Sosyal Refah Rejimleri, Kurumlar ve Eşitsizlik

Öz

Bu çalışma ülkeler arası kurumsal farklılıkların ücret ve gelir eşitsizliğine etkilerini sosyal refah rejimleri üzerinden incelemektedir. Literatürde, işgücü piyasası kurumlarının eşitsizliğe etkilerini araştıran birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Ancak farklı sosyal refah rejimlerinde eşitsizlikte bir farklılık olup olmadığını araştıran oldukça az çalışma mevcuttur. Aslında sosyal refah rejimleri sınıflandırmaları da kurumlara dayalı olarak yapıldığından önsel olarak farklı refah rejimlerinin farklı eşitsizlik düzeyleri yaratacağı düşünülebilir. Çalışmada Esping-Andersen ve Leibfried’in refah rejimleri sınıflandırmaları kullanılarak 1970-2015 ve 1990-2015 dönemleri olmak üzere iki farklı dönemde refah rejimlerinin eşitsizliğe etkisi panel veri analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre sosyal demokrat refah rejimlerinde hem ücret hem de gelir eşitsizliği diğer refah rejimlerine göre anlamlı şekilde daha düşükken liberal ve Güney Avrupa refah rejimlerinde eşitsizlik diğerlerine göre daha yüksektir. Sonuç olarak ülkelerin sosyal refah rejimleri eşitsizlik üzerinde belirleyicidir ve evrenselci rejimlerde eşitsizlik düzeyi düşükken, kalıntı rejimlerinde yüksektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Refah devleti
• emek piyasası kurumları
• ücret eşitsizliği
• gelir eşitsizliği

Social Welfare Regimes, Institutions and Inequality

Öz

This study examines the effects of cross-country institutional differences on wage and income inequality through the social welfare regimes. In the literature, there are numerous studies investigating the impact of labour market institutions on inequality. However, there are relatively few studies examining whether there is a variation in inequality across different social welfare regimes. In fact, since the classifications of social welfare regimes are also based on institutions, it can be presumed a priori that different welfare regimes will create different levels of inequality. Using Esping-Andersen and Leibfried's classification of welfare regimes, this study employs panel data analysis to examine the impact of welfare regimes on inequality during two different periods: 1970-2015 and 1990-2015. The research findings indicate that both wage and income inequality are significantly lower in Social Democratic welfare regimes compared to other welfare regimes, while inequality is higher in liberal and Southern European welfare regimes. Consequently, countries' social welfare regimes are determinants of inequality, with lower levels of inequality observed in universalistic regimes, and higher levels in residual regimes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Welfare state
• labour market institutions
• wage inequality
• income inequality.

Kaynakça

1. Acemoglu, D., Autor, D. (2011), Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings, In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 1043-1171. Elsevier.
2. Aidt, T., Tzannatos, Z. (2002), Unions and Collective Bargaining: Economic Effects in a Global Environment, Washington, DC: World Bank.
3. Barro, R. J., Lee, J. W. (2010), A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER Working Paper No. 15902. National Bureau of Economic Research.
4. Berg, J. (2015), Labour Market Institutions: the Building Blocks of Just Societies, in Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality (pp. 1-36), Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
5. Blau, F. D., Kahn, L. M., (1996), International Differences in Male Wage Inequality: Institutions Versus Market Forces, Journal of Political Economy, 104(4), 791-837.
6. Blau, F.D., Kahn, L.M. (2003), Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap, Journal of Labor Economics, 21(1), 106–44.
7. Buğra, A., Keyder, Ç., (2003), Yeni Yoksulluk ve Türkiye’nin Değişen Refah Rejimi,
8. BM Kalkınma Programı Proje Raporu.

9. Butcher, K.F., Rouse, C.E. (2001), Wage Effects of Unions and Industrial Councils in South Africa, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54(2), 349–74.
10. Calderón, C., Chong, A. (2009), Labor Market Institutions and Income Inequality: An Empirical Exploration”, Public Choice, 138, 65-81.
11. Cazes, S., de Laiglesia, J.R. (2015), Temporary Contracts and Wage Inequality ch. 6, p. 147-181 in, Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
12. Çelik, A. (2014), Avrupa Birliği Sosyal Politikası ve Türkiye, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
13. De, S., Singh, M., Subramanian, K. (2011), Income Inequality and Employment Protection Laws: Evidence from OECD countries. In 7th Annual Conference on Economic Growth and Development, ISI Delhi.
14. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, UK: Polity Press.
15. Esping-Andersen, G. (1999), Social Foundations of Post-Industrial Economies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Freeman R. B., Katz, L.F. (1996), Introduction and Summary. Differences and Changes in Wages Structure. (1-22), The University of Chicago Press.
17. Gindling, T. H., Terrell K. (2004), Minimum Wages, Inequality and Globalisation, IZA, DP No. 1160.
18. Gümüş, İ., (2012), Devlet Müdahalesi ve Piyasalaşma Kıskacında Refah Devleti: Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Reformu, Marmara Üniversitesi SBE Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
19. Gümüş, İ., (2020), Esping-Andersen ve Refah Rejimi Tartışmaları: Teorik Bir Değerlendirme, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 3(1), pp.101-117.
20. Hayter, S., (2015), Unions and Collective Bargaining, ch. 4, p. 95-122 in, Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
21. Koeniger, W., Leonardi M., Nunziata, L, (2007), Labor Market Institutions and Wage Inequality, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60 (3), 340–356.
22. Krugman, P. (1994), Past and Prospective Causes of High Unemployment, Economic Review, (Q IV), 23–43.
23. Leibfried, S., (1993), Towards a European welfare state? In: P Jones, ed. New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe, (pp. 135– 156), London: Routledge.
24. Myles, J., Quadagno, J., (2002), Political Theories of the Welfare State”, Social Service Review, 76(1), 34-57.
25. OECD Statistics. https://stats.oecd.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 21.04.2023).
26. Özdemir, S., (2005), Sosyal Gelişim Düzeyleri Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine bir İnceleme, Journal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 49).
27. Perugini, C., Pompei, F. (2016). Employment Protection and Wage Inequality within Education Groups in Europe, Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(5), 810-836.
28. Rossvoll., E.M., Sparrman, V., (2015), Labor Market Institutions and Wage Inequality in the OECD Countries, Discussion Papers 826, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
29. Schultz, T.P., Mwabu, G. (1998), Labor Unions and the Distribution of Wages and Employment in South Africa, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51(4), 680–703.
30. Sharkh, M. A., Gough, I., (2010), Global Welfare Regimes: A Cluster Analysis, Global Social Policy, 10(1), 27-58.
31. Slaughter M. J., (1998), International Trade and Labour-Market Outcomes: Results, Questions and Policy Options, Economic Journal, vol.108, 1452-1462.
32. Swiss Economic Enstitute KOF Globalisation Index. https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2023).
33. Tatoğlu, F.Y. (2020), Stata Uygulamalı Ekonometri, İstanbul : Beta Yayınları.
34. University of Texas Inequality Project (UTIP). https://utip.gov.utexas.edu/datasets.html (Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2023).
35. Visser, J., Checchi, D. (2011)., Inequality and the Labor Market: Unions. The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality.
36. World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2023).