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Yeni sömürgecilik ve “Afrika’nın yeniden paylaşımı” tartışmalarının kesişiminde Gana-Çin ilişkileri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 64 - 86, 30.06.2022

Öz

Afrika’nın bağımsızlığını kazandığı yıllarda oldukça revaçta olan ve Avro-Afrika ilişkilerini açıklamakta kullanılan bir kavram olan yeni-sömürgecilik, son dönemde medya ve akademik tartışmalarda yeniden popülerlik kazandı. Özellikle Çin-Afrika ilişkileri, Batılı bakış açısından çoğunlukla bu çerçevede değerlendirilmektedir. Her ne kadar Çin kendisini, Afrika ile ilişkilerinde Batılı sömürgeci ülkelerden farklı şekilde konumlandırsa da benzer bağımlılık paternleri yaratıldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Gana lideri Nkrumah’ın Batı ile sömürgeci ilişkileri eleştirdiği yeni-sömürgecilik kavramı ile Afrika’nın yeniden paylaşımı tartışmasını da içerecek şekilde, Gana-Çin ilişkilerinin son dönemleri analiz edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ademola, O. T., Bankole, A.-S., ve Adewuyi, A. 2009. “China-Africa Trade Relations: Insights from AERC Scoping Studies,” European Journal of Development Research, 21, (4):485–505.
  • Africanbusiness. 2022. “UK-Africa Investment Summit Closes with Millions in Investment.” 21 Ocak, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://african.business/2022/01/trade-investment/uk-africa-investment-summit-closes-with-millions-in-investment/
  • Aidoo, R. 2019a. The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, London: Routledge.
  • Aidoo, R. 2019b. “The Politics of Galamsey and anti-Chinese Populism in Ghana,” The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo (Ed.), London: Routledge.
  • Akufo-Addo, N. 2020. “Stunning Lecture to President Macron of France on Africa’s Future”, Africa Web TV. Erişildi: 20 Mayıs 2020. https://africawebtv.nl/ghana-president-nana-akufo-addo-stunning-lecture-to-president-macron-of-france-on-africas-future.
  • Amin, S. 1976. Unequal Development: An Essay of Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism, Çev. B. Pearce, Sussex: Harvester Press.
  • Amin S. 1977. Imperialism and Unequal Development. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. 1987. “A Note on the Concept of Delinking,” Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 10 (3):435–444.
  • Betts, R. 1991. France and Decolonization, 1900-1960, USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Brautigam, D. 2009. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carmody, P. 2016. The New Scramble for Africa, 2. Ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • CFR. 2018. Council of Foreign Relations, “China’s Heavy Hand Africa”, 22 Mart, Erişildi: 14 Mart 2022, https://www.cfr.org/blog/chinas-heavy-hand-africa
  • Chafer, T. 2002. The End of Empire in French West Africa: France’s Successful Decolonization? Oxford: Berg.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative, “China-Africa Trade”. 2022a. John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade
  • China-Africa Research Initiative, “Chinese Investment in Africa”. 2022b. John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, http://www.sais-cari.org/chinese-investment-in-africa
  • Clinton, H. 2011. “Hilary Clinton Warns Against ‘New Colonialism’ in Africa”, Reuters, 11 Haziran, Erişildi: 30 Nisan 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-clinton-africa/clinton-warns-against-new-colonialism-in-africa-idUSTRE75A0RI20110611.
  • Dos Santos, T. 1975. “Bağımlılığın Yapısı”, Azgelişmişlik ve Emperyalizm, Ed. A. Aksoy, İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları.
  • Emmanuel, A. 1972. Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Fanon, F. 2013. Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri, Çev. Şen Süer, İstanbul: Versus.
  • Frank, A. G. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Frank, A. G. 1972. Lumpenbourgeoisie-Lumpendevelopment, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Frank, A. G. 1975. “Azgelişmişliğin Gelişmesi”, Azgelişmişlik ve Emperyalizm, (A. Aksoy, Ed.). İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları.
  • Gilpin, S. I. 2021. “China, Africa and the International Aid System: A Challenge to (the Norms Underpinning) the Neoliberal World Order?,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-21, DOI: 10.1177/00219096211063804.
  • Hardus, S. 2014. “Chinese National Oil companies in Ghana: The Cases of CNOOC and Sinopec,” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 8(1):588–612.
