Araştırma Makalesi
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ABD’nin Çin’i tanımayı reddetmesi (1949-1979)

Yıl 2020, , 3 - 19, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.35

Öz

Bu çalışma Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’ni (ÇHC) Mao Zedong tarafından 1949 yılında kuruluşunu takip eden otuz yıl boyunca tanımayı neden reddettiğini incelemektedir. ABD’nin geleneksel milli karakteri, bu ülkenin ÇHC’ye karşı olan tutumunu etkilemiştir. ABD, Çin’in dünya toplumunun sorumlu bir ferdi olmadığını, bu nedenle tanınmayı hak etmediğini iddia etmiştir. Yirmi yıldan daha uzun bir süre boyunca ABD Birleşmiş Milletler nezdinde ÇHC’nin Çin’i temsil etmemesini amaçlayarak üye ülkeler üzerinde siyasi, iktisadi ve diplomatik baskı oluşturmuştur. Bu durum Nixon iktidarı zamanında Çin’in dünya siyasetindeki artan önemin paralel olarak “tanımama” politikasının miadını doldurduğunun ve ABD’ye zarar verdiğinin anlaşılmasıyla değişmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar üzerinden ABD’nin ÇHC’yi tanımama politikasını analiz ederek günümüzde ABD-Çin ilişkilerinin daha iyi kavranmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acheson, Dean. 1969. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
  • Baijia, Zhang. 1998. “Zhou Enlai and the Marshall Mission,” Larry I Bland, (ed.), George C. Marshall’s Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-Janurry 1977, 201-234. Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation.
  • Bemis, Samuel Flagg. 1965. A Diplomatic History of the United States. 5th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 484-485.
  • Bennett, A. Leroy and James K. Oliver. 2002. International Organizations: Principles and Issues 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Blackwell, Jeff. 2000. “’The China Lobby’: Influences on U.S.-China Foreign Policy in the Postwar Period, 1949-1954,” The Forum: Journal of History 2 (1).
  • Bloomberg. 2019. Kissinger Says U.S. and China in ‘Foothills of a Cold War. 21.11.2019. Accessed November 22, 2019. 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-21/kissinger-says-u-s-and-china-in-foothills-of-a-cold-war,
  • Carter, Jimmy. 1982. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Toronto: Bantam Books.
  • Casey, Steven. 2008. Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dallek, Robert. 1979. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
  • Dallek, Robert. 1983. The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Davies Jr., John Paton. 1964. Foreign and Other Affairs: A View from the Radical Center. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.
  • Fairbank, John King, and Merle Goldman. 2006. China: A New History. 2nd ed. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Feis, Herbert. 1953. The China Triangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Goldstein, Steven M. 2002. “Dialogue of the Deaf?: The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks, 1955-1970” Robert S. Ross and Changbin Jiang (ed.), Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954-1973. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 200-237.
  • Harry S. Truman, Harry S. 1956. Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, vol. 2: Years of Trial and Hope. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 331-464.
  • Hofstadter, Richard. 1965. The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Hook, Stewen W., and John Spanier. 2019. American Foreign Policy since World War II, 21st ed. Los Angeles: CQ Press, 3-15.
  • Kennan, George F. 1951. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” Foreign Affairs 39, 351-370.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 1979. White House Years. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 2011. On China. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Koen, Ross H. 1974. The China Lobby in American Politics. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel. 2018. The China Mission: George Marshall’s Unfinished War, 1945-1947. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • L. Friedman, Thomas L. 2019. “The World-Shaking News That You’re Missing: The U.S.-China Divide Isn’t Just about Trade,” New York Times. Accessed November 29, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/opinion/united-states-china.html
  • Merrill, John Roscoe. 1989. Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
  • Nixon, Richard. 1967. “Asia after Viet Nam” Foreign Affairs 46.
  • Nixon, Richard. 1978. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
  • Peter Malanczuk, Peter. 1997. Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th rev. ed. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll. 1976. Harry Truman’s China Policy: McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947-1951. New York and London: New Viewpoints.
  • Redick, Charles Ford. 1973. “The Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Chinese Claims” The American Journal of International Law 67, 728.
  • Rovere, Richard H. 1959. Senator Joe McCarthy. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company.
  • Rusk, Dear. 1990. As I Saw It. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company.
  • Schaller, Michael. 2002. The United States and China into the Twenty-First Century, 3rd ed. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. 1965. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Snow, Edgar. 1968. Red Star over China. New York: Grove Press, Inc.
  • Sorensen, Theodore C. 1965. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Spence, Jonathan D. 1990. The Search for Modern China. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Suyin, Han. 1994. Eldest Son: Zhou Enlai and the Making of Modern China, 1898-1976. New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Tuchman, Barbara. 1971. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945. New York: Random House.
  • Vance, Cyrus. 1983. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • White, William S. 1951. “Reply by General” The New York Times, 10.06.1951.
  • Zhongyun, Zi. 2003. No Exit?: The Origin and Evolution of US Policy Toward Shina, 1945-1950. EastBridge.

