İbrahim Anlaşması: Barışçıl bir Orta Doğu için Filistin meselesi ele alınmalıdır

Öz

Orta Doğu’da on yıllardır süren gerginlik birçok ülkeyi paramparça hale getirmiştir. Bu gerginlik kapsamında İsrail ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri arasında bir savaş veya çatışma olmamasına rağmen, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İsrail ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin ortak deklarasyonu olan İbrahim Anlaşması imzalanmıştır. Bölgede tam bir barış ve istikrar için ise Filistin-İsrail sorununun çözülmesi hayati öneme sahiptir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile İsrail’in, bölgede etkili olma potansiyeline sahip diğer ülkelerin aleyhine olacak şekilde, Amerika’nın bölgesel çıkarları ve İsrail’in güvenliğini sağlamaya dayalı uzun bir iş birliği geçmişleri bulunmaktadır. Son on yılda Orta Doğu’daki jeopolitik değişimler Arap monarşilerinin tehdit algılarını değiştirmiştir. Bağımsız bir Filistin kurma yönündeki destek ise giderek azalmıştır, çünkü bu konu yükselen bölgesel güçlerden kaynaklanan gerçek ve acil tehditlerden bir sapma olarak görülmektedir. Körfez ülkeleri kendilerini Filistin’in Arap koruyucuları olarak gösterseler de “her koyun kendi bacağından asılır” yönünde açık bir irade sergilemektedirler. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin bölge barışına desteği, tehdit olarak gördüğü Çin’in bölgesel ilgisi sonrası artmıştır. Ancak uzun vadeli barış, sorunun esas kaynağı olan Filistin sorunu çözülmeden sağlanamaz. Benzer şekilde Filistin'in çıkarlarına aykırı olacağı düşüncesiyle, Türkiye ve İran gibi ülkeler de İsrail ile Arap ülkeleri arasında normalleşmeye karşı çıkmaktadırlar. İbrahim Anlaşmalarının zamanlama, uluslararası toplumla çelişme ve iki devletli çözümü reddetme gibi zayıflıkları bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• barış anlaşması
• BAE-İsrail
• yüzyılın anlaşması
• Trump dönemi
• Orta Doğu

Abraham Accords: Palestine issue should be addressed for a peaceful Middle East

Öz

Decades of tensions in the Middle East have left many regional countries in tatters. The Abraham Accords – a joint declaration of the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates, was signed alongside a peace agreement, although there has never been a state of war or conflict between Israel and the UAE. To achieve full peace and stability in the region, the resolution of the Palestine-Israeli conflict is vital. The United States and Israel have a long history of cooperation in the maintenance of the security of Israel that ensures the protection of US interests to the detriment of other regional powers that may have the potential to become influential in the region, and that ignore Western interests. Geopolitical changes in the Middle East over the last decade have altered the threat perspective of the Arab monarchies. Support for the creation of an independent Palestine has diminished as the issue has started to be seen as a distraction from the real and immediate threats from emerging regional powers. Although the Gulf nations may wish to present themselves as the Arab protector of Palestine, they clarify that “every tub must stand on its own bottom.” The US support of a peaceful environment was a result of the Chinese presence in the region, which the former perceived as a threat to its hegemony. However, long-term peace cannot be achieved without taking into account the Palestinian issue, as the primary conflict. In the same vein, countries such as Iran and Turkey did not welcome the normalization situation between Israel and the Arab states due to the ignorance of the Palestinians’ interests. There are weaknesses of the Accords perhaps due to its impatient timing, and its contradiction with the international community, such as the UN, and its disregard of the two-state solution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• peace deal
• UAE-Israel
• deal of the century
• Trump administration
• Middle East

Kaynakça

1. Ahmed, O. 2021. “The next Palestinian Intifada will involve more support from Iran” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200222-the-next-palestinian-intifada-will-involve-more-support-from-iran/
2. Ahren, R. 2020. “Security and Business: Israel Charts Potential of Ties with 3 More Gulf States” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.timesofisrael.com/security-and-business-israelcharts-potential-offuture-ties-with-gulf-states/ accessed 1 April 2021.
3. Al Jazeera. 2020. “Qatar Rules out Normalising Relations with Israel” Accessed April 1, 2021 (www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/qatar-rules- normalising-relations-israel-200915113549077.html
4. Al Ketbi, E. 2020. “Contemporary Shifts in UAE Foreign Policy: From the Liberation of Kuwait to the Abraham Accords”. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 13 (3): 391-398.
5. Alden, C. and Aran, A. 2017. Foreign Policy Analysis. London: Routledge.
6. Arab News. 2021. “Sudan says it signed ‘Abraham Accords’ with US” Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1788216/middle-east
7. BBC News. 2020. “Kushner: Israel-UAE treaty a ‘massive change’ for the region” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53781360.
8. Congressional Research Service (CRS). 2020. Israel’s Qualitative Military Edge and Possible US Arms Sales to the United Arab Emirates (R46580, 2020).

