Araştırma Makalesi
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ABD’nin Biden dönemi Çin Politikası: Asya’ya Dönüş 2.0?

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 232 - 248, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.49

Öz

Bu çalışma, Biden yönetiminin, Trump yönetiminin ABD’nin çıkarlarını önceleyen “Önce Amerika” yaklaşımını terk ederek, ABD’nin hem Çin karşısında hem de küresel meselelerde müttefik ve ortakları ile daha uyumlu hareket edebileceği, çok taraflı mekanizmaları devreye sokabileceği, Çin ile ikili ilişkilerinde özellikle insan hakları meselelerini öne çıkaracağı, bununla birlikte Çin’in aktif desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğu küresel sorunlarda da Pekin ile iş birliği yapabileceği bir strateji geliştireceğini savunmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca Biden yönetiminin Obama’nın Asya’ya Dönüş stratejisi ile Trump’ın Serbest ve Açık Hint-Pasifik stratejisinin birleşiminden meydana gelen yeni bir Asya-Hint-Pasifik stratejisi izleyeceğini öngörmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma dört kısımdan oluşmaktadır. İlk kısımda Obama yönetiminin Çin ve Asya Pasifik politikası, Asya’ya Dönüş (Pivot to Asia) stratejisi bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. İkinci kısımda Trump yönetiminin Çin politikası, Hint-Pasifik stratejisi çerçevesinde kısaca incelenmektedir. Üçüncü kısımda Biden yönetiminin Çin’e yaklaşımı ve muhtemel Çin politikası değerlendirilmektedir. Son olarak, sonuç kısmında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ASEAN. 2019. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://asean.org/storage/2019/06/ASEAN-Outlook-on-the-Indo-Pacific_FINAL_22062019.pdf.
  • BBC. 2017. “Trump Executive Order Pulls Out of TPP Trade Deal”. 24 Ocak. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38721056.
  • BBC 2019a. “Trump Declares National Emergency Over IT Threats”. 16 Mayıs. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48289550.
  • BBC. 2019b. “Iran Nuclear Deal: Key Details”. 11 Haziran. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33521655.
  • BBC 2020a. “Climiate Change: US Formally Withdraws From Paris Agreement”. 4 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 16 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54797743.
  • BBC. 2020b. “Biden Cabinet: John Kerry Named Climate Envoy As Inner Circle Get Key Posts”. 24 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-55046714.
  • BBC 2020c. “Lloyd Austin: Biden Picks Ex-general As Defence Secretary”. 8 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55224893.
  • Berglöf, Erik. 2020. “China’s Path to Net Zero”. Project Syndicate. 2 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 25 Aralık 2020. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-climate-change-path-to-carbon-neutrality-by-erik-berglof-2020-12.
  • Biden, Jr., Joseph R. 2020. “Why America Must Lead Again: Rescuing U.S. Foreign Policy After Trump” Foreign Affairs 99 (2) 64-76. Erişim tarihi 5 Aralık 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again.
  • Brennan, Margaret. 2020. “Biden to Appoint Jake Sullivan As National Security Adviser”. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. cbsnews.com/news/biden-jake-sullivan-national-security-adviser/.
  • Brunnstrom, David. 2016. “Obama Meets Dalai Lama In Spite of China Protest”. Reuters. 15 Haziran. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-daililama-idUSKCN0Z1221.
  • Brunnstrom, David ve Patricia Zengerle. 2015. “Obama Administration Authorizes $1.83-billion Arms Sale to Taiwan”. Reuters. 17 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-idUSKBN0TZ2C520151217.
  • Christensen, Thomas J. 2011. “The Advantages of an Assertive China: Responding Beijing’s Abrasive Diplomacy” Foreign Affairs 90 (2), 54-67.
  • Cooper, Helene. “U.S. Approval of Taiwan Arms Sales Angers China”. The New York Times. 29 Ocak. Erişim Tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/30/world/asia/30arms.html.
  • CGTN. 2020. “Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Speech At the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”. 23 Eylül. Erişim tarihi 18 Aralık 2020. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-23/Full-text-Xi-Jinping-s-speech-at-General-Debate-of-UNGA-U07X2dn8Ag/index.html.
  • Franck, Thomas. 2020. “Biden Picks Longtime China Critic Katherine Tai as Top U.S. Trade Official”. CBNC, 10 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 16 Aralık 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/10/biden-to-name-katherine-tai-us-trade-representative.html.
  • Fiedman, Thomas L. 2020. “Biden Made Sure ‘Trump Is Not Going to Be President for Four More Years”. The New York Times, 2 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 13 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/opinion/biden-interview-mcconnell-china-iran.html.
