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Arkeoloji, Etmen-Temelli Modeller ve Simülasyonlar

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16, 5 - 11, 01.06.2017

Bülent Arıkan

Öz

Sosyal bilimlerde son otuz yıldır süregelen değişimlerden en önemlisi, farklı alanlardan araştırmacıların çalışmasıyla çıkan verilerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi, bu verilerin matematiksel denklemlerle ifade edilmesidir. Veriler arasındaki ilişkilerle bir model kurulur ve simülasyonlar hazırlanırken, hipotezler istatiksel olarak test edilebilmektedir. Sonuçta ortaya çıkan sentezler bilimsel olarak daha sağlam temellere otururken, birden fazla dinamiği birlikte değerlendirme imkanı da sunmaktadır. Arkeoloji farklı bilimsel alanlardan gelen insanların ortak çalışmalarına sahne olmaktadır. Verilerin sayısallaştırılması, ilişkilerin matematiksel denklemler ve algoritmalarla ifade edilmesi ve farklı şartlar altında insan topluluklarının adaptasyona yönelik davranışlarının test edilmesi ancak etmen-temelli modeller ile mümkün olmaktadır. Böylece arkeolojide gözlem-hipotez-test döngüsü kurulmaktadır. Bu modellerin daha önemli

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anadolu arkeolojisi süreçsel arkeoloji modelleme sosyo-ekolojik sistemler

Kaynakça

  • Arıkan, B. 2014 “Modeling the Paleoclimate (ca. 6000-3200 cal BP) in Eastern Anatolia: The Method of Macrophysical Climate Model and Comparisons with Proxy Data”, Journal of Archaeological Science 57: 158-167.
  • Arıkan, B. – F. Balossi – A. Massi 2016 “Comparative Modeling of Bronze Age Land Use in the Malatya Plain (Turkey)”, Quaternary Science Reviews 136: 122-133.
  • Arıkan, B. – F. Balossi – A. Massi 2017 “Crisis in the Highlands. Agent-based Modeling of the Earlky Bronze Age-I (ca. 4950-4700 cal. BP) Socio-economic Transformations at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia)”, T. Cunningham – J. Driessen (eds.), Crisis to Collapse. The Archaeology of Societal Breakdown, AEGIS 11, UCPress
  • Louvain: 235-250 Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah – S. Bergin 2010a “Land use, Water, and Mediterranean Landscapes: Modeling Long-term Dynamics of Complex Socio-ecological Systems”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: 5275-5297.
  • Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah – H. Mitasova 2010b “Computational modeling and socioecological dynamics in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia”, American Antiquity 75 (2): 364-386.
  • Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah v – A. Heimsath 2015 “How to Make a Barranco: Modeling Erosion and Land-use in Mediterranean Landscapes”, Land 4 (3): 578-606.
  • Binford, L. R. 1962 “Archaeology as Anthropology”, M. Leone (ed.) Contemporary Archaeology, Southern Illinois University: 93-101.
