Hukuki Yönüyle Platform Çalışmalarında İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği: Riskler ve Çözüm Önerileri

Öz

Platform çalışanları, çalışmanın türü, niteliği ve organizasyon biçimine bağlı olarak çeşitli fiziksel ve psikososyal risklerle karşı karşıyadır. Bu risklerin bir kısmı diğer atipik istihdam biçimlerinde de görülmekle birlikte, platform çalışmasının yapısal özellikleri söz konusu riskleri ağırlaştırmaktadır. Bazı iş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) riskleri ise, bu çalışma biçimine özgü ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle algoritmik yönetim, sürekli izleme, mahremiyetin ihlali, artan iş yükü, özerklik kaybı, önyargı ve süreçlerdeki şeffaflık eksikliği gibi unsurlar nedeniyle psikososyal riskleri derinleştiren özgül bir İSG risk kaynağı olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Pek çok ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de İSG mevzuatı esas olarak işçi statüsündeki çalışanlara uygulanmakta, kendi hesabına iş gören platform çalışanları ise bu korumanın dışında kalmaktadır. Oysa bazı ülkeler, platform çalışanlarına hukuki statülerinden bağımsız olarak İSG koruması sağlamaktadır. Avrupa Birliği’nin 2024/2831 sayılı Direktifi, dijital platformlarda algoritmik yönetimin İSG üzerindeki etkilerini düzenleyen ilk kapsamlı metindir. Türkiye’de ise 2025 yılında, platform kuryelerine yönelik olarak, hukuki statülerinden bağımsız biçimde sınırlı da olsa koruyucu düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, platform çalışmalarında karşılaşılan İSG risklerini ve çözüm yollarını, AB Direktifi ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk örnekleri ışığında incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital platform çalışması
• Psikososyal riskler
• Algoritmik yönetim ve İSG
• Platform kuryeleri
• Hukuki statü ve İSG sorumluluğu

Occupational Health and Safety in Platform Work from a Legal Perspective: Emerging Risks and Regulatory Responses

Öz

Platform workers are exposed to various physical and psychosocial risks, depending on the type, nature, and organization of the work. While some of these risks are also observed in other atypical forms of employment, the structural features of platform work often exacerbate them. Moreover, certain occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards are unique to this form of work. In particular, algorithmic management has emerged as a distinctive source of OHS risk, intensifying psychosocial hazards through mechanisms such as constant surveillance, violations of privacy, increased workload, lack of autonomy, bias, and lack of transparency. As in many other countries, OHS regulations in Türkiye primarily apply to workers with employee status, excluding self-employed individuals—among them, many platform workers. However, some countries have adopted legal frameworks that provide OHS protections to platform workers regardless of their legal status. The EU Directive 2024/2831 represents the first comprehensive regulation addressing the impact of algorithmic management on OHS in digital platform work. Similarly, in 2025, Türkiye introduced limited but important regulations offering OHS protections to platform couriers, independent of their formal employment classification. This study examines the OHS risks arising in platform work and explores possible solutions within the framework of the relevant EU Directive and comparative legal practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital platform work
• psychosocial risks
• algorithmic management and OHS
• platform couriers
• legal status and OHS responsibility

Kaynakça

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