  • Huq, M. ve Tribe, M. 2018. The Economy of Ghana: 50 Years of Economic Development, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jauch, H. 2011. “Chinese Investments in Africa: The Twenty-First Century Colonialism?,” New Labor Forum, 20 (2), s. 49-55.
  • Johnson, B. 2016. “The Boris Archive: Africa is a Mess, But We Can’t Blame Colonialism.” The Spectator. 14 Temmuz. Erişildi: 5 Haziran 2020. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-boris-archive-africa-is-a-mess-but-we-can-t-blame-colonialism.
  • Jubileedebt. 2016. “The Fall and Rise of Ghana’s Debt: How a New Debt Trap Has Been Set,” Jubileedebt Campaign UK, Ekim. Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://jubileedebt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-fall-and-rise-of-Ghanas-debt_10.16.pdf
  • Killick, T. 2010. Development Economics in Action: A Study of Economic Policies in Ghana, (2. Ed.), Oxford: Routledge.
  • Konadu-Agyemang, K. 2001. (Ed.) IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa: Ghana’s Experience, 1983-1999, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Langan, M. 2018. Neocolonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lenin, V. I. 1963. “Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism,” Lenin’s Selected Works, Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Macron, E. 2019. “France’s Macron Calls Colonialism in Africa a ‘Grave Mistake’”, Deutsche Welle, 22 Aralık, Erişildi: 6 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dw.com/en/frances-macron-calls-colonialism-in-africa-a-grave-mistake/a-51769813
  • Martin, G. 1985. “The Historical, Economic and Political Bases of France’s African Policy.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 23(2):189-208.
  • MFA. Tarih yok. “Introduction of China-Ghana Relations”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Erişildi: 15 Mart 2022, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegh//eng/zjgx/zzwl/t177920.htm
  • Nkrumah, K. 1965. Neocolonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism, New York: International Publishers.
  • NY Times. 1994. “French Devalution of African Currency Brings Wide Unrest”, 23 Şubat, Erişildi: 12 Mart 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/23/world/french-devaluation-of-african-currency-brings-wide-unrest.html
  • Odoom, I. 2017. “Dam in, Cocoa out; Pipes in, Oil out: China’s Engagement in Ghana’s Energy Sector,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52(5):598–620.
  • Odoom, I. 2019. “Ghanaian Agency in Economic Engagement in 21st Century: The Role of Chinese Transnational Oil Corporations in Ghana”, The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo, (Ed.), London: Routledge.
  • Prebish, R. 1950. “The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems”, Economic Commission for Latin America, New York: United Nations Publications.
  • Reuters. 2020. “China Must Step Up on Africa Debt Relief, Ghana Finance Minister Says”, 7 Nisan, Erişildi: 27 Şubat 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-africa-debt-idUKKBN21P0Q0
  • Rodney, W. Avrupa Afrika’yı Nasıl Geri Bıraktı?, Çev. Hülya Osmanağaoğlu, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2013.
  • Rothchild, D. 1991. (Ed.), Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Sackeyfio, N. “Ghana-Asian Partnerships: The Scramble for Markets, Power and Agency”, The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo, (Ed.), London: Routledge, 2019.
  • Sartre, J. P. 2001. Colonialism and Neocolonialism, Çev. Azzedine Haddour, Routledge, London.
  • Sun, S. B., Xu, X. ve Zhao, X. 2021. “China’s Foreign Aid Training: Targeting Becoming an Influential Culture Sharer,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(4):851–871.
  • Swiss-African Business Relations. 2021. “Status Quo 2021: Swiss-African Business Relations”, Bern, Switzerland, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://sabc.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Report-Swiss-African-Business-Relations-Status-Quo-2021.pdf
  • Sylla, N. S. 2017. “The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa”, London School of Economics Blog 12 Haziran, Erişildi: 17 Şubat 2022 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2017/07/12/the-cfa-franc-french-monetary-imperialism-in-africa/
  • Taylor, I. ve Cheng, Z. 2017. China’s Aid to Africa: Does Friendship Really Matter? Oxford: Routledge.
  • Taylor, I. ve Xiao, Y. 2009. “A Case of Mistaken Identity: ‘China Inc.’ and its ‘Imperialism’ in sub-Saharan Africa,” Asian Politics and Policy, 1(4 (October/December)):709–725.