9. Dekel, U. and Shusterman, N. 2021. “Behind the Scenes of the Abraham Accords: Insights from an INSS Cabinet” Accessed March 20, 2021. https://www.inss.org.il/publication/abraham-accord-behind-the-scenes/
10. Fulton, J. 2021. “China is happy about the Abraham Accords and the GCC crisis coming to an end” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/china-is-happy-about-the-abraham-accords-and-the-gcc-crisis-coming-to-an-end/
11. Gross, J. A. 2020. “Defense Minister: It’s Not Good for Israel If Other Countries Get F- 35” Accessed April 1, 2021. www.timesofisrael.com/defense-minister-its- not-good-for-israel-if-other-countries-get-f-35/
12. Guzansky, Y. and Marshall, Z. A. 2020. “The Abraham Accords: Immediate Significance and Long-Term Implications”. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 13 (3): 379-389.
13. Hajjar, S. G. 2002. “US Military Presence in the Gulf: Challenges and Prospects”. Strategic Studies Institute. US Army War College.
14. Hamdi, O. A. 2018. “American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Strategic Transformations”. Insight Turkey. 20 (2): 251-272.
15. Heller, J. and Kalin, S. 2017. “Israeli minister reveals covert contacts with Saudi Arabia” Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-saudi-idUSKBN1DJ0S1
16. Middle East Eye (MEE). 2020a. “MBS said he would be killed by his’ own people’ if Riyadh normalised ties with Israel: Report” Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mbs-normalisation-saudi-israel-killed accessed 4 April 2021.
17. Middle East Eye (MEE). 2020b. “No normalization with Israel without a Palestinian state, Saudi royal says” Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-israel-normalisation-palestinian-state-turki-alfaisal
18. Muoio, D. 2021. “MyHeritage, BGI forming COVID-19 testing lab in Israel, AstraZeneca taps BrightInsight to support its digital ecosystem and more digital health deals” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/myheritage-bgi-forming-covid-19-testing-lab-israel-astrazeneca-taps-brightinsight-support-its accessed 22 March 2021.
19. Podeh, E. 2020. “How the UAE and Saudi Arabia now hold Israel Hostage’ Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-how-the-uae-and-saudi-arabia-now-hold-israel-hostage-1.9101401
20. Samuels, B. 2021. “Biden Freezes F-35 Sale to UAE, Munitions Sales to Saudi Arabia’ Accessed April 3, 2021. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-report-biden-freezes-f-35-sale-to-uae-munitions-sales-to-saudi-arabia-1.9488780
21. Sprusansky, D. 2020. “Palestinian and US Reactions to Israel-UAE Normalization”. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. October 2020: 54-55.
22. Staff, T. 2020. “Kuwait Says It’ll Be ‘Last to Normalize’ with Israel, Will Stand by Palestinians” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.timesofisrael.com/kuwaiti-officials-reject-israel-normalization-reaffirm-support-for-palestinians/ accessed 1 April 2021.
23. Suliman, A. and Gubash, C. 2021. “Sudan formally recognizes Israel in U.S.-brokered deal’” Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sudan-formally-recognizes-israel-u-s-brokered-deal-n1240839
24. The Jerusalem Post (TJP). 2020. “‘UAE businessman in talks with Israil to begin flights with tourists” Accessed March 20, 2021. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/uae-businessman-in-talks-with-israir-to-begin-flights-for-tourists 638917
25. Trigano, S. 2021. “The Abraham Accords: Contrasting Reflections”. Mideast Security and Policy Studies. 188: 4-14.
26. UN Security Council (UNSC). 2016. “Security Council resolution 2334”. 23 December 2016, A/RES/68/116.
27. Williams, A. and Lederman, J. 2020. “Senate bid to block UAE arms sales falls short” Accessed April 1, 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/senate-bid-block-uae-arms-sales-falls-short-n1250622.