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Mülteci Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Ruhsal Sağlığı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8, 209 - 218, 01.12.2019

Serkan Turan Gonca Özyurt

Öz

Mülteci çocukların ruhsal sağlığı; barınma, eğitim, ekonomik olanaklar, geniş kapsamlı politikalar ve bu bağlam dahilinde göçmenlik olmak üzere tüm potansiyel sağlık belirleyicilerini etkileyen çok yönlü bir olgudur. Bireyler veya ailelerin, evlerini veya topluluklarını terk etmeleri gerektiğinde, bu tür deneyimlerin psikopatoloji riskini arttırdığı ve aynı zamanda aidiyet ve kimliğe yönelik önemli zorluklar yarattığı bilinmektedir. Dünyadaki mültecilerin yaklaşık dörtte biri çocuk olmasına rağmen mülteci çocuklarda ruh sağlığı sorunlarına yönelik araştırmalar sınırlıdır. Bu derlemede, son çalışmalar ışığında Mülteci çocukların ruhsal sağlığının tüm yönleriyle ele alınması ve gerek ruh sağlığı alanında gerekse diğer alanlarında çalışanlara yol gösterici olması amaçlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mülteci Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı

Kaynakça

  • Almqvist, K., Brandell-Forsberg, M. (1997). Refugee children in Sweden: Post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian pre-school children exposed to organized violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(1):351– 366. [PubMed]
  • Aronsson, B., Wiberg, C., Sandstedt, P., & Hjern, A. (2009). Asylum-seeking children with severe loss of activities of Daily living: Clinical signs and course during rehabilitation.
  • Acta Paediatrics, 98, 1977–1981.
  • Aziz, I.A., Hutchinson, C.V., Maltby, J.(2014). Quality of life of Syrian refugees living in camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. PeerJ 2:e670. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.670
  • Beiser, M., Hou, F. (2016). Mental health effects of premigration trauma and postmigration discrimination on refugee youth in Canada. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 464– 470.
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A., Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health Human Rights 15:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015- 0064-9
  • Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Neuner, F. (2008). Beyond individual war trauma: Domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 165–176.
  • Cleveland, J., Kronick, R., Gros, H., Rousseau, C. (2018). Symbolic violence and disempowerment as factors in the adverse impact of immigration detention on adult asylum seekers’ mental health Internal Journal Public Health, 63(8):1001-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00038-018-1121-7. Epub 2018 Jun 2.
  • Eruyar, S., Maltby, J., Vostanis, P. (2018). Mental health problems of Syrian refugee children: the role of parental factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 401–409. [PubMed]
  • Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet, 365:1309–14. Doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(05)61027-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Fazel, M., Reed, R.V., Panter-Brick, C., et al. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet, 379:266–82. 10.1016/ S0140-6736(11)60051-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Heptinstall, E., Sethna, V., Taylor, E. (2004). PTSD and depression in refugee children: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(6):373–380. [PubMed]
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C.R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A.J., Jumbe, S., ... Roberts, N.P. (2017). Validation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136, 313–322.
  • Kirmayer, L.J., Narasiah, L., Munoz M, et al. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. CMAJ 183(12):E959-E67.
  • Lambert, J.E., Holzer, J., Hasbun, A. (2014). Association between parents’ PTSD severity and children’s psychological distress: a meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 27: 9-17
  • Lustig, S.L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W.G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J.D., et al. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 43:24–36 10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. American Psychology,56: 227,38.
  • Morina, M., Maier, T., Schmid-Mast, M. (2010). Lost in translation? Psychotherapie unter Einsatz von Dolmetschern. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie, 60:104–10. 10.1055/ s-0029-1202271 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Nasıroğlu, S., Çeri, V. (2016). Posttraumatic stress and depression in Yazidi refugees. Neuropsychiatry Disease Treatment, 12:2941-2948.