  • Taylor, I. ve Zajontz, T. 2020. “In a Fix: Africa’s Place in the Belt and Road Initiative and the Reproduction of Dependency,” South African Journal of International Affairs, 27(3):277–295.
  • Trade Secretary. 2022. “UK is Africa's Investment Partner of Choice for Green Transition”, Department of International Trade, 20 Ocak, Erişildi: 29 Ocak 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/trade-secretary-uk-is-africas-investment-partner-of-choice-for-green-transition
  • Tsikata, D., Fenny, A. P. ve Aryeteey, E. 2008. “China-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Ghana,” Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, Ghana: University of Ghana.
  • Van Dijk, M. P. 2009. “Introduction: Objectives and Instruments for China's New Presence in Africa”, The New Presence of China in Africa, M. P. van Dijk, (Ed.), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Van Mead N. 2018. “China in Africa: Win-win Development, or a New Colonialism?” Guardian, 31 Temmuz, Erişildi: 30 Nisan 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/china-in-africa-win-win-development-or-a-new-colonialism
  • VOA. 2021. “China’s Africa Outreach Poses Growing Threat, US General Warns”, Voice of America, 6 Mayıs, Erişildi: 20 Mart 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_chinas-africa-outreach-poses-growing-threat-us-general-warns/6205496.html
  • Wallerstein, I. 1974. “The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(4 (September):387–415.
  • Wallerstein, I. ve Gutkind P.C.W. 1976. (Eds.), The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, London: Sage Publications.
  • Wallerstein I. 2014. Dünya-Sistemleri Analizi: Bir Giriş, Çev. Nuri Ersoy ve Ender Abadoğlu, İstanbul: BGST Yayınları.
  • World Bank. 2007. “Ghana: Meeting the Challenge of Accelerated and Shared Growth,” The World Bank, 28 Kasım, World Bank Report ( 40934-GH, (I, II, III), Vol I. Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/598481468249681693/pdf/Pages0from04091635403volumes0ER01GH.pdf
  • World Bank. 2022. “Ghana”, The World Bank, 7 Nisan, Erişildi: 10 Mayıs 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ghana/overview#1
  • Young, R. J. C. 2016. Postcolonialism: A Historical Introduction, London: John Wiley and Sons.

Ghana-China relations at the intersection of neocolonialism and the new scramble for Africa debates

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 64 - 86, 30.06.2022

Öz

The term neocolonialism, which was quite mainstream to analyse Euro-African relations at the time of the independence, has become popular in the media and academia in the last decades. Particularly, China-Africa relations have been evaluated within this framework by the Western point of view. Although China has placed itself in a different position rather than the old colonial powers, it is observed that the similar patterns of dependency have been created. In this article, Ghana-China relations in the last decades, including the new scramble for Africa discussions, have been analysed with the term neocolonialism which was coined by Ghanaian leader Nkrumah to criticise West and the colonial relations.

Kaynakça

  • Ademola, O. T., Bankole, A.-S., ve Adewuyi, A. 2009. “China-Africa Trade Relations: Insights from AERC Scoping Studies,” European Journal of Development Research, 21, (4):485–505.
  • Africanbusiness. 2022. “UK-Africa Investment Summit Closes with Millions in Investment.” 21 Ocak, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://african.business/2022/01/trade-investment/uk-africa-investment-summit-closes-with-millions-in-investment/
  • Aidoo, R. 2019a. The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, London: Routledge.
  • Aidoo, R. 2019b. “The Politics of Galamsey and anti-Chinese Populism in Ghana,” The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo (Ed.), London: Routledge.
  • Akufo-Addo, N. 2020. “Stunning Lecture to President Macron of France on Africa’s Future”, Africa Web TV. Erişildi: 20 Mayıs 2020. https://africawebtv.nl/ghana-president-nana-akufo-addo-stunning-lecture-to-president-macron-of-france-on-africas-future.
  • Amin, S. 1976. Unequal Development: An Essay of Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism, Çev. B. Pearce, Sussex: Harvester Press.
  • Amin S. 1977. Imperialism and Unequal Development. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. 1987. “A Note on the Concept of Delinking,” Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 10 (3):435–444.
