Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye'de Asgari Ücretin Cinsiyetler Arası Ücret Farkına Etkisi

Yıl 2025, , 223 - 261, 22.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1623988

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de asgari ücret artışların cinsiyetler arası ücret farkına etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun (TÜİK) 2004-2023 yıllarına ait Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması (HİA) mikro verileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın ampirik çerçevesi üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Öncelikle Heckman tipi seçimli ücret denklemi kullanılarak her yıl için cinsiyetler arasındaki ücretin belirlenmesinde ortaya çıkan eşitsizlikler belirlenmiş ve bunun nedenleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci aşamada, Blinder-Oaxaca ayrıştırma yöntemi ile yine her yıl için kadınların ve erkeklerin aynı özelliklere sahip olmaları durumunda ücret farklarının ne kadarının açıklanabileceğini ve ne kadarının hâlâ eşitsizliklerden kaynaklandığı hesaplanmıştır. Son aşamada, mikro verilerden hesaplanan ücret farkının bağımlı değişken, kadınların işgücündeki payı, reel asgari ücret artışları ve asgari ücretle çalışanların istihdama oranının açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak yer aldığı bir En Küçük Kareler (EKK) modeli tahmin edilmiştir. Heckman ücret denklemlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, eğitim düzeyinin hem ücret hem de seçim denklemlerinde en önemli faktörlerden biri olduğunu göstermiştir. Eğitim seviyesi arttıkça hem işgücüne katılma olasılığı hem de ücret üzerindeki etkiler artmaktadır. EKK regresyon bulgularındaki ilk iki açıklayıcı değişkenin katsayıları teorik beklentilerle uyumludur. Sonuçlar, asgari ücretteki %1'lik bir artışın, ücret açığını %2,4 oranında daralttığını ve asgari ücret veya altında kazanan çalışanların oranındaki %1'lik artışın ise ücret açığını %9,4 oranında azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, T. (2018). Discrimination Against Women in Turkish Labor Market: An Analysis of Gender Wage Gap With Blinder-Oaxaca And Juhn-Murphy-Pierce Decomposition Methods, 2004-2017 Period. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting, 5(4).
  • Aktaş, A., & Uysal, G. (2016). The Gender Wage Gap in Turkey. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 1-19.
  • Aldan, A. (2021). Rising female labor force participation and gender wage gap: evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research , 155(3), 865-884.
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008). “Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 300–323.
  • Autor, D. H., Manning, A., & Smith, C. (2016). The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1), 58-99.
  • Bakis, O., & Polat, S. (2015). Wage inequality in Turkey, 2002-10. Economics of Transition, 23(1), 169–212.
  • Bakis, O., & Polat, S. (2023). Wage inequality dynamics in Turkey. Empirica, 50, 657-694.
  • Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865.
  • Blinder, S. A. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources(8), 436-455.
  • Caliendo, M., & Wittbrodt, L. (2022). Did the minimum wage reduce the gender wage gap in Germany? Labour Economics, 78.
  • Campos-Vazquez, R. M., & Esquivel, G. (2021). The effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment and earnings in Mexico. Economic Letters, 209(2).
  • Card, D., Cardoso, A. R., & Kline, P. (2016). Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap: Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women.
  • Cerejeira, J., Kızılca, K., Portela, M., & Sa, C. (2012). Minimum wage, fringe benefits, overtime payments and the gender wage gap. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6370.
  • Chen, J., & Xu, Z. (2024). Can minimum wage increases narrow the gender wage gap? Evidence from China, ,. Applied Economics, DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2024.2402953.
