Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri ve Türkiye'de Aktif Emek Piyasası Politikaları

Öz

Öz

Having faced high and persistent unemployment rates for more than a decade, EU Member States continue to feel the need for appropriate policies that aim at reducing unemployment and enhancing the employability of the unemployed, as well as policies aimed at preventing unemployment for those individuals at risk. These are the main objectives of active labor market policies ALMPs in Europe as well as in Turkey. The aim of this article is, firstly, to explain the different types of ALMPs, such as training, private sector incentive programs, direct employment programs in public sector and specific programs for those individuals at risks. Then it examines the ALMP experiences in different EU Member States, such as Germany, Finland, Spain, France, etc… As a conclusion it studies the types of ALMPs such as, ,labor training programs, work and career counselling and wage/employment subsidies, in Turkish labor market

Kaynakça

1. Boone, J. van Ours, J.C. (October 2004). Effective Active Labor Market Policies, IZA, Discussion Paper no:1335, Bonn.
2. Brandt, Nicola. Burniaux, Jean-Marc. Duval, Romain. (May 2005). Assessing The OECD Jobs Strategy: Past Developments And Reforms, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. 429.
3. Burns, Andrew. (July 2003). “France’s employment challenge: Mobilising young and old”, OEDC Observer, No.238. (Çevirimiçi) http://www.oecdobserver.org (3 Mayıs 2006)
4. Ceylan Ataman, Berrin. (Ekim 2003). “İşsizlik Sorunu ve Türkiye’nin AB İstihdam Stratejisi’ne Uyumu”, Tisk İşveren Dergisi. www.tisk.org.tr (4 Nisan 2006)
5. ÇSGB. (2001). Avrupa Sosyal Şartı Dokuzuncu Ulusal Rapor, Ankara.
6. ÇSGB. (2004). Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Önlenmesi ve İstihdamın Arttırılması, M. Cem Toker (ed), Yayın no: 117, Ankara.
7. Dar, Amit. Tzannatos, Zafiris. (1999). Active Labor Market Programs: A Review Of The Evidence From Evaluations, Social Protection Department Working Paper, The World Bank, Washington.
8. DPT (1984), Beşinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1985-1989), Yayın no: 1974, Ankara.

9. DPT (1989), Altıncı Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1990-1994), Yayın no: 2174, Ankara.
10. DPT (1995), Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000), Ankara.
11. DPT (2000), Uzun Vadeli Strateji ve Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (2001- 2005), Ankara.
12. DPT. (2006a). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013) Taslak Metin, Ankara.
13. DPT. (2006b). 2006 Yılı Programı. (Çevirimiçi) http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/program/2006.pdf, (17 Haziran 2006)
14. Estevão, Marcello. (December 2003).Do Active Labor Market Policies Increase Employment?, IMF Working Paper.
15. European Commission.(Decembre 2005).Study of Effectiveness of ALMPs, Essen.
16. Eurofound (August 2006a), “Wage incentives aim to boost employment of older workers”, European Industrial Relations Observatory On-line, (çevirimiçi) http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2006/08/articles/de0608039i.html (20 Şubat 2007)
17. Eurofound (April 2006b), “Low take-up of subsidised wage scheme”, European Industrial Relations Observatory On-line, (çevirimiçi) http://eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2006/04/articles/at0604029i.html (20 Şubat 2007)
18. Hofer, Helmut. Weber, Andrea. (2006). “Active Labor Market Policy in Austria: Practice and Evaluation Results”, DIW Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, n.3, 155-167.
19. ILO. (May 2001). Action Plan for Employment – Sweden, (çevirimiçi) http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/hrdr/init/swe_1.htm (20 Şubat 2007)
20. İŞKUR. (Kasım 2005). 3. Genel Kurul Raporu, Ankara, (Çevirimiçi) http://www.iskur.gov.tr/mydocu/3.Genel%20Kurul%20Raporu.doc (4 Nisan 2006)
21. Kapar, Recep. (2005). “İşsizliğin Düzenlenmesi: Aktif İşgücü Piyasası Politikaları”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası-Prof.Dr. Toker Dereli’ye Armağan, Cilt no.55, Sayı no.1, İstanbul, ss. 341-371.
22. Kavak, Yüksel. (1999). “Türkiye’deki Yaygın Meslekî Eğitim İçinde Kadın Eğitiminin Yeri”, http://yayim.meb.gov.tr/dergiler/144/icindekiler.htm (17 Haziran 2006)
23. Kenar, Necdet. (Ekim 2003). “AB Genelinde Ekonomi Politikalarının Koordinasyonunda, İstihdam Politikasının Başrolü Oynaması Düşünülmüştür”, TİSK İşveren Dergisi. www.tisk.org.tr (14 Haziran 2006)
24. Kenar, Necdet. (Ocak 2004). “Türkiye’de Meslek (Kariyer) Danışmanlığı ve Rehberliği Hizmetleri”, İndeks:E-dergi. (Çevirimiçi) http://www.indeksiletisim.com (17 Haziran 2006)
25. KOSGEB. (2004). Küçük İşletmeler için Avrupa Şartı: Türkiye Raporu 2004, (Çevirimiçi) www.kosgeb.gov.tr (17 Haziran 2006)
26. Kutal, Gülten. (1996). “Çalışma Hakkının Korunmasında Aktif Emek Piyasası Politikası Önlemleri”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası-Sabahattin Zaim’e Armağan, No.1994/B3 – C-1-4, İstanbul, ss.27-53.
27. Mahiroğulları, Adnan. Korkmaz, Adem. (2005). İşsizlikle Mücadelede Emek Piyasası Politikaları (Türkiye ve AB), Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul.
28. Martin, John P..(2000). “What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies: Evidence From Oecd Countries’ Experiences”, OECD Economic Studies, No. 30/I, pp. 79-113.
29. Marx, Ive. (2005). Job Subsidies And Cuts In Employers’ Social Securıty Contributions: The Verdict Of Empirical Evaluation Studies, Paper prepared for the Conference ‘Changing Social Policies for Low-Income Families and Less- Skilled Workers in the E.U. and the U.S.’, at the University of Michigan, April 7-8.
30. Morissens, Ann .(2006). Immigrants’ socio- economic outcomes in different welfare regimes, how do they fare?, the Espanet Annual Conference Bremen, September 21-23.
31. O’Leary, Christopher. Nesporova, Alena. Samorodov, Alexander.(2001). Manual On Evaluation Of Labour Market Policies In Transition Economies, ILO, Geneva.
32. OECD. (2005a). Employment Outlook, Paris.
33. OECD. ( May 2005b). Economic Surveys: Belgium, Vol. 2005/5, Paris.
34. OECD (1999). “Preparing Youth for the 21st Century: The Policy Lessons from the Past Two Decades”, Backround Paper for Conference Organised by the OECD and the US Department of Labour and Education, Washington.
35. TC Resmi Gazete, 2 Kasım 2005, sayı: 25984 Mükerrer.
36. Wadensjö, Eskil. (2004). The Swedish Experience: Wage Subsidies, German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, (Çevirimiçi) http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/Beschaeftigung- aelterer/wadensj_C3_B6-the-swedish- experience,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf (19 Şubat 2007)
37. Vazquez-Alvarez, Rosalia. (2004). The Economics of Active Labor Market Policies, Universidad St. Galen. (Çevirimiçi) http://www.siaw.unisg.ch (15 Haziran 2006)