  • Betts, R. 1991. France and Decolonization, 1900-1960, USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Brautigam, D. 2009. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carmody, P. 2016. The New Scramble for Africa, 2. Ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • CFR. 2018. Council of Foreign Relations, “China’s Heavy Hand Africa”, 22 Mart, Erişildi: 14 Mart 2022, https://www.cfr.org/blog/chinas-heavy-hand-africa
  • Chafer, T. 2002. The End of Empire in French West Africa: France’s Successful Decolonization? Oxford: Berg.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative, “China-Africa Trade”. 2022a. John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade
  • China-Africa Research Initiative, “Chinese Investment in Africa”. 2022b. John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, http://www.sais-cari.org/chinese-investment-in-africa
  • Clinton, H. 2011. “Hilary Clinton Warns Against ‘New Colonialism’ in Africa”, Reuters, 11 Haziran, Erişildi: 30 Nisan 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-clinton-africa/clinton-warns-against-new-colonialism-in-africa-idUSTRE75A0RI20110611.
  • Dos Santos, T. 1975. “Bağımlılığın Yapısı”, Azgelişmişlik ve Emperyalizm, Ed. A. Aksoy, İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları.
  • Emmanuel, A. 1972. Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Fanon, F. 2013. Yeryüzünün Lanetlileri, Çev. Şen Süer, İstanbul: Versus.
  • Frank, A. G. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Frank, A. G. 1972. Lumpenbourgeoisie-Lumpendevelopment, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Frank, A. G. 1975. “Azgelişmişliğin Gelişmesi”, Azgelişmişlik ve Emperyalizm, (A. Aksoy, Ed.). İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları.
  • Gilpin, S. I. 2021. “China, Africa and the International Aid System: A Challenge to (the Norms Underpinning) the Neoliberal World Order?,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-21, DOI: 10.1177/00219096211063804.
  • Hardus, S. 2014. “Chinese National Oil companies in Ghana: The Cases of CNOOC and Sinopec,” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 8(1):588–612.
  • Huq, M. ve Tribe, M. 2018. The Economy of Ghana: 50 Years of Economic Development, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jauch, H. 2011. “Chinese Investments in Africa: The Twenty-First Century Colonialism?,” New Labor Forum, 20 (2), s. 49-55.
  • Johnson, B. 2016. “The Boris Archive: Africa is a Mess, But We Can’t Blame Colonialism.” The Spectator. 14 Temmuz. Erişildi: 5 Haziran 2020. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-boris-archive-africa-is-a-mess-but-we-can-t-blame-colonialism.
  • Jubileedebt. 2016. “The Fall and Rise of Ghana’s Debt: How a New Debt Trap Has Been Set,” Jubileedebt Campaign UK, Ekim. Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://jubileedebt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-fall-and-rise-of-Ghanas-debt_10.16.pdf
  • Killick, T. 2010. Development Economics in Action: A Study of Economic Policies in Ghana, (2. Ed.), Oxford: Routledge.
  • Konadu-Agyemang, K. 2001. (Ed.) IMF and World Bank Sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa: Ghana’s Experience, 1983-1999, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Langan, M. 2018. Neocolonialism and the Poverty of ‘Development’ in Africa, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lenin, V. I. 1963. “Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism,” Lenin’s Selected Works, Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Macron, E. 2019. “France’s Macron Calls Colonialism in Africa a ‘Grave Mistake’”, Deutsche Welle, 22 Aralık, Erişildi: 6 Mayıs 2020, https://www.dw.com/en/frances-macron-calls-colonialism-in-africa-a-grave-mistake/a-51769813
  • Martin, G. 1985. “The Historical, Economic and Political Bases of France’s African Policy.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 23(2):189-208.
  • MFA. Tarih yok. “Introduction of China-Ghana Relations”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Erişildi: 15 Mart 2022, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegh//eng/zjgx/zzwl/t177920.htm
  • Nkrumah, K. 1965. Neocolonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism, New York: International Publishers.
  • NY Times. 1994. “French Devalution of African Currency Brings Wide Unrest”, 23 Şubat, Erişildi: 12 Mart 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/23/world/french-devaluation-of-african-currency-brings-wide-unrest.html
  • Odoom, I. 2017. “Dam in, Cocoa out; Pipes in, Oil out: China’s Engagement in Ghana’s Energy Sector,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52(5):598–620.
  • Odoom, I. 2019. “Ghanaian Agency in Economic Engagement in 21st Century: The Role of Chinese Transnational Oil Corporations in Ghana”, The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo, (Ed.), London: Routledge.
  • Prebish, R. 1950. “The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems”, Economic Commission for Latin America, New York: United Nations Publications.