  • Cudeville, E., & Gurbuzer, L. Y. (2010). Gender wage discrimination in the Turkish labor market: Can Turkey be part of Europe? Comparative Economic Studies, 52, 429-463.
  • Di Nola, A., Wang, H., & Haywood, L. (2023). Gendered Effects of the Minimum Wage. UB Economics Working Paper No. 450.
  • DiNardo, J., Fortin, N., & Lemieux, T. (1996). Labor Market Institutions and The Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach. Econometrica, 64(5), 1001–1044.
  • Dong-Hee, J., & Seongman, M. (2020). Minimum wages and wage inequality in the OECD Countries. East Asian Economic Review, 24(3), 253 - 273.
  • Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S., & Rycx, F. (2015). Minimum wage systems and earnings inequalities: Does institutional diversity matter? European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21(2), 115-130.
  • Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Gramlich. (1976). “Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages''. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity(2), 409-451.
  • Gürcihan Yüncüler, H. B., & Yüncüler, Ç. (2016). Minimum Wage Effects on Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper No: 16/14.
  • Heckman, J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica(47), 153-161 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912352.
  • Ilkkaracan, I., & Selim, R. (2007). The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market. Labour, 21(3), 563-593.
  • Işık, E., Orhangazi, Ö., & Tekgüç, H. (2020). Heterogeneous effects of minimum wage on labor market outcomes: A case study from Turkey. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 10(16), 1-41.
  • Kahn, L. (2015). Wage compression and the gender pay gap. IZA World Labor 150.
  • Kara, G., & Selim, R. (2018). The Gender Wage Inequality in Turkey. PressAcademia Procedia, 7, 408-413.
  • Katz, L., & Autor, D. H. (1999). Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality. In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, (Vol. 3, pp. 1463–1555). Amsterdam.
  • Kaya, E. (2017). Quantile regression and the gender wage gap: Is there a glass ceiling in the Turkish labor market? Cardiff Economics Working Papers, No. E2017/5.
  • Kunze, A. (2000). The Determination of Wages and the Gender Wage Gap: A Survey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 193.
  • Kunze, A. (2005). The evolution of the gender wage gap. Labour Economics, 12, 73-97.
  • Lee, D. S. (1999). Wage Inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage? Quarterly Journal of Economics,, 114 (3)(3), 977–1023.
  • Lemieux, T. (2008). The changing nature of wage inequality. Journal of Population Economics, 21(1), 21-48.
  • Majchrowska, A., & Strawiński, P. (2018). Impact of minimum wage increase on gender wage gap: Case of Poland. Economic Modelling, 70, 174-185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.10.021.
  • Mincer. (1976). Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages. Journal of Political Economy, 84(87-104).
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review(14), 693-709.
  • Orhangazi, Ö. (2019). 2000’li yıllarda yapısal dönüşüm ve emeğin durumu. Çalışma ve Toplum, 60(1), 325-348.
  • Pelek, S. (2018). The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey. Ekonomi-tek, 7(1), 17-59.
  • Tokgöz, G., & Memiş, E. (2020). Gender Inequalities in Informal Employment and Wage Gap in Turkish Manufacturing. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(114), 39-71.
  • Welch. (1976). Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States,”. In E. O.Ashenfelter & J. Blum (Ed.), Evaluating the Labor Market Effects of Social Programs. Princetion University Press.
  • Ziyan Song, B. (2021). Impact of Minimum Wage Change on Women Competitiveness In The Labor Market: A Comparative Study Among OECD Countries. Washington D.C.: A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University.

