A Comparative Study of Foreign Direct Investment: Ottoman and Russian Empires

Abstract

As yet, a comparative study of foreign investments directed towards the Russian and Ottoman Empires does not exist. They were part of the less developed periphery of Europe during the nineteenth century. The main goal of the capital exporting countries was to market their manufactured products and acquire raw materials. By following an independent policy of high tariffs, Russia partially overcame the problem through compelling foreigners to invest for manufacturing locally. However, in the Ottoman Empire, as foreigners did not face any protectionist obstacles to sell their manufactures, foreign direct investment inflows came only to the sectors that facilitated trade.

Keywords

• Ottoman Empire,Russian Empire,foreign direct investment,trade policy,protectionism

Osmanlı ve Rus İmparatorluklarında Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar

Öz

Osmanlı ve Rus İmparatorluklarında yapılan yabancı yatırımların bir kıyaslaması bugüne kadar yapılmadı. Bu yazı Avrupa’nın az gelişmiş bir çevresi olarak görülen bu iki büyük imparatorluğun son yüzyılındaki doğrudan yabancı sermaye olgusunu ele almaktadır. Sermaye ihraç eden ülkelerin başlıca amacı bu ülkelere sanayi ürünlerini pazarlamak ve onlardan ham madde temin etmekti. Ruslar bağımsız bir ticaret politikası uygulayarak gümrük tarifelerini istedikleri gibi yükseltebildiklerinden yabancı sermayeyi tercih ettikleri alanlara çekmeyi ve ülkelerinde yabancıların sanayi yatırımı yapmalarını sağladılar. Fakat Avrupa ülkeleriyle yapılan serbest ticaret anlaşmaları nedeniyle koruyucu gümrük engelleri koyamayan Osmanlı Devleti’nde, yabancılar sanayi üretimini gerçekleştirecek yatırımlara girişmeyerek, ancak ticareti kolaylaştıracak alt ve üst yapı yatırımlarını gerçekleştirmişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Osmanlı İmparatorluğu,Rus İmparatorluğu,doğrudan yabancı sermaye,ticaret politikası,korumacılık

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