Farklılaştırılmış Dönüşümcü Liderlik Envanteri: Spor Ortamında Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 58 - 71

Recep Görgülü İlhan Adiloğulları Merve Begüm Engin Ender Şenel

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Farklılaştırılmış Dönüşümcü Liderlik Envanterinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin sporcularda test edilmesidir.
Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini 40 kadın (X̅yaş=19.58±2.26) 147 erkek (X̅yaş =22.29±4.29) olmak üzere toplam 187 (X̅yaş=21.81±6.40) sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Envanterin her bir alt boyutu için uyum indeksleri ve faktör yükleri hesaplanmıştır. Farklılaştırılmış Dönüşümcü Liderlik Envanteri, 27 madde ve 7 alt boyuttan oluşan beşli likert tipi bir envanterdir. Bu envanter sporcuların antrenörlerindeki liderlik özelliklerini; bireysel ilgi, ilham verici motivasyon, düşünsel uyarım, grup hedeflerinin kabulünü teşvik etme ve takım çalışmasını destekleme, yüksek performans beklentisi, uygun rol model ve koşullu ödül olmak üzere toplam 7 alt boyutta değerlendirmelerine olanak sağlamaktadır. Envanterin yapı geçerliği doğrulayıcı faktör analiziyle test edilirken ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik için korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır. Envanterin iç tutarlılık katsayısı alfa katsayısı ile hesaplanırken güvenirlik için bileşik güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Envanterin her bir boyutu için uyum indeksleri hesaplanırken 7 faktörlü model yapısı da test edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları her bir boyutun mükemmel uyum indekslerine sahip olduğunu gösterirken 7 faktörlü model için bazı maddelerin çıkarılması gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. İlgili maddeler çıkarıldıktan sonra analizler yeniden yapılmış ve 7 faktörlü modelin kabul edilebilir düzeyde uyum indekslerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, Farklılaştırılmış Dönüşümcü Liderlik Envanterinin Türkçe formunun Türk sporcuların antrenörlerine ilişkin dönüşümcü liderlik algılarını ölçmek için uygun olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liderlik, Antrenör, Sporcu, Geçerlik, Güvenirlik

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.

Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory: Validity and Reliability Study in Sports Environment

Öz

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory in athletes.
Method: The sample of the study consisted of a total of 187 athletes (X̅age=21.81±6.40), including 40 females (X̅age =19.58±2.26) participating and 147 males (X̅age =22.29±4.29). Compatibility indices and factor loadings were calculated for each subscale of the inventory. The Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory is a five-point Likert scale consisting of 27 items and 7 subscales. This inventory allows athletes to evaluate their coaches' leadership characteristics in 7 subscales: individual consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, fostering acceptance of group goals and promoting teamwork, high-performance expectations, being an appropriate role model, and contingent reward. As part of the criterion-related validity study of the inventory, athletes simultaneously responded to the Coping with Sportive Problems Inventory. While the structural validity of the inventory was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, correlation tests were used for criterion-related validity. Internal consistency coefficient alpha and composite reliability coefficient were calculated for reliability. Compatibility indices were calculated for each dimension of the inventory, and the 7-factor model structure was also tested.
Results: The analysis results indicated that each dimension had excellent compatibility indices, but it revealed the necessity to remove some items for the 7-factor model. After removing the relevant items, the analyses were rerun, and it was observed that the 7-factor model had acceptable compatibility indices.
Conclusion: Consequently, it can be said that the Turkish form of the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory is suitable for measuring Turkish athletes' perceptions of transformational leadership in their coaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leadership, Coaching, Athlete, Validity, Reliability