  • Reuters. 2020. “China Must Step Up on Africa Debt Relief, Ghana Finance Minister Says”, 7 Nisan, Erişildi: 27 Şubat 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-africa-debt-idUKKBN21P0Q0
  • Rodney, W. Avrupa Afrika’yı Nasıl Geri Bıraktı?, Çev. Hülya Osmanağaoğlu, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2013.
  • Rothchild, D. 1991. (Ed.), Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Sackeyfio, N. “Ghana-Asian Partnerships: The Scramble for Markets, Power and Agency”, The Politics of Economic Reform in Ghana, R. Aidoo, (Ed.), London: Routledge, 2019.
  • Sartre, J. P. 2001. Colonialism and Neocolonialism, Çev. Azzedine Haddour, Routledge, London.
  • Sun, S. B., Xu, X. ve Zhao, X. 2021. “China’s Foreign Aid Training: Targeting Becoming an Influential Culture Sharer,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(4):851–871.
  • Swiss-African Business Relations. 2021. “Status Quo 2021: Swiss-African Business Relations”, Bern, Switzerland, Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://sabc.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Report-Swiss-African-Business-Relations-Status-Quo-2021.pdf
  • Sylla, N. S. 2017. “The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa”, London School of Economics Blog 12 Haziran, Erişildi: 17 Şubat 2022 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2017/07/12/the-cfa-franc-french-monetary-imperialism-in-africa/
  • Taylor, I. ve Cheng, Z. 2017. China’s Aid to Africa: Does Friendship Really Matter? Oxford: Routledge.
  • Taylor, I. ve Xiao, Y. 2009. “A Case of Mistaken Identity: ‘China Inc.’ and its ‘Imperialism’ in sub-Saharan Africa,” Asian Politics and Policy, 1(4 (October/December)):709–725.
  • Taylor, I. ve Zajontz, T. 2020. “In a Fix: Africa’s Place in the Belt and Road Initiative and the Reproduction of Dependency,” South African Journal of International Affairs, 27(3):277–295.
  • Trade Secretary. 2022. “UK is Africa's Investment Partner of Choice for Green Transition”, Department of International Trade, 20 Ocak, Erişildi: 29 Ocak 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/trade-secretary-uk-is-africas-investment-partner-of-choice-for-green-transition
  • Tsikata, D., Fenny, A. P. ve Aryeteey, E. 2008. “China-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Ghana,” Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, Ghana: University of Ghana.
  • Van Dijk, M. P. 2009. “Introduction: Objectives and Instruments for China's New Presence in Africa”, The New Presence of China in Africa, M. P. van Dijk, (Ed.), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Van Mead N. 2018. “China in Africa: Win-win Development, or a New Colonialism?” Guardian, 31 Temmuz, Erişildi: 30 Nisan 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/china-in-africa-win-win-development-or-a-new-colonialism
  • VOA. 2021. “China’s Africa Outreach Poses Growing Threat, US General Warns”, Voice of America, 6 Mayıs, Erişildi: 20 Mart 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_chinas-africa-outreach-poses-growing-threat-us-general-warns/6205496.html
  • Wallerstein, I. 1974. “The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(4 (September):387–415.
  • Wallerstein, I. ve Gutkind P.C.W. 1976. (Eds.), The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, London: Sage Publications.
  • Wallerstein I. 2014. Dünya-Sistemleri Analizi: Bir Giriş, Çev. Nuri Ersoy ve Ender Abadoğlu, İstanbul: BGST Yayınları.
  • World Bank. 2007. “Ghana: Meeting the Challenge of Accelerated and Shared Growth,” The World Bank, 28 Kasım, World Bank Report ( 40934-GH, (I, II, III), Vol I. Erişildi: 25 Mart 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/598481468249681693/pdf/Pages0from04091635403volumes0ER01GH.pdf
  • World Bank. 2022. “Ghana”, The World Bank, 7 Nisan, Erişildi: 10 Mayıs 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ghana/overview#1
  • Young, R. J. C. 2016. Postcolonialism: A Historical Introduction, London: John Wiley and Sons.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sevim Varlıklar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Varlıklar, Sevim. “Yeni sömürgecilik Ve ‘Afrika’nın Yeniden paylaşımı’ tartışmalarının kesişiminde Gana-Çin ilişkileri”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 4, sy. 1 (Haziran 2022): 64-86.