Warm-up and Exercise Methods Applied Before Physical Fitness Level Test in Military / Law Enforcement

Öz

Purpose: The high level of physical fitness of specialised professions, defined as the guardians of national security, is an important component for mission success. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the quality and effectiveness of applicable exercise movements for effective warm-up prior to military physical fitness testing (AFUT) and law enforcement physical fitness testing (KFUT) and to provide methods that may improve physical fitness test scores. Method: The effects of applicable or generalizable warm-up exercises on the physical performance of military/law enforcement personnel were examined by using the keywords “military”, “law enforcement”, “Physical Fitness Test, ‘’exercise and ’’warm-up” between 2010-2024 in the PubMed database, where literature reviews of randomized controlled trials are indexed in the fields of health and sports sciences. Results: When looking at the studies that met the inclusion criteria, static warm-ups for aerobic endurance mostly increased running times, but the combination of dynamic stretching and dynamic warm-ups gave positive results in other physical fitness performance of the personnel. Conclusion: Selected dynamic warm-up exercise may improve APFT scores, but more research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of dynamic warm-up and dynamic movement drills on military/law enforcement physical fitness outcom.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Physical fitness
• Warm-up
• Exercise
• Law enforcement
• Military

Askeri/Kolluk Kuvvetlerinde Fiziksel Uygunluk Düzeyi Testi Öncesi Uygulanan Isınma ve Egzersiz Yöntemleri

Öz

Amaç: Ulusal Güvenliğin koruyucuları olarak tanımlanan özel mesleklerin fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerinin yüksek etkinliği görev başarısı için önemli bir unsurdur. Bu derlemenin amacı, askeri fiziksel uygunluk testi (AFUT) ve kolluk fiziksel uygunluk testinden (KFUT) önce etkili ısınma için uygulanabilir egzersiz hareketlerinin, niteliğini ve etkinliğini incelemek ve fiziksel uygunluk test puanlarını artırabilecek olan yöntemleri sunabilmektir. Yöntem: Randomize kontrollü çalışmaların literatür taramaları sağlık ve spor bilimleri alanlarında nitelikli çalışmalarının indekslendiği PubMed veri tabanında, 2010-2024 yılları arasında “askeri“,“kolluk’’,“Fiziksel Yeterlilik Testi (FYT), “egzersiz ve “ısınma’’ anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak uygulanabilir veya genellenebilir ısınma egzersizlerinin askeri/kolluk personelinin fiziksel performansı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmada, dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun çalışmalara bakıldığında aerobik dayanıklılık için statik ısınma hareketleri daha çok koşu sürelerini artırmıştır, ancak dinamik germe ve dinamik ısınma hareket kombinasyonu personellerin diğer fiziksel uygunluk performansı içinde olumlu sonuçlar vermiştir. Sonuç: Seçilmiş dinamik ısınma egzersizi AFUT ve KFUT skorlarını artırabilir ancak dinamik ısınma ve dinamik hareket drillerinin askeri/kolluk fiziksel uygunluk sonuçlarına olan etkinliğini araştırmak için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fiziksel Uygunluk
• Isınma
• Egzersiz
• Kolluk
• Askeri

Kaynakça

1. Basar, M. J., Stanek, J. M., Dodd, D. D., & Begalle, R. L. (2019). The Influence of Corrective Exercises on Functional Movement Screen and Physical Fitness Performance in Army ROTC Cadets. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 28(4), 360–367.
2. Beck, A. Q., Clasey, J. L., Yates, J. W., Koebke, N. C., Palmer, T. G., & Abel, M. G. (2015). Relationship of Physical Fitness Measures vs. Occupational Physical Ability in Campus Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 29(8), 2340–2350.
3. Beckham, G. K., Olmeda, J. J., Flores, A. J., Echeverry, J. A., Campos, A. F., & Kim, S. B. (2018). Relationship Between Maximum Pull-up Repetitions and First Repetition Mean Concentric Velocity. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(7), 1831–1837.
4. Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European journal of applied physiology, 111(11), 2633–2651.
5. Behm, D. G., Blazevich, A. J., Kay, A. D., & McHugh, M. (2016). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 41(1), 1–11.
6. Berria, J., Daronco, L. S. E. & Bevilacqua, L. A. (2011). Motor Fitness and Ability for The Work of Military Police of The Special Operations Battalion. Salusvita, 30(2), 89-104.
7. Bissett, D., Bissett, J., & Snell, C. (2012). Physical agility tests and fitness standards: Perceptions of law enforcement officers. Police Practice & Research: An International Journal, 13(3), 208–223.
8. Ceylan, H. İ., Saygın, Ö., & Yıldız, M. (2014). Acute Effects of Different Warm Up Procedures on 30m Sprint Slalom Dribbling Vertical Jump and Flexibility Performance in Women Futbol Players . Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 0–0.