Kaynakça

• Amaladas, S. (2019). Leadership effectiveness and the problem of social action: Continuing the conversation between Burns and Rost. Leadership, 15(5), 517-534.
• Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 261- 295.
• Anderson, M. (2017). Transformational leadership in education: A review of existing literature. International Social Science Review, 93(1), 1-13.
• Arthur, C. A., Bastardoz, N., & Eklund, R. (2017). Transformational leadership in sport: Current status and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 78-83.
• Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire (TM). Mind Garden, Inc. Menlo Park, CA.
• Bass, L., Frick, W. C., & Young, M. D. (2018). Developing ethical principles for school leadership. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207
• Beauchamp, M., Barling, J., Li, Z., Morton, K., Keith, S., & Zumbo, B. (2010). Development and psychometric properties of the transformational teaching questionnaire. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(8), 1123-1134.
• Bosselut, G., Boiché, J., Salamé, B., Fouquereau, E., Guilbert, L., & Serrano, O. (2018). Transformational leadership and group cohesion in sport: examining the mediating role of interactional justice using a within- and between-team approach. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(6), 912-928.
• Burns, J.M., (1978). Leadership. Harper and Row, New York Return.
• Byrne, B.M. (1998), Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Callow, N., Smith, M. J., Hardy, L., Arthur, C. A., & Hardy, J. (2009). Measurement of transformational leadership and its relationship with team cohesion and performance level. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(4), 395-412.
• Charbonneau, D., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Transformational leadership and sports performance: The mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(7), 1521-1534.
• Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2), 177–193.
• Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 735-744.
• Ewest, T. (2015). The relationship between transformational leadership practices and global social responsibility. Journal of Leadership Studies, 9(1), 19-29.
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating The Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
• Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Amoura, S., & Baldes, B. (2010). Influence of coaches' autonomy support on athletes' motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), 155-161.
• Gould, D., Greenleaf, C., Chung, Y., & Guinan, D. (2002). A survey of US Atlanta and Nagano Olympians: Variables perceived to influence performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 175-186.
• Gorgulu, R. (2019). Transformational leadership inspired extra effort: The mediating role of individual consideration of the coach-athlete relationship in college basketball players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 157-163.
• Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland press.
• Hardy, L., Arthur, C. A., Jones, G., Shariff, A., Munnoch, K., Isaacs, I., & Allsopp, A. J. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership behaviors,psychological, and training outcomes in elite military recruits. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(1), 20- 32.
• Hoption, C., Phelan, J., & Barling, J. (2007). Transformational leadership in sport. In Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology (pp. 63-80). Routledge.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 667-683.
• Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 751-765.
• Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246-255.
• Korejan, M. M., & Shahbazi, H. (2016). An Analysis of the Transformational Leadership Theory. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8, 452-461.
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications 5th edition.
• Litz, D., & Blaik-Hourani, R. (2020). Transformational leadership and change in education. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.631
• Lopez de Subijana, C., Martin, L. J., Ramos, J., & Cote, J. (2021). How coach leadership is related to the coach-athlete relationship in elite sport. International Journal of Sports Science& Coaching, 16(6), 1239 246 https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211021523
• Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385-425.
• Mach, M., Ferreira, A. I., & Abrantes, A. C. (2022). Transformational leadership and team performance in sports teams: A conditional indirect model. Applied Psychology,71(2), 662-694.
• Macquet, A. C., & Stanton, N. A. (2021). How do head coaches brief their athletes? Exploring transformational leadership behaviors in elite team sports. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 31(5), 506-515.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational -leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly,1(2) 107-142.
• Purvanova, R. K., Bono, J. E., & Dzieweczynski, J. (2006). Transformational leadership, job characteristics, and organizational citizenship performance. Human Performance, 19(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1901_1
• Rowold, J., & Rohmann, A. (2009). Relationships between leadership styles and followers' emotional experience and effectiveness in the voluntary sector. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(2), 270-286.
• Smith, M., Young, D., Figgins, S., & Arthur, C. (2017). Transformational leadership in elite sport: a qualitative analysis of effective leadership behaviors in cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 31(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0077
• Turnnidge, J., & Côté, J. (2018). Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 327-342.
• Turnnidge, J., & Côté, J. (2018). Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 327-342.
• Vella, S., Oades, L., & Crowe, T. (2012). Validation of the differentiated transformational leadership inventory as a measure of coach leadership in youth soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 26(2), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.2.207
• Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89-126.
• Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S., & Chun, J. U. (2002). Transformational and charismatic leadership: A levels-of-analysis review of theory, measurement, data analysis, and inferences. In L. L. Neider & C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.), Leadership: Research in management (Vol. 2, pp. 23– 63). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
• Yildirim, S., & Koruç, Z. (2021). The effect of transformational leadership and well-being on performance of soccer players: An inclusive model. The Sport Psychologist, 35(4), 261-269.