An immunological perspective on neurodevelopmental disorders

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 44 - 50, 31.12.2021

Tuğçe Öncü

Öz

Neurodevelopmental disorders are the general name of the conditions that appear early in life, have a chronic course, and are caused by various nervous system problems that affect the structure and functioning of the brain, and progress with different neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The reasons for the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD),attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disorders and communication disorders have not been fully elucidated. Studies conducted to investigate the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders were reviewed via the PUBMED database using the keywords ‘developmental disorders’, ‘autism’, ‘attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder’, ‘specific learning disorder’, ‘language disorder’, ‘immunology’. From the review, it was concluded that exposure to intrauterine maternal antibodies and comorbidity with allergic diseases may cause neurodevelopmental disorders or exacerbate the symptoms. In this review, the role of immunological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders is emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

neurodevelopmental disorders, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, immunology

Nörogelişimsel bozukluklara immünolojik perspektiften bakış

Öz

Nörogelişimsel bozukluklar yaşamın erken döneminde ortaya çıkan, süreğen bir seyir gösteren, beynin yapısını ve işleyişini etkileyen çeşitli sinir sistemi sorunlarından kaynaklanan, farklı nörolojik ve psikiyatrik belirtilerle seyreden tabloların genel adıdır. Otizm spektrum bozuklukları (OSB), dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), özgül öğrenme bozukluğu (ÖÖB), iletişim bozukluğu gibi nörogelişimsel bozuklukların ortaya çıkışındaki nedenler tam olarak aydınlatılabilmiş değildir. Nörogelişimsel bozuklukların etiyolojisini araştırmaya yönelik yapılan çalışmalar PUBMED veritabanı üzerinden ‘gelişimsel bozukluklar’, ‘otizm’, ‘dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu’, ‘özgül öğrenme bozukluğu’, ‘dil bozukluğu’ ve ‘immünoloji’ anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak yazın bilgileri gözden geçirilmiştir. Yapılan derlemeden intrauterin maternal antikorlara maruziyetin ve alerjik hastalıklarla komorbiditenin nörogelişimsel bozukluk tablolarına yol açabileceği ya da var olan tabloyu olumsuz etkileyebileceği sonucu çıkarılmıştır. Bu derlemede nörogelişimsel bozukluklarda immünolojik mekanizmaların rolü vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

nörogelişimsel bozukluklar, otizm, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, disleksi, immünoloj, immünoloji