  • Ngo, V., Langley, A., Kataoka, S.H., Nadeem, E., Escudero, P., Stein, B.D. (2008). Providing evidence- based practice to ethnically diverse youths: examples from the cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS) program. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47: 858–62
  • Nose, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., et al. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: systematic review and meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 12: e0171030
  • Oppedal, B., Idsoe, T. (2015). The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(2):203– 211. [PubMed]
  • Ottisova, L., Smith, P., Oram, S. (2018). Psychological consequences of human trafficking: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trafficked children. Behavioral Medicine, 44, 234–241.
  • Pacella, M.L., Hruska, B., Delahanty, D.L. (2013). The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27:33–46
  • Panter Brick C., Grimon, M.P., Eggerman, M. (2014). Caregiver–child mental health: A prospective study in conflict and refugee settings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 313–327. [PubMed]
  • Plener, P., Munz, L., Allroggen, M., Kapusta, N., Fegert, J., Groschwitz, R. (2015). Immigration as risk factor for nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents in Germany. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 34.
  • Praetorius, R.T., Mitschke, D.B., Avila, C.D., Kelly, D.R., Henderson, J. (2016). Cultural integration through shared learning among resettled Bhutanese women. Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 26: 549–60
  • Priebe, S., Giacco, D., El Nagib, R. (2016). Public health aspects of mental health among migrants and refugees: a review of the evidence on mental health care for refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants in the WHO European region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  • Pumariega, A.J., Rothe, E., Pumariega, J.B. (2005). Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(5):581–597. doi: 10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Scheeringa, M., Wright, M., Hunt, J., Zeanah, C. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 644–651. [PubMed]
  • Silove, D. (2013). The ADAPT model: a conceptual framework for mental health and psychosocial programming in post conflict settings. Intervention, 11(3):237-248.
  • Sirin, S.R., Rogers-Sirin L. (2015). The Educational and Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugee Children: Young Children in Refugee Families. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Cartwright K, El- Khani A, Subryan A, Calam R. Establishing the feasibility of assessing the mental health of children displaced by the Syrian conflict. Global Mental Health, 2:1–13. 10.1017/ gmh.2015.3
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R.A., Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA Journal of American Medicine Association 302:537–549. https://doi. org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132
  • Text Of The 1951 Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees, UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, 1951, P. 3, Para. 1
  • Timshel, I., Montgomery, E., Dalgard, N. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors associated with family related violence in refugee families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70, 315–330.
  • Tol, W.A., Song, S., Jordans, M.J. (2013). Annual Research Review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict—a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 54: 445–60.
  • Tousignant, M., Habimana, E., Biron, C., Malo, C., Sidoli-Le Blanc, E., Bendris, N. (1999). The Quebec Adolescent Refugee Project: Psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1426–1432.
  • UNHCR Global Trends - Forced Displacement in 2017. UNESCO web sitesinden 13 Nisan 2019 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2017/
  • UNHCR Suriye acil durumu. UNESCO web sitesinden 13 Nisan 2019 tarihinde erişildi: https://www. unhcr.org/tr/suriye-acil-durumu
  • Van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.,Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2003). Are children of Holocaust survivors less well-adapted? A meta-analytic investigation of secondary traumatization. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 16: 459-469

