, Inc.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Financial Mathematics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Niyazi Çankaya 0000-0002-2933-857X

Murat Aydın 0000-0002-7211-5208

Project Number -
Publication Date
Submission Date May 20, 2024
Acceptance Date November 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çankaya, M. N., & Aydın, M. (n.d.). Tax Audit in Turkiye: Simulation and Estimations Based on Kernel and Weight Functions. Chaos Theory and Applications, 6(4), 264-272. https://doi.org/10.51537/chaos.1486869

Chaos Theory and Applications in Applied Sciences and Engineering: An interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science 23830 28903   

The published articles in CHTA are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Cc_by-nc_icon.svg