  • Gambino, Lauren, ve Maanvi Singh. 2020. “Electoral College Confirms Joe Biden’s Victory in Presidential Election”. The Guardian, 15 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/dec/14/electoral-college-joe-biden-donald-trump-2020-election.
  • Gaouette, Nicole ve Jennifer Hansler. 2020. “Chinese Consulate in Houston Closed Following US Order”. CNN. 25 Temmuz. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/24/politics/us-agents-houston-chinese-consulate/index.html.
  • Hass, Ryan ve Abraham Denmark. 2020. “More Pain Than Gain: How the US-China Trade War Hurt America”. SupChina. 29 Temmuz. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://supchina.com/2020/07/29/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-u-s-china-trade-war-hurt-america/.
  • Herr, Lukas D. 2020. “Rolling Back the Imperial Presidency? Joe Biden and the Future of U.S. War Powers”. E-International Relations. 15 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 21 Aralık 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/12/15/rolling-back-the-imperial-presidency-joe-biden-and-the-future-of-u-s-war-powers/.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. 2020. “The Next Liberal Order: The Age of Contagion Demands More Internationalism, Not Less”. Foreign Affairs 99 (4), 133-142.
  • Indyk, Martin S., Kenneth G. Lieberthal ve Michael E. O’Hanlon. 2012. Bending History: Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Inskeep, Steve. 2020. “As Climate Envoy, Kerry To Seek ‘Ambition’ With ‘Humility’”. NPR. 10 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/944572621/as-climate-envoy-kerry-to-seek-ambition-with-humility.
  • Kennedy, Dana. 2020. “Trump Bans Chinese Students, Researchers From Entering US”. 30 Mayıs. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://nypost.com/2020/05/30/trump-bans-chinese-students-researchers-from-entering-us/.
  • Larres, Kalus W. 2020. “Trump’s Foreign Policy is Still ‘America First’ – What Does That Mean, Exactly?”. The Conservation, 27 Ağustos. Erişim tarihi 12 Aralık 2020. https://theconversation.com/trumps-foreign-policy-is-still-america-first-what-does-that-mean-exactly-144841.
  • Lee, Seung-Ook, Joel Wainwright, ve Jim Glassman. 2018. “Geopolitical Economy and the Production of Territory: The Case of US–China Geopolitical-economic Competition in Asia” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (2), 416–436.
  • Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs [MfEFAoF]. 2019. French Strategy in the Indo-Pacific. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2020. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/asia-and-oceania/the-indo-pacific-region-a-priority-for-france/#:~:text=In%20an%20international%20context%20marked,the%20heart%20of%20this%20strategy.
  • Rapoza, Kenneth. 2020. “Antony Blinken: End Europe Trade War, Sanction China Over Hong Kong”. Coalition For a Prosperous America. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.prosperousamerica.org/anthony_blinken_end_europe_trade_war_sanction_china_over_hong_kong.
  • Spetalnick, Matt. 2010. “Obama Meets Dalai Lama, Angering China”. Reuters. 18 Şubat. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-idUSN1116932520100218.
  • Sullivan, Jake. 2019. “What Donald Trump and Dick Cheney Got Wrong About America”. The Atlantic. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/yes-america-can-still-lead-the-world/576427/.
  • The Federal Government. 2020. Policy Guidelines for the Indo-Pacific Region. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2020. https://rangun.diplo.de/blob/2380824/a27b62057f2d2675ce2bbfc5be01099a/policy-guidelines-summary-data.pdf.
  • Thomas, Ken. 2020. “Joe Biden Picks Antony Blinken for Secretary of State”. The Wall Street Journal. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-picks-antony-blinken-for-secretary-of-state-11606100542.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. T.y. The Paris Agreement. Erişim Tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.
  • United States Department of Defense [USDoD). 2018. Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy the United States of America. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
  • Ward, Alex. 2020. “Joe Biden in Victory Speech: ‘Let This Grim Era of Demonization in America Begin to End”. Vox. 7 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/11/7/21554701/joe-biden-acceptance-speech-2020-election.
  • White House. 2017. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
  • The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China [SCIO PRC]. 2017. “Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the World Economic Forum”. 6 Nisan. Erişim tarihi 24 Aralık 2020. http://www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm.
  • Yan, Xuetong. 2010. “The Instability of China-US Relations” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3 (3), 263-292.
  • Zhao, Suisheng. 2017. “American Reflections on the Engagement with China and Responses to President Xi’s New Model of Major Power Relations” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (106), 489-503.