Mülteci Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Ruhsal Sağlığı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8, 209 - 218, 01.12.2019

Serkan Turan Gonca Özyurt

Öz

Mental health of refugee children; It is a multifunctional phenomenon that affects all potential health determinants, including housing, education, economic opportunities, broad-based policies and, in this context, immigration. When individuals or families need to leave their homes or communities, it is known that such experiences increase the risk of psychopathology and at the same time create significant difficulties for belonging and identity. Although approximately one quarter of the world’s refugees are children, research on mental health problems in refugee children is limited. This review aims to address all aspects of the mental health of refugee children in the light of recent studies and to guide the employees in the field of mental health and other areas

Anahtar Kelimeler

Refugee Children Mental Health

Kaynakça

  • Almqvist, K., Brandell-Forsberg, M. (1997). Refugee children in Sweden: Post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian pre-school children exposed to organized violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(1):351– 366. [PubMed]
  • Aronsson, B., Wiberg, C., Sandstedt, P., & Hjern, A. (2009). Asylum-seeking children with severe loss of activities of Daily living: Clinical signs and course during rehabilitation.
  • Acta Paediatrics, 98, 1977–1981.
  • Aziz, I.A., Hutchinson, C.V., Maltby, J.(2014). Quality of life of Syrian refugees living in camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. PeerJ 2:e670. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.670
  • Beiser, M., Hou, F. (2016). Mental health effects of premigration trauma and postmigration discrimination on refugee youth in Canada. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 464– 470.
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A., Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health Human Rights 15:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015- 0064-9
  • Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Neuner, F. (2008). Beyond individual war trauma: Domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 165–176.
  • Cleveland, J., Kronick, R., Gros, H., Rousseau, C. (2018). Symbolic violence and disempowerment as factors in the adverse impact of immigration detention on adult asylum seekers’ mental health Internal Journal Public Health, 63(8):1001-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00038-018-1121-7. Epub 2018 Jun 2.
  • Eruyar, S., Maltby, J., Vostanis, P. (2018). Mental health problems of Syrian refugee children: the role of parental factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 401–409. [PubMed]
  • Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet, 365:1309–14. Doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(05)61027-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Fazel, M., Reed, R.V., Panter-Brick, C., et al. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet, 379:266–82. 10.1016/ S0140-6736(11)60051-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Heptinstall, E., Sethna, V., Taylor, E. (2004). PTSD and depression in refugee children: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(6):373–380. [PubMed]
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C.R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A.J., Jumbe, S., ... Roberts, N.P. (2017). Validation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136, 313–322.
  • Kirmayer, L.J., Narasiah, L., Munoz M, et al. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. CMAJ 183(12):E959-E67.
  • Lambert, J.E., Holzer, J., Hasbun, A. (2014). Association between parents’ PTSD severity and children’s psychological distress: a meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 27: 9-17
  • Lustig, S.L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W.G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J.D., et al. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 43:24–36 10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. American Psychology,56: 227,38.
  • Morina, M., Maier, T., Schmid-Mast, M. (2010). Lost in translation? Psychotherapie unter Einsatz von Dolmetschern. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie, 60:104–10. 10.1055/ s-0029-1202271 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Nasıroğlu, S., Çeri, V. (2016). Posttraumatic stress and depression in Yazidi refugees. Neuropsychiatry Disease Treatment, 12:2941-2948.
  • Ngo, V., Langley, A., Kataoka, S.H., Nadeem, E., Escudero, P., Stein, B.D. (2008). Providing evidence- based practice to ethnically diverse youths: examples from the cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS) program. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47: 858–62
  • Nose, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., et al. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: systematic review and meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 12: e0171030
  • Oppedal, B., Idsoe, T. (2015). The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(2):203– 211. [PubMed]
  • Ottisova, L., Smith, P., Oram, S. (2018). Psychological consequences of human trafficking: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trafficked children. Behavioral Medicine, 44, 234–241.
  • Pacella, M.L., Hruska, B., Delahanty, D.L. (2013). The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27:33–46
  • Panter Brick C., Grimon, M.P., Eggerman, M. (2014). Caregiver–child mental health: A prospective study in conflict and refugee settings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 313–327. [PubMed]
  • Plener, P., Munz, L., Allroggen, M., Kapusta, N., Fegert, J., Groschwitz, R. (2015). Immigration as risk factor for nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents in Germany. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 34.
  • Praetorius, R.T., Mitschke, D.B., Avila, C.D., Kelly, D.R., Henderson, J. (2016). Cultural integration through shared learning among resettled Bhutanese women. Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 26: 549–60
  • Priebe, S., Giacco, D., El Nagib, R. (2016). Public health aspects of mental health among migrants and refugees: a review of the evidence on mental health care for refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants in the WHO European region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  • Pumariega, A.J., Rothe, E., Pumariega, J.B. (2005). Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(5):581–597. doi: 10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Scheeringa, M., Wright, M., Hunt, J., Zeanah, C. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 644–651. [PubMed]
  • Silove, D. (2013). The ADAPT model: a conceptual framework for mental health and psychosocial programming in post conflict settings. Intervention, 11(3):237-248.
  • Sirin, S.R., Rogers-Sirin L. (2015). The Educational and Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugee Children: Young Children in Refugee Families. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Cartwright K, El- Khani A, Subryan A, Calam R. Establishing the feasibility of assessing the mental health of children displaced by the Syrian conflict. Global Mental Health, 2:1–13. 10.1017/ gmh.2015.3
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R.A., Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA Journal of American Medicine Association 302:537–549. https://doi. org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132
  • Text Of The 1951 Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees, UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, 1951, P. 3, Para. 1
  • Timshel, I., Montgomery, E., Dalgard, N. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors associated with family related violence in refugee families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70, 315–330.
  • Tol, W.A., Song, S., Jordans, M.J. (2013). Annual Research Review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict—a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 54: 445–60.
  • Tousignant, M., Habimana, E., Biron, C., Malo, C., Sidoli-Le Blanc, E., Bendris, N. (1999). The Quebec Adolescent Refugee Project: Psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1426–1432.
  • UNHCR Global Trends - Forced Displacement in 2017. UNESCO web sitesinden 13 Nisan 2019 tarihinde erişildi: https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2017/
  • UNHCR Suriye acil durumu. UNESCO web sitesinden 13 Nisan 2019 tarihinde erişildi: https://www. unhcr.org/tr/suriye-acil-durumu
  • Van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.,Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2003). Are children of Holocaust survivors less well-adapted? A meta-analytic investigation of secondary traumatization. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 16: 459-469
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Serkan Turan Bu kişi benim

Gonca Özyurt Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, S., & Özyurt, G. (2019). Mülteci Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Ruhsal Sağlığı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Çocuk Ve Medeniyet, 4(8), 209-218.