MÖ 7. ve 6. yy Yunan Ticari Faaliyetleri İçinde “İşbirliği” Olgusu

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 9, 333 - 352, 01.06.2010

Aylin Koçak Yaldır

Öz

MÖ 7 ve 6. yy’lar, Yunan kent devletlerinin denizaşırı etkinliklerinin arttığı, fakat ticari faaliyetlerinin genel yapısı itibarıyla yeterince bilinmediği bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde “tüccar”, ya da “polis” tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş ticari faaliyetlere pek fazla değinilmediği gibi, bahsi geçen az sayıda tüccarın da genellikle geldikleri şehirlerin aristokrat ailelerine mensup, kendi servetlerini artıran kişiler oldukları anlaşılmaktadır Hahn 1983: 31 . Sappho’nun kardeşi Lesboslu Kharaksos, Aiginalı Sostratos, Phokaialı Phobos bu tüccarlar arasında yer alırken, Solon’un da bir yönetici olmasının yanı sıra, ticari faaliyette bulunduğu ve bu konuda Plutarkhos’un herhangi bir memnuniyetsizlik dile getirmeyip, aksine faaliyetlerini desteklediği anlaşılmaktadır Plut. Sol. 2. 7 1.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ticaret, Ksenia, Proksenoi, İşbirliği, Emporion

“Cooperation” Concept within the Context of Greek Trade Activities in 7th and 6th Centuries BC

Öz

During the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., Greek commercial activities were under the influence of religiously and sociopolitically oriented institutions and practices to a great extent. In this period, certain practices, such as “xenia” and “proxenoi” facilitating the integration among peoples from different ethnic backgrounds, and religious institutions and organizations like sanctuaries, cults, and temples were particularly employed by the Greek poleis deliberately in a way that certain aspects of these practices, institutions and organizations that laid the groundwork for trade contacts, cooperation, or partnership were highlighted. Since trade agreements representing the guarantee of public authority were not fully established then, it is understood that the precautions such as the oaths in the form of “spondai” and “horkoi” , which were introduced for the commercial exchanges to be more secure, were mainly based on the guarantorship of divine powers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trade, Xenia, Proxenoi, Cooperation, Emporion