Kaynakça

• 1. Geçtan E, Varoluş ve psikiyatri. Remzi Kitabevi;1990.
• 2. Jalenques I, Auclair C, Morand D, Legrand G, Marcheix M, Ramanoel C, et al. Health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression in parents of adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A controlled study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(5):603-617.
• 3. Pavone P, Bianchini R, Parano E, Incorpora G, Rizzo R, Mazzone L, et al. Anti-brain antibodies in PANDAS versus uncomplicated streptococcal infection. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;30(2):107-110.
• 4. Singer HS, Loiselle CR, Lee O, Minzer K, Swedo S, Grus FH. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in PANDAS. Mov Disord. 2004;19(4):406-415.
• 5. Yousef Yengej FA, van Royen-Kerkhof A, Derksen RHWM, Fritsch-Stork RDE. The development of offspring from mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(7):701-711.
• 6. Vinet É, Pineau CA, Clarke AE, Fombonne É, Platt RW, Bernatsky S. Neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23(11):1099-1104.
• 7. Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Horn KD, Schwarcz RC, Pogorelov V, Nairn AC, et al. The histamine H3 receptor differentially modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and akt signaling in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(40):21042-21052.
• 8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-V) Washington DC: APA;2013.
• 9. Bauman MD, Iosif AM, Ashwood P, Braunschweig D, Lee A, Schumann CM, et al. Maternal antibodies from mothers of children with autism alter brain growth and social behavior development in the rhesus monkey. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(7):e278.
• 10. Dalton P, Deacon R, Blamire A, Pike M, McKinlay I, Stein J, et al. Maternal neuronal antibodies associated with autism and a language disorder. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(4):533-537.
• 11. Ali NH, Khalaf SK, Al-Asadi JN, Abed AH. Maternal antineuronal antibodies and risk of childhood autism spectrum disorders: A case-control study. J Chin Med Assoc. 2016;79(12):661-664.
• 12. Atladóttir HO, Pedersen MG, Thorsen P, Mortensen PB, Deleuran B, Eaton WW, et al. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):687-694.
• 13. Wu S, Ding Y, Wu F, Li R, Xie G, Hou J, et al. Family history of autoimmune diseases is associated with an increased risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:322-332.
• 14. Chen SW, Zhong XS, Jiang LN, Zheng XY, Xiong YQ, Ma SJ, et al. Maternal autoimmune diseases and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res. 2016;296:61-69.
• 15. Cannell JJ, Grant WB. What is the role of vitamin D in autism?. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013;5(1):199-204.
• 16. Shankarkumar U. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Int J Hum Genet. 2004;4(2):91-103.
• 17. Mostafa GA, Shehab AA, Al-Ayadhi LY. The link between some alleles on human leukocyte antigen system and autism in children. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;255(1-2):70-74.
• 18. Torres AR, Maciulis A, Stubbs EG, Cutler A, Odell D. The transmission disequilibrium test suggests that HLA-DR4 and DR13 are linked to autism spectrum disorder. Hum Immunol. 2002;63(4):311-316.
• 19. Yelavarthi KK, Fishback JL, Hunt JS. Analysis of HLA-G mRNA in human placental and extraplacental membrane cells by in situ hybridization. J Immunol. 1991;146(8):2847-2854.
• 20. Van Wijk IJ, Griffioen S, Tjoa ML, Mulders MA, van Vugt JM, Loke YW, et al. HLA-G expression in trophoblast cells circulating in maternal peripheral blood during early pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(5):991-997.
• 21. Favier B, Lemaoult J, Lesport E, Carosella ED. ILT2/HLA-G interaction impairs NK-cell functions through the inhibition of the late but not the early events of the NK-cell activating synapse. FASEB J. 2010;24(3):689-699.
• 22. Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Ripamonti E, Ghezzo A, Zanette M, et al. HLA-G coding region polymorphism is skewed in autistic spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;67:308-313.
• 23. Warren RP, Singh VK, Averett RE, Odell JD, Maciulis A, Burger RA, et al. Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1996;28(1-3):77-81.
• 24. Krakowiak P, Goines PE, Tancredi DJ, Ashwood P, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. Neonatal cytokine profiles associated with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(5):442-451.
• 25. Wong H, Hoeffer C. Maternal IL-17A in autism. Exp Neurol. 2018;(299):228-240.
• 26. Reed MD, Yim YS, Wimmer RD, Kim H, Ryu C, Welch GM, et al. IL-17a promotes sociability in mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Nature. 2020;577(7789):249-253.
• 27. Rapanelli M, Frick L, Pogorelov V, Ohtsu H, Bito H, Pittenger C. Histamine H3R receptor activation in the dorsal striatum triggers stereotypies in a mouse model of tic disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7(1):e1013.
• 28. Ashtari M, Kumra S, Bhaskar SL, Clarke T, Thaden E, Cervellione KL, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(5):448-455.
• 29. Toto M, Margari F, Simone M, Craig F, Petruzzelli MG, Tafuri S, et al. Antibasal ganglia antibodies and antistreptolysin O in noncomorbid ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(11):965-970.
• 30. Chen MH, Su TP, Chen YS, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Chang WH, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and allergy: is there a link? A nationwide population-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(5):545-551.
• 31. Hak E, de Vries TW, Hoekstra PJ, Jick SS. Association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with atopic diseases and skin infections? A matched case-control study using the General Practice Research Database. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111(2):102-106.e2.
• 32. Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F, Romanos M, Weidinger S, Roessner V. Psychoendocrine and psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms in the comorbidity of atopic eczema and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(1):12-23.
• 33. Horner WE, Johnson DE, Schmidt AW, Rollema H. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine increase histamine release in rat prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;558(1-3):96-97.
• 34. Goto Y, Yang CR, Otani S. Functional and dysfunctional synaptic plasticity in prefrontal cortex: roles in psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):199-207.
• 35. Ivry RB, Spencer RM, Zelaznik HN, Diedrichsen J. The cerebellum and event timing. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;978:302-317.
• 36. Ito M. Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(4):304-313.
• 37. Venkatraman A, Opal P. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibodies - a review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3(8):655-663.
• 38. Passarelli F, Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Pascale E, Di Trani M, Patti AM, et al. Anti-Purkinje cell antibody as a biological marker in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;258(1-2):67-70.
• 39. Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Di Benedetto A, Villa MP, Andriola E, Melegari MG, et al. Anti-Yo antibodies in children with ADHD: First results about serum cytokines. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(11):1497-1502.
• 40. Karaman D, Kara K, Durukan İ. Özgül Öğrenme Bozukluğu. Anatol J Clin Investig. 2012:6(4):288-298.
• 41. Fisher SE, Marlow AJ, Lamb J, Maestrini E, Williams DF, Richardson AJ, et al. A quantitative-trait locus on chromosome 6p influences different aspects of developmental dyslexia. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64(1):146-156.
• 42. Stein J. The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia. 2001;7(1):12-36.
• 43. Huh GS, Boulanger LM, Du H, Riquelme PA, Brotz TM, Shatz CJ. Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity. Science. 2000;290(5499):2155-2159.
• 44. Ross G, Sammaritano L, Nass R, Lockshin M. Effects of mothers’ autoimmune disease during pregnancy on learning disabilities and hand preference in their children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2003;157(4):397-402.
• 45. Neri F, Chimini L, Bonomi F, Filippini E, Motta M, Faden D, et al. Neuropsychological development of children born to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13(10):805-811.
• 46. Centanni TM, Sanmann JN, Green JR, IuzziniSeigel J, Bartlett C, Sanger WG, et al. The role of candidate-gene CNTNAP2 in childhood apraxia of speech and specific language impairment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168(7):536-543.
• 47. Nudel R, Simpson NH, Baird G, O’Hare A, Conti-Ramsden G, Bolton PF, et al. Associations of HLA alleles with specific language impairment. J Neurodev Disord. 2014;6(1):1.