9. Crawley, A. A., Sherman, R. A., Crawley, W. R., & Cosio-Lima, L. M. (2016). Physical Fitness of Police Academy Cadets: Baseline Characteristics and Changes During a 16-Week Academy. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(5), 1416–1424.
10. Çabuk, R, Çayır, H, Yıldız, M., Onat, T., Cincioğlu, G., Adanur, O., Kayacan, Y. (2020). Egzersizin fizyolojik sistemler üzerine etkileri: Sistematik Derleme. Natural Life Science, 2(1), 21-38.
11. Çabuk, B., Demirarar, O., Cin, M., Çabuk, R., & Özçaldıran, B. (2023). The success of critical velocity protocol on predicting 10000 meters running performance. Physical Education of Students, 27(4), 162–168.
12. Dalrymple, K. J., Davis, S. E., Dwyer, G. B., & Moir, G. L. (2010). Effect of static and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance in collegiate women volleyball players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 24(1), 149–155.
13. Fletcher, I. M., & Monte-Colombo, M. M. (2010). An investigation into the effects of different warm-up modalities on specific motor skills related to soccer performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 24(8), 2096–2101.
14. Gist, N. H., Freese, E. C., Ryan, T. E., & Cureton, K. J. (2015). Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Whole-Body Calisthenics on Army ROTC Cadets. Military medicine, 180(5), 492–498.
15. Göral, K., Saygın, Ö., Karacabey, Y. K., & Gelen, E. (2009). Tenisçiler İle Voleybolcuların Bazı Fiziksel Uygunluk Özelliklerininkarşılaştırılması. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 4(3), 227–235.
16. Heinrich, K. M., Spencer, V., Fehl, N., & Poston, W. S. (2012). Mission essential fitness: comparison of functional circuit training to traditional Army physical training for active duty military. Military medicine, 177(10), 1125–1130.
17. Lagestad, P. (2012). Physical skills and work performance in policing. International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 14(1), 58-70. 0.1350/ijps.2012.14.1.
18. Lennemann, L. M., Sidrow, K. M., Johnson, E. M., Harrison, C. R., Vojta, C. N., & Walker, T. B. (2013). The influence of agility training on physiological and cognitive performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 27(12), 3300–3309.
19. Lester, M. E., Sharp, M. A., Werling, W. C., Walker, L. A., Cohen, B. S., & Ruediger, T. M. (2014). Effect of specific short-term physical training on fitness measures in conditioned men. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 28(3), 679–688.
20. Lockie, R. G., Dawes, J. J., Orr, R. M., & Dulla, J. M. (2021). Physical fitness: Differences between initial hiring to academy in law enforcement recruits who graduate or separate from academy. Work (Reading, Mass.), 68(4), 1081–1090.
21. Lockie, R. G., Moreno, M. R., Rodas, K. A., Dulla, J. M., Orr, R. M., & Dawes, J. J. (2021). With great power comes great ability: Extending research on fitness characteristics that influence work sample test battery performance in law enforcement recruits. Work (Reading, Mass.), 68(4), 1069–1080.
22. Marins, E. F., Cabistany, L., Farias, C., Dawes, J., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2020). Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 34(4), 1093–1102.
23. Marins, E. F., David, G. B., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2019). Characterization of the Physical Fitness of Police Officers: A Systematic Review. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(10), 2860–2874.
24. Myers, C. J., Orr, R. M., Goad, K. S., Schram, B. L., Lockie, R., Kornhauser, C., Holmes, R., & Dawes, J. J. (2019). Comparing levels of fitness of police Officers between two United States law enforcement agencies. Work (Reading, Mass.), 63(4), 615–622.
25. Peck, K. Y., DiStefano, L. J., Marshall, S. W., Padua, D. A., Beutler, A. I., de la Motte, S. J., Frank, B. S., Martinez, J. C., & Cameron, K. L. (2017). Effect of a Lower Extremity Preventive Training Program on Physical Performance Scores in Military Recruits. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(11), 3146–3157.
26. Riiser, A., Ripe, S., & Aadland, E. (2015). Five training sessions improves 3000 meter running performance. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 55(12), 1452–1458.
27. Samuel, M. N., Holcomb, W. R., Guadagnoli, M. A., Rubley, M. D., & Wallmann, H. (2008). Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on measures of strength and power. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 22(5), 1422–1428.
28. Saygın, Ö., & Dükkancı, Y. (2009). Kız çocuklarda sağlık ilişkili fiziksel uygunluk ve fiziksel aktivite yoğunluğu ilişkisinin araştırılması. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 320-329.
29. Vantarakis, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Avloniti, A., Vezos, N., Douroudos, I. I., Draganidis, D., Jamurtas, A. Z., Kambas, A., Kalligeros, S., & Fatouros, I. G. (2017). A 2-Month Linear Periodized Resistance Exercise Training Improved Musculoskeletal Fitness and Specific Conditioning of Navy Cadets. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(5), 1362–1370.
30. Williams, N., Coburn, J., & Gillum, T. (2015). Static stretching vs. dynamic warm-ups: a comparison of their effects on torque and electromyography output of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 55(11), 1310–1317.