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Türkiye’de Yetersiz İstihdam: Cinsiyet Temelli Bir Lojistik Regresyon Modeli

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 61, 1005 - 1028, 01.01.2019

Öz

İşsizlik ve zamana dayalı eksik istihdam istatistikleri, sadece çalışılan süre açısından yetersiz istihdam hacmine ilişkin bir bilgi sunuyorken, istihdamın yetersizliği ve sosyal yönleri hakkında herhangi bir bilgi içermemektedir. Bu boşluğu doldurmak için yetersiz istihdam istatistikleri, çalışanların kapasitelerini ve refahlarını kısıtlayan daha genel işgücü kısıtlamaları hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Yetersiz istihdam, yetersiz gelir, mesleki beceri ve yeteneklerin eksik kullanımı ve aşırı çalışma saatleri nedeniyle, mevcut iş durumunu değiştirmek isteyen tüm çalışanları kapsamaktadır. Bu anlamda bu çalışma, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan alınan 2016 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi mikro verilerini kullanarak, yetersiz istihdam ile demografik profil ve istihdam durumu değişkenleri ilişkisindeki cinsiyet farklılıklarını, cinsiyet temelli bir lojistik regresyon modeli ile analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları orijinal olarak, kadın için 15-24, erkek için 25-34 yaş grubunda olmanın, yüksek eğitime sahip olmanın, kısmi süreli bir işte çalışmanın, inşaat sektöründe çalışmanın, kayıt dışı çalışmanın, nitelik gerektirmeyen bir işte görev almanın ve Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde çalışmanın cinsiyete göre değişen oranlarda yetersiz istihdam olasılığını artırdığını bulmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, A. S. (2014), “Lojistik regresyon Analizi”, SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ed. Kalaycı Ş., 6. Baskı, Ankara, Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Barham, C., Walling, A., Clancy, G., Hicks, S. and Conn, S. (2009). “Young People and the Labour Market”, Economic & Labour Market Review, Vol.3, No.4: 17-29.
  • Bell, D. (1973), The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, New York:Basic Books.
  • Borowczyk-Martins, D. and Lalé E. (2016), “How Bad Is Involuntary Part-time Work?”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 9775, Bonn, Germany.
  • Bonnal, M., Lira, C. and Addy, S. N. (2009), “Underemployment and Local Employment Dynamics: New Evidence”, The Review of Regional Studies, Vol. 39, No 3: 317–335.
  • Cam, S. (2014), “The Underemployed: Evidence from The UK Labour Force Survey for a Conditionally Gendered Top-Down Model?”, Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(2): 47-65.
  • Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı (ÇSGB) (2017), Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi (2017-2019), http://www.uis.gov.tr (Erişim: 13.02.2019).
  • Çokluk, Ö. (2010), “Lojistik Regresyon Analizi: Kavram ve Uygulama”, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(3): 1357-1407.
  • Dooley, D. and Prause, J. (2004), The Social Costs of Underemployment: Inadequate Employment as Disguised Unemployment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, the UK.
  • Friedland, D. S. and Price, R. H. (2003), “Underemployment: Consequences for the Health and Well-being of Workers”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol 32: 33-45.
  • Glyde, G. P. (1977), “Underemployment: Definition and Causes”, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol.11, No.2: 245-260.
  • Greenwood, A. M. (1999), International Definitions and Prospects of Underemployment Statistics, ILO Bureau of Statistics, Paper prepared for the “Seminario sobre Subempleo” organized by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) and the Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Güneş B. ve Acun, S. (2014), “Türkiye’de 2008 Krizinin Eksik İstihdama Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 25(90): 49-69.
