Yoksulluğun Tanımı ve Nedenleri Üzerine Soybilimsel Çözümleme

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yoksulluğun tanımı ve nedenleri farklı paradigmatik yaklaşımlar bağlamında incelenerek, bu yaklaşımların söylemsel temellerinin soybilimsel sorgulama yöntemi ve eleştirel söylem analizi tekniği uygulanarak açığa çıkarılması amaçlandı. Nitel araştırma modeli kullanılarak veriler yoksulluğun tanımı ve nedenlerini içeren temel kuramsal çalışmaların incelenmesiyle toplandı. Bulgular, toplanan veriler soybilimsel sorgulama ve eleştirel söylem analizi süreçlerinden geçirilerek elde edildi. Analiz süreci sonucunda, farklı evren açıklama modellerine içkin bilgi-iktidar ilişkileri çerçevesinde yoksulluğun tanımlanma ve nedenselleştirme biçimleri sınıflandırıldı. Bulgular, alt kültür eksenli davranışçı, piyasa rasyonalitesi eksenli işlevselci ve üretim ilişkileri eksenli çatışmacı yaklaşımların temsilcilerini, tanımlama ve nedenselleştirmelerini, temel kavramlarını ve varsayımlarını karşılaştırmalı olarak sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, her yaklaşımın güçlü ve zayıf yönleri, metodolojik sınırlılıkları ve söylemsel işlevleri eleştirel söylem analizine tabi tutularak yorumlandı. Özellikle işlevselci ve neoliberal söylemler çerçevesinde yoksulluğun depolitize edildiği, bireysel sorumluluk ve piyasa rasyonalitesinin vurgulandığı; çatışmacı yaklaşımlarda ise yapısal nedenlerin görünür kılınmasına rağmen mikro düzey farklılıkların göz ardı edildiği tespit edildi. Sonuç bölümünde çok boyutlu, tarihsel, dizgesel ve söylemsel bir olgu olarak yoksulluğun nesnel bir biçimde nedenselleştirilip tanımlanabilmesi için bütüncül, çok katmanlı ve eleştirel sorgulamayla analiz edilmesi gerektiğinin altı çizilerek akademik çalışmalarda yoksullar ve yoksulluğun görünümlerinden ziyade yoksullaştırma süreçlerine yönelmenin daha isabetli olacağı vurgulandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yoksulluk
• Soybilim
• Eleştirel söylem analizi
• Yoksullaştırma

Genealogical Analysis on the Definitions and Causes of Poverty

Öz

This study aims to analyze the definitions and causes of poverty within the framework of different paradigmatic approaches, and to uncover their discursive foundations through the application of genealogical inquiry and critical discourse analysis. A qualitative research design was employed. Data were collected through a systematic review of seminal theoretical works addressing the definition and causes of poverty. The collected data were examined using genealogical inquiry and critical discourse analysis. These analyses processes enabled the classification of definitional and causal framings of poverty in relation to the knowledge–power relations embedded within distinct explanatory models of the social world. The analysis compares subculture-oriented behavioral, market-rationality-oriented functionalist, and production-relations-oriented conflict approaches, outlining their main proponents, definitions and causal explanations, core concepts, and key assumptions. Critical discourse analysis revealed that functionalist and neoliberal discourses tend to depoliticize poverty by emphasizing individual responsibility and market rationality, whereas conflict approaches highlight structural causes but often overlook micro-level heterogeneity. The strengths, weaknesses, methodological limitations, and discursive roles of each approach are discussed in depth. The conclusion highlights that poverty, as a multidimensional, historical, systemic, and discursive phenomenon, can only be objectively defined and explained through a holistic, multi-layered, and critically interrogative analysis. It emphasizes that academic studies should focus on the processes of impoverishment rather than on the poor and the manifestations of poverty.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Poverty
• Genealogy
• Critical discourse analysis
• Impoverishment

Kaynakça

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