  • Binford, L. R. 1965 “Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process”, M. Leone (ed.) Contemporary Archaeology, Southern Illinois University: 125-132.
  • Binford S. – L. R. Binford 1968 New Perspectives in Archaeology, Chicago.
  • Braudel, F. 1972 The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vol.s), Los Angeles.
  • Costopoulos, A. – M. W. Lake (eds.), 2010 Archaeological Simulation: Into the 21st Century, Utah.
  • Fontana, W. – P. Schuster 1997 “Continuity in Evolution: On the Nature of Transitions”, Science 280 (5368): 1451-1455.
  • Gunderson, L. H. 2000 “Ecological Resilience – In Theory and Application”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 425-439.
  • Holling, C. S. 1973 “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.
  • Kohler, T. – G. Gumerman (eds.) 1999 Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies, New York.
  • Kamp, K. 2000 “From Village to Tell: Household Ethnoarchaeology in Syria”, Near Eastern Archaeology 63 (2): 84-93.
  • Kramer, C. 1982 Village Ethnoarchaeology, New York.
  • Lake, M. W. 2015 “Explaining the Past with ABM: On Modeling Philosophy”, G. Wurzer, K. Kowarik, H. Reschreiter (eds.) Agent-based Modeling and Simulation in Archaeology, Switzerland: 3-35
  • Lake, M. W. – J. Venti 2009 “Quantitative Analysis of Macroevolutionary Patterning in Technological Evolution: Bicycle Design from 1800 to 2000”, S. J. Shennan (ed.) Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution, Berkeley, 147-174.
  • Morgan, L. H. 1877 Ancient Society, Chicago.
  • Redman, C. L. 1999 Human Impact on Ancient Environments, Tucson.
  • Redman, C. L. 2005 “Resilience Theory in Archaeology”, American Anthropologist 107 (1): 70-77.
  • Redman, C. L. – A. P. Kinzig 2003 “Resilience of Past Landscapes: Resilience Theory, Society, and the Longue Durée”, Ecology and Society 7 (1): 14.
  • Schiffer, M. B. 1983 “Toward the Identification of Formation Processes”, American Antiquity 48 (4): 675-706.
  • Schiffer, M. B. 1987 Formation Process of the Archaeological Record, Albuquerque.
  • Steward, J. 1951 “Levels of Sociocultural Integration: An Operational Concept”, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7 (4): 374-390.
  • Steward, J. 1953 “Evolution and Process”, A. L. Kroeber (ed.), Anthropology Today Chicago: 313-325.
  • Steward, J. 1972 Theory of Culture Change. The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana-Champaign.
  • Trigger, B. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge.
  • Tylor, E. B. 1881 Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization, London.
  • van der Leeuw, S. – J. McGlade 2010 Time, Process and Structured Transformation in Archaeology, London.
  • White, L. 1959 The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome, New York.
  • Zorn, J. R. 1994 “Estimating the Population Size of Ancient Settlements: Methods, Problems, Solutions, and A Case Study”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 295: 31-48.

