Investigation of The Mutagenic Effects of Sediment and Water Samples of Kars Stream (Kars) by Ames Test

Öz

In this study, three different stations were determined from the regions of Kars Stream that are close to the center. These stations are; 1st station; Yolaçan Village location, 2nd station; Kafkas University campus location, 3rd Station; Kars museum location where the active settlement ends. Water and sediment samples were taken from the determined points by considering the distance between the stations in September 2022. Possible mutagenic properties of water and sediment samples were determined with the Ames test, which is one of the short-term mutagenicity test systems. Extracts (hexane and chloroform) of water samples and sediment samples were prepared from samples taken from three different stations. Serial dilutions of 100 , 10-1 , 10-2 and 10-3 of water and sediment samples were used in the study. Experiments were performed with TA98 and TA100 mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the absence of metabolic activation (S9). Experiment results were evaluated together with spontaneous control, negative control dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and positive control groups. 4-Nitro-ophenylenediamine for strain TA98 in the absence of metabolic activation (S9) and sodium azide for strain TA100 were used as positive controls. As a result of the mutagenicity tests of the hexane and chloroform extracts of the water samples and sediment samples, no potential mutagenic effect was observed in the samples taken from the 1st station where environmental pollution was less, while a mutagenic effect caused to only a frameshift change was observed in the 2nd station. Both frameshift and mutagenic effect causing base pair change were observed in the 3rd station, which is thought to have the highest environmental pollution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kars Stream
• Sediment
• Salmonella
• Ames Test
• Mutagenicity.

Kaynakça

1. Akyıl, D., (2006). Farklı Tipteki Fungusitlerin Muhtemel Mutajeniteleri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Çalışması, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyon
2. Alam, M.Z., Ahmad S., Malik A. & Ahmad, M., (2010). Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Tannery Effluents Used for Irrigation at Kanpur, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 1620-1628
3. Ames, B.N., McCann, J. & Yamasaki, E., (1975). Methods for Detecting Carcinogens and Mutagens with the Salmonella/ Mammalian- Microsome Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Research, 31(6), 347-364
4. Ateş, Ö., (2011). Bilecik Karasu Deresinin Mutajenitesinin Araştırılması.Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir
5. Beceren, A., Sarıkaya, B., Tatlıpınar, E., Omurtag, G.Z. ve Şardaş, S., (2017). Antioksidan Maddelerin Mutajenite Üzerine Etkilerinin Ames Testi ile İncelenmesi. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21/3, 455-460
6. Boyacıoğlu, M., (2004). İzmir Körfezi Sedimentlerinde Direkt Mutajenlerin Belirlenmesi. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 21, 23-27
7. Choy, W.N., (Ed). (2001). Regulatory Genetic Toxicology Tests In: Genetic Toxicol Cancer Risk Asses, New York, p.93-114
8. Çakmak, D., (2013). Karamanderes Çayı (Çanakkale) Su ve Sedimentinin Mutajenik Potansiyelinin Ames Testi ile Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çanakkale

9. Durant J.L. & Hemond H.F., (1992). Determination of Mutagenicity in Sediments of the Aberjona Watershed Using Human Lymphoblast and Salmonella typhimurium Mutation Assays. Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 599-608
10. Filipic, M., (1995). Mutagenicity and Toxicity of Water Extracts from the Sora River Area.Mutation Research, 342, 1-8
11. Galli, A. & Schiestl, R.S., (1996). Effects of Salmonella Assay Negative and Positive Carcinogens on Intrachromosomal Recombination in G1- Arrested Yeast Cells. Mutation Research, 370, 209-221
12. Gesamp, (1991). Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution, Review of Potentially Harmful Substances: Carcinogens, Gesamp Reports and Studies, 46, 1-6
13. Göksu, M.Z.L., (2003). Su Kirliliği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları No:7, 232
14. Güzey, D., (2013). Tunca Nehri (Edirne) Su ve Sedimentinin Mutajenik Potansiyelinin Ames Testi ile Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çanakkale
15. Keijzer, T.H.J.S., Middeldrop, P.F., Alphen, M., Van Der Linde, P.R. & Loch, J.P.G., (2000). Desorption Behaviour of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Harbour Sludge from the Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Water Air Soil Pollution, 136, 361-385
16. Maccubbin, A.E., Ersing, N. & Frank M.E., (1991). Mutagenicity of Sediments from the Detroit River. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 17 (3), 314-321
17. Maron, D.M. & Ames, B.N., (1983). Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Research, 113, 173-215
18. Mortelmans, K. & Zeiger, E., (2000). The Ames Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Research, 455, 29-60
19. Öncül, Ö., (2009). Bazı Gıda Boyalarının Mutajenik Potansiyellerinin Ames/Mikrozom Testi ile Arastırılması ve β_Galaktozidaz Üzerine Etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
20. Picer, M., Kovac, T., Britvic, S. & Picer, N., (2001). The Chemical and Biogenotoxic Characterization of Organic Xenobiotics in Aquatic Sediment Materials: 1. The Application and Comparison of Chemically Non-Specific and Biogenotoxic Methods. Chemosphere, 44 (8), 1673-1683
21. Rehana, Z., Malik, A. & Ahmad, M., (1996). Genotoxicity of the Ganges Water at Narora (U.P.), India. Mutation Research, 367, 187-193
22. Sato, T., Momma, T., Ose, Y., Ishikawa, T. & Kato K., (1983). Mutagenicity of Nagara River Sediment. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 118 (4), 257-267
23. Schuetzle, D. & Lewtas, J., (1986). Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis in Environmental Research. National Library of Medicine, 58(11), 1060A-1075A
24. Singh, K.P., Takroo, R. & Ray, P.K., (1987). Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Water, ITRC Manual No. 1. Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow
25. Soylu, H., (2012). Edirne İlindeki Çevresel Sular ve İçme-Kullanma Sularının Bakteriyolojik Ames Testi ile Mutajenitelerinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne
26. Temizkan, G.O., (1994). Moleküler Genetik, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ders Notları
27. Tomatis, L., (1979). The Predictive Volue of Rodent Carcinogenicity Tests in The Evaluation of Human Risks. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 19, 511-530
28. Tortora, F.C., (1992). Microbiology an Introduction, Fourth Edition
29. Uslu, O. ve Türkman, A., (1987). Su Kirliliği ve Kontrolü. T.C. Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Eğitim Dizisi I, Ankara
30. Uysal, A., (2006). Bazı Bitki Gelişim Düzenleyicilerin, Salmonella/mikrozom Test Sisteminde Mutajenik Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
31. Vargas, V.M.F., Guıdobono, R.R., Jordao, C. & Henrı̇ques, J.A.P., (1995). Use ofTwo Short-term Tesıs to Evaulate The Genotoxicity of River Water Treated With Different Conceration/Extraction Procedures.Mutation Research, 343, 31-52
32. Yüksel, S., (2005). Bazı Sübstitüe-Benzinidenilin Türevlerinin Mutajenik Aktivitelerinin Ames Salmonella Mikrozom Testi ile Araştırılması.Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.