Kaynakça

• Arist. Pol. Aristotle, Politics.
• Barker, G. – T. Rasmussen 2000 The Etruscans (The Peoples of Europe), Oxford.
• Baron, J. P. 1966 The Silver Coins of Samos, London.
• Berger, S. 1992 Revolution and Society in Greek Sicily and Southern Italy, Stuttgart.
• Boardman, J. 1964 The Greeks Overseas, London.
• 1994 “Settlement for Trade and Land in North Africa: Problems of Identity” G. R. Tsetskhladze – F. de Angelis (eds.), The Archaeology of Colonization: Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman, Oxford: 137-149.
• Buck, R. J. 1994 Boiotia and the Boiotian League, 423-371 B.C., Alberta.
• Burn, A. R. 1929 “The So-called Trade Leagues in Early Greek History and the Lelantine War”, JHS 49: 14- 37.
• Casson, L. 2008 Antik Çağda Seyahat, İstanbul.
• Coldstream, J. N. 1977 Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC, London.
• CP Colloquia Pontica.
• Dillon, M. – I. Garland 2000 Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates, London.
• Dunbabin, T. J. 1948 The Western Greeks, Oxford.
• Ehrhardt, N. 1988 Milet und seine Kolonien, Frankfurt am Main.
• Figuera, T. J. 1993 Excursions in Epichoric History: Aiginetan Essays, Maryland.
• Fischer, F. 1995 “The Early Celts of West Central Europe: the Semantics of Social Structure”, B. Arnold – D. B. Gibson (eds.), Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: the Evolution of Complex, Social Structure in Prehistoric Europe, Cambridge: 34- 40.
• Foxhall, L. 1997 “Cargoes of the Heart’s Desire: the Character of Trade in the Archaic Mediterranean World”, N. Fisher – H. van Wees (eds.), Archaic Greece, London: 295-309.
• Gill, J. – W. David 1994 “Positivism, Pots and Long Distance Trade”, I. Morris (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies, Cambridge, 99- 107.
• Graham, A. J. 1964 Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece, Manchester.
• Greco, E. 2002 “Sanctuaries of Magna Graecia and Sicily”, M. J. Bennett – A. J. Paul (eds.), Magna Graecia: Greek Art from South Italy and Sicily, New York: 98-119.
• Gren, M. J. 1996 The Celtic World, New York.
• Hahn, I. 1983 “Foreign Trade and Foreign Policy in Archaic Greece”, Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge, 30-36.
• Hall, J. M. 2002 Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture, London. 2007a A History of Archaic Greek World: ca. 1200-479 BC, Malden.
• 2007b “International Relations”, P. Sabin – H. van Wees – M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome I, Cambridge.
• Hesiodos Op. Hesiodos, Opera et Dies.
• Hooper, F. 1967 Greek Realities: Life and Thought in Ancient Greece, Michigan.
• Huxley, G. L. 1962 Early Sparta, Cambridge.
• Jacobson, E. 1995 The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World, Leiden.
• Jeffery, L. H. 1976 Archaic Greece: The City-States c. 700-500 B.C, New York.
• Kerschner, M. 2000 „Die bemalte ostgriechische Keramik auf Sizilien“, F. Krinzinger (ed.), Die Ägäis und das westliche Mittelmeer: Beziehungen Wechselwirkungen 8. bis 5. Jh. v. Chr., Akten des Symposions Wien, 1999 (AF 4) Vienna.
• Lateiner, D. 1982 “The Failure of the Ionian Revolt”, Historia 31/2: 129-60.
• Lemos, I. S. 1998 “Euboea and its Euboean Koine”, Euboica 45- 58.
• Meijer, F. – O. van Nijf 1992 Trade, Transport and Society in the Ancient World, London.
• Möller, A. 2000 Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece, Oxford.
• Murray, O. 1980 Early Greece, London.
• Nibby, A. 1817 Descrizione della Grecia di Pausania II, Roma.
• Osborne, R. G. 1996 “Pots, Trade and the Archaic Greek Economy”, Antiquity 70/1: 31- 44.
• Page, D. L. 1963 Poetae Melici Graeci, Oxford.
• Papadopoulos, J. K. 2001 “Magna Achaea: Achaean Late Geometric and Archaic Pottery in South Italy and Sicily”, Hesperia 70: 373-460.
• Petropoulos, E. K. 2003 “Problems in the History and Archaeology of the Greek Colonization of the Black Sea”, D.V. Grammenos – E.K. Petropoulos (eds.), Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea, Publications of the Archaeological Institute of Northern Greece 1. Nr.4. Thessalonike, 17-93.
• 2005 Hellenic Colonization in Euxeinos Pontos: Penetration, Early Establishment, and the Problem of the Emporion, Oxford. Plut. Lys. Plutarch, Lysander.
• Mor. Moralia. Quaest. Graec. Quaestiones Graecae. Sol. Solon.
• Posamentir, R. 2006 “The Greeks in Berezan and Naukratis: A Similar Story?”, U. Schlotzhauer – A. Villing (eds.), Naukratis: Greek Diversity in Egypt. Proceedings of the 28th British Classical Colloquium 16-18 December 2004: 159-168.
• Reed, C. M. 2003 Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World, Cambridge.
• Reynolds, M. 2000 The Sappho Companion, New York.
• Roebuck, C. 1959 Ionian Trade and Colonization, New York.
• Salmon, J. B. 1984 Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 B.C., Oxford.
• Shanks, M. 2004 Art and the Early Greek State, An Interpretive Archaeology, Cambridge.
• Shipley, G. 1987 A History of Samos, 800-188 BC., Oxford.
• Silver, M. 1992 Taking Ancient Mythology Economically, Netherlands. 1995 Economic Structures of Antiquity, Westport, Conn.
• Snodgrass, A. M. 1980 Archaic Greece: the Age of Experiment, London.
• 1983 “Heavy Freight in Archaic Greece”, P. Garnsey – K. Hopkins – C. R. Whittaker (eds.), Trade in the Ancient Economy.
• Solovyov, S. L. 1999 “Ancient Berezan. The Architecture, History and Culture of the First Greek Colony in the Northern Black Sea”, Colloquia Pontica 4: 1-148.
• Tandy, D. V. 1997 Warriors into Traders, the Power of the Market in Early Greece, California.
• Treister, M. Y. 1996 The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History, Leiden.
• Tsetskhladze, G. R. 1994 “Greek Penetration of the Black Sea”, G.R. Tsetskhladze – F. D. Angelis (eds.), The Archaeology of Greek Colonization. Essays dedicated to sir J. Boardman, Oxford: 111- 135.
• 2002 “Ionians Abroad”, Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, G.R. Tsetskhladze – A.M. Snodgrass (eds.), Oxford: 81- 95.
• Turfa, J. F. 1986 “International Contacts: Commerce, Trade and Foreign Affairs”, L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife, Detroit: 66-91.
• Venit, S. 1984 “Early Attic Black Figure Vases in Egypt”, JARCE 21: 141- 54.
• White, M. E. 1961 “Greek Colonization”, The Journal of Economic History 21/4: 443- 454.
• Zelnick-Abramovitz, R. 2004 “The Proxenoi of Western Greece”, ZPE 147: 93-106.
• Zimmerman, M. I. 2003 “Corinthian Trade with the Punic West in the Classical Period”, C. K. Williams – N. Bookidis (eds.), Corinth, the Centenary, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 195-217.