US Refusal to Recognize China (1949–1979)

Yıl 2020, , 3 - 19, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.35

Öz

This paper scrutinizes why the United States (US) refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for three decades after its foundation by Mao Zedong in 1949. The traditional national character influenced the position of the US toward the PRC, especially in light of its abhorrence of communism and its doctrine to contain its spread. For both domestic and foreign reasons, the US argued that China was not a responsible member of the world community, and thus deserved no recognition. For more than two decades, the US applied political, economic and diplomatic pressure on the United Nations to refuse the PRC the right to represent China. The situation only began to change when the Nixon administration realized how its non-recognition policy was becoming increasingly outdated and self-defeating, given China’s growing importance in international affairs. This paper will use a variety of primary and secondary sources to analyze the US policy of non-recognition of the PRC, providing the background for a better comprehension of contemporary Sino-American relations.

Kaynakça

  • Acheson, Dean. 1969. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
  • Baijia, Zhang. 1998. “Zhou Enlai and the Marshall Mission,” Larry I Bland, (ed.), George C. Marshall’s Mediation Mission to China, December 1945-Janurry 1977, 201-234. Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation.
  • Bemis, Samuel Flagg. 1965. A Diplomatic History of the United States. 5th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 484-485.
  • Bennett, A. Leroy and James K. Oliver. 2002. International Organizations: Principles and Issues 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Blackwell, Jeff. 2000. “’The China Lobby’: Influences on U.S.-China Foreign Policy in the Postwar Period, 1949-1954,” The Forum: Journal of History 2 (1).
  • Bloomberg. 2019. Kissinger Says U.S. and China in ‘Foothills of a Cold War. 21.11.2019. Accessed November 22, 2019. 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-21/kissinger-says-u-s-and-china-in-foothills-of-a-cold-war,
  • Carter, Jimmy. 1982. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Toronto: Bantam Books.
  • Casey, Steven. 2008. Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dallek, Robert. 1979. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
  • Dallek, Robert. 1983. The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Davies Jr., John Paton. 1964. Foreign and Other Affairs: A View from the Radical Center. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.
  • Fairbank, John King, and Merle Goldman. 2006. China: A New History. 2nd ed. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Feis, Herbert. 1953. The China Triangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Goldstein, Steven M. 2002. “Dialogue of the Deaf?: The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks, 1955-1970” Robert S. Ross and Changbin Jiang (ed.), Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954-1973. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 200-237.
  • Harry S. Truman, Harry S. 1956. Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, vol. 2: Years of Trial and Hope. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 331-464.
  • Hofstadter, Richard. 1965. The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Hook, Stewen W., and John Spanier. 2019. American Foreign Policy since World War II, 21st ed. Los Angeles: CQ Press, 3-15.
  • Kennan, George F. 1951. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” Foreign Affairs 39, 351-370.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 1979. White House Years. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Kissinger, Henry. 2011. On China. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Koen, Ross H. 1974. The China Lobby in American Politics. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel. 2018. The China Mission: George Marshall’s Unfinished War, 1945-1947. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • L. Friedman, Thomas L. 2019. “The World-Shaking News That You’re Missing: The U.S.-China Divide Isn’t Just about Trade,” New York Times. Accessed November 29, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/opinion/united-states-china.html
  • Merrill, John Roscoe. 1989. Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
  • Nixon, Richard. 1967. “Asia after Viet Nam” Foreign Affairs 46.
  • Nixon, Richard. 1978. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
  • Peter Malanczuk, Peter. 1997. Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th rev. ed. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll. 1976. Harry Truman’s China Policy: McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947-1951. New York and London: New Viewpoints.
  • Redick, Charles Ford. 1973. “The Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Chinese Claims” The American Journal of International Law 67, 728.
  • Rovere, Richard H. 1959. Senator Joe McCarthy. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company.
  • Rusk, Dear. 1990. As I Saw It. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company.
  • Schaller, Michael. 2002. The United States and China into the Twenty-First Century, 3rd ed. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. 1965. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Snow, Edgar. 1968. Red Star over China. New York: Grove Press, Inc.
  • Sorensen, Theodore C. 1965. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Spence, Jonathan D. 1990. The Search for Modern China. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Suyin, Han. 1994. Eldest Son: Zhou Enlai and the Making of Modern China, 1898-1976. New York: Hill and Wang.
  • Tuchman, Barbara. 1971. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945. New York: Random House.
  • Vance, Cyrus. 1983. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • White, William S. 1951. “Reply by General” The New York Times, 10.06.1951.
  • Zhongyun, Zi. 2003. No Exit?: The Origin and Evolution of US Policy Toward Shina, 1945-1950. EastBridge.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler, Asya Toplumu Çalışmaları, Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Michael M. Gunter Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Gunter, Michael M. “US Refusal to Recognize China (1949–1979)”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 2, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 3-19. https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.35.