  • Hauser, P. M. (1974), “The Measurement of Labour Utilization”, The Malayan Economic Review, 19: 1–17.
  • Husmanns, R. (2007), “Measurement of Employment, Unemployment And Underemployment–Current International Standards And Issues in Their Application”, Bulletin of Labour Statistics, ILO, Geneva, 2007-1: 1-23.
  • ILO (1964), “Employment Policy Convention (No. 122)”, http://www.ilo.org (Erişim:1.5.2018).
  • Jollife, L. and Farnsworth, R. (2003), “Seasonality in Tourism Employment: Human Resource Challenges”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15 (6): 312-316.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2010), “Nonparametrik Tekniklerin Güç ve Etkinlikleri”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 33: 18-40.
  • Kjeldstad, R. and Nymoen, H. (2012), “Underemployment in a Gender-Segregated Labour Market”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 33(2): 207-224.
  • Köhler, G. (2006), The Global Stratification of Unemployment and Underemployment, Argentine Center of International Studies Working Papers, Programa Teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales.
  • Kumaş, H. ve Çağlar, A. (2011), “Türkiye’de Kadın Eksik İstihdamını Belirleyen Faktörler: TÜİK 2009 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Ham Verileri ile Cinsiyete Dayalı bir Karşılaştırma”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 2011/2: 249-289.
  • Levitan, S., A. and Taggart, R. (1974), “Employment and Earnings Inadequacy: A New Social Indicator”, Challenge, Vol.16, No.6: 22-29
  • McKnight, A., Stewart, K., Himmelweit, S., M. and Palillo, M. (2016), “Low Pay and In-Work Poverty: Preventative Measures and Preventative Approaches”, The European Commission, Luxembourg.
  • OECD (2014), “Preventing Unemployment and Underemployment from Becoming Structural”, Report prepared for G20, Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A. and Claes, R. (1994), Determinants of Underemployment During the Early Career: A Longitudinal Multi- country Study, CAHRS Working Paper 94-06. Ithaca. NY. Cornell University.
  • Simic, M. (2002), “Volume of Underemployment and Overemployment in the UK”, Labour Market Trends: 511-521.
  • Susanlı, Z. B. (2017), “Underemployment in the Turkish Labor Market”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 25(33): 157-173, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.289218.
  • Sugiyarto, G. (2007), Measuring Underemployment: Establishing the Cut-off Point, ERD Working Paper No. 92.
  • Taşçı, H. M. ve Darıcı, B. (2010), “Türkiye’de Eksik İstihdamın Belirleyenleri: HIA ile Bir Mikro Veri Uygulaması”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 158: 278-300
  • Tam, H. (2010), “Characteristics of the Underemployed and the Overemployed in the UK”. Economic & Labour Market Review, Vol.4, No.7: 8-20.
  • Tseng, S-F., You, Y-C. and Ho, C-C. (2002), “New Economy, Underemployment, and Inadequate Employment”, Information Society Research, (3): 215- 237
  • TÜİK (2016), 2016 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi mikro veri seti.
  • TÜİK (2018), “İstatistiksel Tablolar ve Dinamik Sorgulama”, İşgücü İstatistikleri 2014-2017.
  • TÜİK (2018), “Tanım ve Kavramlar” http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/ Hia_2011/turkce/metaveri/tanim/index.html (Erişim:20.05.2018).
  • Wilkins, R. and Wooden, M. (2011), “Economic Approaches to Studying, Underemployment”, In: Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges, (Eds. Maynard, D. C. and Feldman, D. C.), Springer: 13-34.
  • Wilkins, R. (2007), “The Consequences of Underemployment for the Underemployed”, Journal of Industrial Relations, 49: 247-275.
  • Vogt, K., C. (2016), “The Post-industrial Society: from Utopia to Ideology”, Work, Employment 10.1177/0950017015577911. and Society, Vol. 30(2): 366–376, Doi:

Inadequate Employment in Turkey: A Gender-based Logistic Regression Model

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 61, 1005 - 1028, 01.01.2019

Öz

Unemployment and time-based underemployment statistics present information only on the insufficient employment volume in terms of time worked while not including any information on the inadequacy of employment and its social aspects. In order to fill in the gap, inadequate employment statistics give information on more general labour constraints that limit the capacities and well-being of workers. Inadequate employment includes all employed persons who want to change their current work situation because of insufficient income, underutilisation of occupational skills and capabilities, and excessive working hours. In this sense, this paper aims to analyse gender differences in the association between the inadequate employment and demographic profile and work-status variables by a gender-based logistic regression model, by using 2016 Household Labour Force Survey microdata taken from Turkish Statistical Institute. The research results originally found that being 15-24 age band for female and 25-34 age band for male, having higher educational attainment, working in a part-time job, working in construction sector, working informally, taking charge in an elementary occupation, and working in the Mediterranean Region increased the likelihood of inadequate employment in varying ratios by gender

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, A. S. (2014), “Lojistik regresyon Analizi”, SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ed. Kalaycı Ş., 6. Baskı, Ankara, Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Barham, C., Walling, A., Clancy, G., Hicks, S. and Conn, S. (2009). “Young People and the Labour Market”, Economic & Labour Market Review, Vol.3, No.4: 17-29.
  • Bell, D. (1973), The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, New York:Basic Books.
  • Borowczyk-Martins, D. and Lalé E. (2016), “How Bad Is Involuntary Part-time Work?”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 9775, Bonn, Germany.
  • Bonnal, M., Lira, C. and Addy, S. N. (2009), “Underemployment and Local Employment Dynamics: New Evidence”, The Review of Regional Studies, Vol. 39, No 3: 317–335.
  • Cam, S. (2014), “The Underemployed: Evidence from The UK Labour Force Survey for a Conditionally Gendered Top-Down Model?”, Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(2): 47-65.
  • Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı (ÇSGB) (2017), Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi (2017-2019), http://www.uis.gov.tr (Erişim: 13.02.2019).
  • Çokluk, Ö. (2010), “Lojistik Regresyon Analizi: Kavram ve Uygulama”, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(3): 1357-1407.
  • Dooley, D. and Prause, J. (2004), The Social Costs of Underemployment: Inadequate Employment as Disguised Unemployment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, the UK.
  • Friedland, D. S. and Price, R. H. (2003), “Underemployment: Consequences for the Health and Well-being of Workers”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol 32: 33-45.
  • Glyde, G. P. (1977), “Underemployment: Definition and Causes”, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol.11, No.2: 245-260.
  • Greenwood, A. M. (1999), International Definitions and Prospects of Underemployment Statistics, ILO Bureau of Statistics, Paper prepared for the “Seminario sobre Subempleo” organized by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) and the Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Güneş B. ve Acun, S. (2014), “Türkiye’de 2008 Krizinin Eksik İstihdama Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 25(90): 49-69.
  • Hauser, P. M. (1974), “The Measurement of Labour Utilization”, The Malayan Economic Review, 19: 1–17.
  • Husmanns, R. (2007), “Measurement of Employment, Unemployment And Underemployment–Current International Standards And Issues in Their Application”, Bulletin of Labour Statistics, ILO, Geneva, 2007-1: 1-23.
  • ILO (1964), “Employment Policy Convention (No. 122)”, http://www.ilo.org (Erişim:1.5.2018).
  • Jollife, L. and Farnsworth, R. (2003), “Seasonality in Tourism Employment: Human Resource Challenges”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15 (6): 312-316.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2010), “Nonparametrik Tekniklerin Güç ve Etkinlikleri”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 33: 18-40.
  • Kjeldstad, R. and Nymoen, H. (2012), “Underemployment in a Gender-Segregated Labour Market”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 33(2): 207-224.
  • Köhler, G. (2006), The Global Stratification of Unemployment and Underemployment, Argentine Center of International Studies Working Papers, Programa Teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales.
  • Kumaş, H. ve Çağlar, A. (2011), “Türkiye’de Kadın Eksik İstihdamını Belirleyen Faktörler: TÜİK 2009 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Ham Verileri ile Cinsiyete Dayalı bir Karşılaştırma”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 2011/2: 249-289.
  • Levitan, S., A. and Taggart, R. (1974), “Employment and Earnings Inadequacy: A New Social Indicator”, Challenge, Vol.16, No.6: 22-29
  • McKnight, A., Stewart, K., Himmelweit, S., M. and Palillo, M. (2016), “Low Pay and In-Work Poverty: Preventative Measures and Preventative Approaches”, The European Commission, Luxembourg.
  • OECD (2014), “Preventing Unemployment and Underemployment from Becoming Structural”, Report prepared for G20, Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A. and Claes, R. (1994), Determinants of Underemployment During the Early Career: A Longitudinal Multi- country Study, CAHRS Working Paper 94-06. Ithaca. NY. Cornell University.
  • Simic, M. (2002), “Volume of Underemployment and Overemployment in the UK”, Labour Market Trends: 511-521.
  • Susanlı, Z. B. (2017), “Underemployment in the Turkish Labor Market”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 25(33): 157-173, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.289218.
  • Sugiyarto, G. (2007), Measuring Underemployment: Establishing the Cut-off Point, ERD Working Paper No. 92.
  • Taşçı, H. M. ve Darıcı, B. (2010), “Türkiye’de Eksik İstihdamın Belirleyenleri: HIA ile Bir Mikro Veri Uygulaması”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 158: 278-300
  • Tam, H. (2010), “Characteristics of the Underemployed and the Overemployed in the UK”. Economic & Labour Market Review, Vol.4, No.7: 8-20.
  • Tseng, S-F., You, Y-C. and Ho, C-C. (2002), “New Economy, Underemployment, and Inadequate Employment”, Information Society Research, (3): 215- 237
  • TÜİK (2016), 2016 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi mikro veri seti.
  • TÜİK (2018), “İstatistiksel Tablolar ve Dinamik Sorgulama”, İşgücü İstatistikleri 2014-2017.
  • TÜİK (2018), “Tanım ve Kavramlar” http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/ Hia_2011/turkce/metaveri/tanim/index.html (Erişim:20.05.2018).
  • Wilkins, R. and Wooden, M. (2011), “Economic Approaches to Studying, Underemployment”, In: Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges, (Eds. Maynard, D. C. and Feldman, D. C.), Springer: 13-34.
  • Wilkins, R. (2007), “The Consequences of Underemployment for the Underemployed”, Journal of Industrial Relations, 49: 247-275.
  • Vogt, K., C. (2016), “The Post-industrial Society: from Utopia to Ideology”, Work, Employment 10.1177/0950017015577911. and Society, Vol. 30(2): 366–376, Doi:
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayhan Görmüş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Görmüş, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Yetersiz İstihdam: Cinsiyet Temelli Bir Lojistik Regresyon Modeli. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(61), 1005-1028.
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