Minimum Wage Effects on Gender Wage Gap in Türkiye

Yıl 2025, , 223 - 261, 22.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1623988

Öz

This paper aims to investigate the impact of the increases in minimum wages on gender wage gap in Türkiye. We use the individual level micro data of the HLFS provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute for the years 2004-2023. At first, the disparities in wage determination between genders with the use of a Heckman-type wage equation with selection is conducted. Second, the gender wage gap for each year using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method is calculated. Finally, the wage gap is computed from the microdata serves as the dependent variable, while the explanatory variables include the share of women in employment, real minimum wage increases, and the proportion of individuals earning at or below the minimum wage by an OLS model. The results of Heckman wage equations show that education emerges as one of the most significant factors in both the wage and selection equations. The OLS regression results suggest that a one percent increase in the minimum wage correlates with a 2.4 percent reduction in the wage gap, and a one percent rise in the proportion of employees earning at or below the minimum wage leads to a 9.4 percent decrease in the wage gap.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, T. (2018). Discrimination Against Women in Turkish Labor Market: An Analysis of Gender Wage Gap With Blinder-Oaxaca And Juhn-Murphy-Pierce Decomposition Methods, 2004-2017 Period. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting, 5(4).
  • Aktaş, A., & Uysal, G. (2016). The Gender Wage Gap in Turkey. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 1-19.
  • Aldan, A. (2021). Rising female labor force participation and gender wage gap: evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research , 155(3), 865-884.
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008). “Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 300–323.
  • Autor, D. H., Manning, A., & Smith, C. (2016). The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1), 58-99.
  • Bakis, O., & Polat, S. (2015). Wage inequality in Turkey, 2002-10. Economics of Transition, 23(1), 169–212.
  • Bakis, O., & Polat, S. (2023). Wage inequality dynamics in Turkey. Empirica, 50, 657-694.
  • Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865.
  • Blinder, S. A. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources(8), 436-455.
  • Caliendo, M., & Wittbrodt, L. (2022). Did the minimum wage reduce the gender wage gap in Germany? Labour Economics, 78.
  • Campos-Vazquez, R. M., & Esquivel, G. (2021). The effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment and earnings in Mexico. Economic Letters, 209(2).
  • Card, D., Cardoso, A. R., & Kline, P. (2016). Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap: Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women.
  • Cerejeira, J., Kızılca, K., Portela, M., & Sa, C. (2012). Minimum wage, fringe benefits, overtime payments and the gender wage gap. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6370.
  • Chen, J., & Xu, Z. (2024). Can minimum wage increases narrow the gender wage gap? Evidence from China, ,. Applied Economics, DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2024.2402953.
  • Cudeville, E., & Gurbuzer, L. Y. (2010). Gender wage discrimination in the Turkish labor market: Can Turkey be part of Europe? Comparative Economic Studies, 52, 429-463.
  • Di Nola, A., Wang, H., & Haywood, L. (2023). Gendered Effects of the Minimum Wage. UB Economics Working Paper No. 450.
  • DiNardo, J., Fortin, N., & Lemieux, T. (1996). Labor Market Institutions and The Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach. Econometrica, 64(5), 1001–1044.
  • Dong-Hee, J., & Seongman, M. (2020). Minimum wages and wage inequality in the OECD Countries. East Asian Economic Review, 24(3), 253 - 273.
  • Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S., & Rycx, F. (2015). Minimum wage systems and earnings inequalities: Does institutional diversity matter? European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21(2), 115-130.
  • Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Gramlich. (1976). “Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages''. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity(2), 409-451.
  • Gürcihan Yüncüler, H. B., & Yüncüler, Ç. (2016). Minimum Wage Effects on Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper No: 16/14.
  • Heckman, J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica(47), 153-161 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912352.
  • Ilkkaracan, I., & Selim, R. (2007). The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market. Labour, 21(3), 563-593.
  • Işık, E., Orhangazi, Ö., & Tekgüç, H. (2020). Heterogeneous effects of minimum wage on labor market outcomes: A case study from Turkey. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 10(16), 1-41.
  • Kahn, L. (2015). Wage compression and the gender pay gap. IZA World Labor 150.
  • Kara, G., & Selim, R. (2018). The Gender Wage Inequality in Turkey. PressAcademia Procedia, 7, 408-413.
  • Katz, L., & Autor, D. H. (1999). Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality. In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, (Vol. 3, pp. 1463–1555). Amsterdam.
  • Kaya, E. (2017). Quantile regression and the gender wage gap: Is there a glass ceiling in the Turkish labor market? Cardiff Economics Working Papers, No. E2017/5.
  • Kunze, A. (2000). The Determination of Wages and the Gender Wage Gap: A Survey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 193.
  • Kunze, A. (2005). The evolution of the gender wage gap. Labour Economics, 12, 73-97.
  • Lee, D. S. (1999). Wage Inequality in the United States during the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage? Quarterly Journal of Economics,, 114 (3)(3), 977–1023.
  • Lemieux, T. (2008). The changing nature of wage inequality. Journal of Population Economics, 21(1), 21-48.
  • Majchrowska, A., & Strawiński, P. (2018). Impact of minimum wage increase on gender wage gap: Case of Poland. Economic Modelling, 70, 174-185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.10.021.
  • Mincer. (1976). Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages. Journal of Political Economy, 84(87-104).
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review(14), 693-709.
  • Orhangazi, Ö. (2019). 2000’li yıllarda yapısal dönüşüm ve emeğin durumu. Çalışma ve Toplum, 60(1), 325-348.
  • Pelek, S. (2018). The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wage Distribution: The Evidence from Turkey. Ekonomi-tek, 7(1), 17-59.
  • Tokgöz, G., & Memiş, E. (2020). Gender Inequalities in Informal Employment and Wage Gap in Turkish Manufacturing. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(114), 39-71.
  • Welch. (1976). Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States,”. In E. O.Ashenfelter & J. Blum (Ed.), Evaluating the Labor Market Effects of Social Programs. Princetion University Press.
  • Ziyan Song, B. (2021). Impact of Minimum Wage Change on Women Competitiveness In The Labor Market: A Comparative Study Among OECD Countries. Washington D.C.: A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zeynep Elitaş 0000-0002-0715-8447

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

APA Elitaş, Z. (2025). Minimum Wage Effects on Gender Wage Gap in Türkiye. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 1(84), 223-261. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1623988
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