US’s Biden era China policy: Pivot to Asia 2.0?

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 232 - 248, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.49

Öz

This study suggests that the Biden administration will abandon the Trump administration’s "America First" approach that prioritizes the interests of the United States and develop a strategy that will allow the United States to act more harmoniously with its allies and partners both against China and on global issues, to activate multilateral mechanisms, to highlight human rights issues in its bilateral relations with China while at the same time to act in cooperation with Beijing on global issues where China’s active support is needed. Furthermore, it claims that the Biden administration will most likely adopt a new Asia-Indo-Pacific strategy, consisting of a combination Obama’s Pivot to Asia strategy with Trump’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy. In this framework, the study consists of four parts. In the first part, within the context of the Pivot to Asia strategy, the Obama administration’s China and Asia Pacific policy is discussed. In the second part, within the framework of Indo-Pacific strategy, the Trump administration’s policy on China is briefly examined. In the third part, the Biden administration’s approach to China and possible China policy is evaluated. Finally, in the conclusion part, a general evaluation is made.

Kaynakça

  • ASEAN. 2019. ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://asean.org/storage/2019/06/ASEAN-Outlook-on-the-Indo-Pacific_FINAL_22062019.pdf.
  • BBC. 2017. “Trump Executive Order Pulls Out of TPP Trade Deal”. 24 Ocak. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38721056.
  • BBC 2019a. “Trump Declares National Emergency Over IT Threats”. 16 Mayıs. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48289550.
  • BBC. 2019b. “Iran Nuclear Deal: Key Details”. 11 Haziran. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33521655.
  • BBC 2020a. “Climiate Change: US Formally Withdraws From Paris Agreement”. 4 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 16 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54797743.
  • BBC. 2020b. “Biden Cabinet: John Kerry Named Climate Envoy As Inner Circle Get Key Posts”. 24 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-55046714.
  • BBC 2020c. “Lloyd Austin: Biden Picks Ex-general As Defence Secretary”. 8 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55224893.
  • Berglöf, Erik. 2020. “China’s Path to Net Zero”. Project Syndicate. 2 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 25 Aralık 2020. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-climate-change-path-to-carbon-neutrality-by-erik-berglof-2020-12.
  • Biden, Jr., Joseph R. 2020. “Why America Must Lead Again: Rescuing U.S. Foreign Policy After Trump” Foreign Affairs 99 (2) 64-76. Erişim tarihi 5 Aralık 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again.
  • Brennan, Margaret. 2020. “Biden to Appoint Jake Sullivan As National Security Adviser”. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. cbsnews.com/news/biden-jake-sullivan-national-security-adviser/.
  • Brunnstrom, David. 2016. “Obama Meets Dalai Lama In Spite of China Protest”. Reuters. 15 Haziran. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-daililama-idUSKCN0Z1221.
  • Brunnstrom, David ve Patricia Zengerle. 2015. “Obama Administration Authorizes $1.83-billion Arms Sale to Taiwan”. Reuters. 17 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-idUSKBN0TZ2C520151217.
  • Christensen, Thomas J. 2011. “The Advantages of an Assertive China: Responding Beijing’s Abrasive Diplomacy” Foreign Affairs 90 (2), 54-67.
  • Cooper, Helene. “U.S. Approval of Taiwan Arms Sales Angers China”. The New York Times. 29 Ocak. Erişim Tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/30/world/asia/30arms.html.
  • CGTN. 2020. “Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Speech At the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly”. 23 Eylül. Erişim tarihi 18 Aralık 2020. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-23/Full-text-Xi-Jinping-s-speech-at-General-Debate-of-UNGA-U07X2dn8Ag/index.html.
  • Franck, Thomas. 2020. “Biden Picks Longtime China Critic Katherine Tai as Top U.S. Trade Official”. CBNC, 10 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 16 Aralık 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/10/biden-to-name-katherine-tai-us-trade-representative.html.
  • Fiedman, Thomas L. 2020. “Biden Made Sure ‘Trump Is Not Going to Be President for Four More Years”. The New York Times, 2 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 13 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/opinion/biden-interview-mcconnell-china-iran.html.
  • Gambino, Lauren, ve Maanvi Singh. 2020. “Electoral College Confirms Joe Biden’s Victory in Presidential Election”. The Guardian, 15 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/dec/14/electoral-college-joe-biden-donald-trump-2020-election.
  • Gaouette, Nicole ve Jennifer Hansler. 2020. “Chinese Consulate in Houston Closed Following US Order”. CNN. 25 Temmuz. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/24/politics/us-agents-houston-chinese-consulate/index.html.