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16, 5 - 11, 01.06.2017

Bülent Arıkan

Öz

The most significant development in social sciences during the last three decades has been the use of mathematical equations to express the relationships among data. While such relationships are used to build models and run simulations, it is also possible to test hypotheses statistically. The emergent scientific syntheses have solid scientific foundations and present the opportunity to assess several dynamics together. Archaeology witnesses interdisciplinary research. The use of equations and algorithms, testing the adaptive behavior of human societies under different conditions are only possible through agent-based modeling. Consequently, the cycle of observation-hypothesis-testing can be established in archaeology. Another significant contribution of modeling is the exploration of coupled socio-ecological systems at different spatio-temporal scales. The expansion of this new research method among archaeologists will allow for a more accurate interpretation of data from a wider perspective while enabling a larger segment of society to make use of research results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anatolian archaeology Processual archaeology modeling socio-ecological systems

Kaynakça

  • Arıkan, B. 2014 “Modeling the Paleoclimate (ca. 6000-3200 cal BP) in Eastern Anatolia: The Method of Macrophysical Climate Model and Comparisons with Proxy Data”, Journal of Archaeological Science 57: 158-167.
  • Arıkan, B. – F. Balossi – A. Massi 2016 “Comparative Modeling of Bronze Age Land Use in the Malatya Plain (Turkey)”, Quaternary Science Reviews 136: 122-133.
  • Arıkan, B. – F. Balossi – A. Massi 2017 “Crisis in the Highlands. Agent-based Modeling of the Earlky Bronze Age-I (ca. 4950-4700 cal. BP) Socio-economic Transformations at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia)”, T. Cunningham – J. Driessen (eds.), Crisis to Collapse. The Archaeology of Societal Breakdown, AEGIS 11, UCPress
  • Louvain: 235-250 Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah – S. Bergin 2010a “Land use, Water, and Mediterranean Landscapes: Modeling Long-term Dynamics of Complex Socio-ecological Systems”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: 5275-5297.
  • Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah – H. Mitasova 2010b “Computational modeling and socioecological dynamics in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia”, American Antiquity 75 (2): 364-386.
  • Barton, C. M. – I. I. T. Ullah v – A. Heimsath 2015 “How to Make a Barranco: Modeling Erosion and Land-use in Mediterranean Landscapes”, Land 4 (3): 578-606.
  • Binford, L. R. 1962 “Archaeology as Anthropology”, M. Leone (ed.) Contemporary Archaeology, Southern Illinois University: 93-101.
  • Binford, L. R. 1965 “Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process”, M. Leone (ed.) Contemporary Archaeology, Southern Illinois University: 125-132.
  • Binford S. – L. R. Binford 1968 New Perspectives in Archaeology, Chicago.
  • Braudel, F. 1972 The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (2 vol.s), Los Angeles.
  • Costopoulos, A. – M. W. Lake (eds.), 2010 Archaeological Simulation: Into the 21st Century, Utah.
  • Fontana, W. – P. Schuster 1997 “Continuity in Evolution: On the Nature of Transitions”, Science 280 (5368): 1451-1455.
  • Gunderson, L. H. 2000 “Ecological Resilience – In Theory and Application”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 425-439.
  • Holling, C. S. 1973 “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.
  • Kohler, T. – G. Gumerman (eds.) 1999 Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies, New York.
  • Kamp, K. 2000 “From Village to Tell: Household Ethnoarchaeology in Syria”, Near Eastern Archaeology 63 (2): 84-93.
  • Kramer, C. 1982 Village Ethnoarchaeology, New York.
  • Lake, M. W. 2015 “Explaining the Past with ABM: On Modeling Philosophy”, G. Wurzer, K. Kowarik, H. Reschreiter (eds.) Agent-based Modeling and Simulation in Archaeology, Switzerland: 3-35
  • Lake, M. W. – J. Venti 2009 “Quantitative Analysis of Macroevolutionary Patterning in Technological Evolution: Bicycle Design from 1800 to 2000”, S. J. Shennan (ed.) Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution, Berkeley, 147-174.
  • Morgan, L. H. 1877 Ancient Society, Chicago.
  • Redman, C. L. 1999 Human Impact on Ancient Environments, Tucson.
  • Redman, C. L. 2005 “Resilience Theory in Archaeology”, American Anthropologist 107 (1): 70-77.
  • Redman, C. L. – A. P. Kinzig 2003 “Resilience of Past Landscapes: Resilience Theory, Society, and the Longue Durée”, Ecology and Society 7 (1): 14.
  • Schiffer, M. B. 1983 “Toward the Identification of Formation Processes”, American Antiquity 48 (4): 675-706.
  • Schiffer, M. B. 1987 Formation Process of the Archaeological Record, Albuquerque.
  • Steward, J. 1951 “Levels of Sociocultural Integration: An Operational Concept”, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7 (4): 374-390.
  • Steward, J. 1953 “Evolution and Process”, A. L. Kroeber (ed.), Anthropology Today Chicago: 313-325.
  • Steward, J. 1972 Theory of Culture Change. The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana-Champaign.
  • Trigger, B. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge.
  • Tylor, E. B. 1881 Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization, London.
  • van der Leeuw, S. – J. McGlade 2010 Time, Process and Structured Transformation in Archaeology, London.
  • White, L. 1959 The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome, New York.
  • Zorn, J. R. 1994 “Estimating the Population Size of Ancient Settlements: Methods, Problems, Solutions, and A Case Study”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 295: 31-48.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Table of Contents
Yazarlar

Bülent Arıkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Arıkan B (01 Haziran 2017) Arkeoloji, Etmen-Temelli Modeller ve Simülasyonlar. Colloquium Anatolicum 16 5–11.