The Routledge handbook of ideology and international relations

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The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations is part of the “Routledge Handbooks on Political Ideologies, Practices, and Interpretations” series, and has been written by two authors and various contributors. The main author is Jonathan Leader Maynard, a lecturer at King's College London, one of the 10 leading universities in the United Kingdom, and the second author is Professor Mark L. Haas, a lecturer at Duquesne University in the United States. In the book, which examines the effect of ideology on international relations, both authors critically address the issues of ideological polarization, ideological disagreements, and conflicts of interest between countries in foreign policy matters. The content of the book comprises four main chapters. The first chapter analyses the relationship between ideology, nation, and state; the second addresses the issues of ideology and conflict; the third reviews the transnational dimension of ideology; and the final presents an evaluation of the ideological strategies and transnational relations of such countries and regions as India, Latin America, Central Asia, China, Africa, Russia, United States, Europe and the European Union and South Korea. The term "ideology", when used in the fields of political science and social philosophy, refers to the sum of the behaviors displayed in the political and social realms. The concept first emerged during the French Revolution, when it was used to distinguish between conservatives, reformers, revolutionaries, and cjas.kapadokya.edu.tr Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies (CJAS) 2023, vol. 5, no.1 73 opponents, and in time further differentiations emerged in the forms of nationalism, fascism, Nazism, liberalism, and Marxism. The ultimate goal of all these ideologies is the legitimization and definition of power, exemplified by Germany’s adoption of Nazism, Italy’s turn to fascism during World War II, and Russia’s socialist and communist regime, as the first examples that come to mind when ideologies are mentioned. At this time, in the face of the situation that emerged as a result of the Karl Max philosophy, the influence of socialism to Russia on large masses of people, youth movements, etc., during the Cold War period, the imperialist powers, under the umbrella of NATO and in almost all NATO-affiliated countries, conducted, according to some, counter-guerrilla operations in order to prevent the influence of communism. The ideology of a society is one of the most important factors in its makeup. As a society’s beliefs, lifestyles, economic products, etc. are deemed acceptable by the majority, the ideology is a construct of the totality, although it is also determined by the state and international relations. This can be considered a form of hegemony. According to famous French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, "the ideological apparatus of the state" can be considered a tool for the legitimization of the ideology. In this context, the most important element that constitutes the whole of society, in other words, the state, is the prevalent ideology, as it is ideology that creates politics. For example, Edmund Burke defined the conservative agenda as the promotion of “change in order to conserve”, which I believe to be correct. In the United Kingdom in the 19th century, social reforms first took the form of paternalistic prohibitions. When we come to the 1950s, we see the politics of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom. However, the social order has changed, but with care taken to preserve the history and traditions of the past. such as the preservation of a hierarchy in society. Another example worth mentioning is the ideology of liberalism advocated by John Locke, the reflection on the United States of which can be interpreted as an adoption of laissez-faire economic policies and freedom for all. Evidence of this can be found in the Declaration of Independence, written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Ideology itself creates policy, as people want to be connected to the common history, religion, and past of society, and this list can be extended with examples of vital movements of people or societies, such as voting and following fashion, being able to watch any movie, asking the fate of taxes paid, freedom to travel, opposing or being able to oppose various specified or imposed conditions, objecting to false awareness everything that the effect of ideology. An ideology is a system of various mechanisms of social life that regulate society's vital 74 Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies (CJAS) 2023, vol. 5, no.1 practices through various norms and relations. It represents a structure that includes both interior and exterior planning. These exterior planning plans start with the smallest scale in society, being the family, but are global in scale.

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