  • Hass, Ryan ve Abraham Denmark. 2020. “More Pain Than Gain: How the US-China Trade War Hurt America”. SupChina. 29 Temmuz. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://supchina.com/2020/07/29/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-u-s-china-trade-war-hurt-america/.
  • Herr, Lukas D. 2020. “Rolling Back the Imperial Presidency? Joe Biden and the Future of U.S. War Powers”. E-International Relations. 15 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 21 Aralık 2020. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/12/15/rolling-back-the-imperial-presidency-joe-biden-and-the-future-of-u-s-war-powers/.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. 2020. “The Next Liberal Order: The Age of Contagion Demands More Internationalism, Not Less”. Foreign Affairs 99 (4), 133-142.
  • Indyk, Martin S., Kenneth G. Lieberthal ve Michael E. O’Hanlon. 2012. Bending History: Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Inskeep, Steve. 2020. “As Climate Envoy, Kerry To Seek ‘Ambition’ With ‘Humility’”. NPR. 10 Aralık. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/944572621/as-climate-envoy-kerry-to-seek-ambition-with-humility.
  • Kennedy, Dana. 2020. “Trump Bans Chinese Students, Researchers From Entering US”. 30 Mayıs. Erişim tarihi 22 Aralık 2020. https://nypost.com/2020/05/30/trump-bans-chinese-students-researchers-from-entering-us/.
  • Larres, Kalus W. 2020. “Trump’s Foreign Policy is Still ‘America First’ – What Does That Mean, Exactly?”. The Conservation, 27 Ağustos. Erişim tarihi 12 Aralık 2020. https://theconversation.com/trumps-foreign-policy-is-still-america-first-what-does-that-mean-exactly-144841.
  • Lee, Seung-Ook, Joel Wainwright, ve Jim Glassman. 2018. “Geopolitical Economy and the Production of Territory: The Case of US–China Geopolitical-economic Competition in Asia” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (2), 416–436.
  • Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs [MfEFAoF]. 2019. French Strategy in the Indo-Pacific. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2020. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/asia-and-oceania/the-indo-pacific-region-a-priority-for-france/#:~:text=In%20an%20international%20context%20marked,the%20heart%20of%20this%20strategy.
  • Rapoza, Kenneth. 2020. “Antony Blinken: End Europe Trade War, Sanction China Over Hong Kong”. Coalition For a Prosperous America. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.prosperousamerica.org/anthony_blinken_end_europe_trade_war_sanction_china_over_hong_kong.
  • Spetalnick, Matt. 2010. “Obama Meets Dalai Lama, Angering China”. Reuters. 18 Şubat. Erişim tarihi 17 Aralık 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-idUSN1116932520100218.
  • Sullivan, Jake. 2019. “What Donald Trump and Dick Cheney Got Wrong About America”. The Atlantic. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/yes-america-can-still-lead-the-world/576427/.
  • The Federal Government. 2020. Policy Guidelines for the Indo-Pacific Region. Erişim tarihi 19 Aralık 2020. https://rangun.diplo.de/blob/2380824/a27b62057f2d2675ce2bbfc5be01099a/policy-guidelines-summary-data.pdf.
  • Thomas, Ken. 2020. “Joe Biden Picks Antony Blinken for Secretary of State”. The Wall Street Journal. 23 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-picks-antony-blinken-for-secretary-of-state-11606100542.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. T.y. The Paris Agreement. Erişim Tarihi 14 Aralık 2020. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.
  • United States Department of Defense [USDoD). 2018. Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy the United States of America. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
  • Ward, Alex. 2020. “Joe Biden in Victory Speech: ‘Let This Grim Era of Demonization in America Begin to End”. Vox. 7 Kasım. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.vox.com/2020/11/7/21554701/joe-biden-acceptance-speech-2020-election.
  • White House. 2017. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2020. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
  • The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China [SCIO PRC]. 2017. “Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the World Economic Forum”. 6 Nisan. Erişim tarihi 24 Aralık 2020. http://www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm.
  • Yan, Xuetong. 2010. “The Instability of China-US Relations” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3 (3), 263-292.
  • Zhao, Suisheng. 2017. “American Reflections on the Engagement with China and Responses to President Xi’s New Model of Major Power Relations” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (106), 489-503.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emre Demir 0000-0002-9580-863X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Demir, Emre. “ABD’nin Biden dönemi Çin Politikası: Asya’ya Dönüş 2.0?”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 2, sy. 2 (Aralık 2020): 232-48. https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.49.