Mesleksel Uçucu Organik Bileşik Maruz Kalımı ve Genototoksisite

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 70, 1901 - 1916, 01.01.2021

Ayşe Çoşkun Beyan Yücel Demiral

Öz

Kimyasalların, insan hayatında daha fazla yer almaya başlaması ile insan sağlığı ve doğal kaynaklar üzerine olumsuz etkileri ile tartışmalar artmaya başlamıştır. Bu noktada gerçeğe en yakın maruz kalım bilgisinin elde edilmesi koruma önlemlerinin planlanması bakımından önemli hale gelmiştir. Maruz kalım bilgisini doğrudan ve dolaylı yöntemler üzerinden elde edebilmek mümkündür. Tüm yöntemlerin maliyet, insan gücü, uygulanabilirlik, teknik alt yapı gerekliliği konularında avantaj ve dezavantajları vardır. Genotoksisite testleri maruz kalınan kimyasallara bağlı genetik yapılar üzerinde kalıcı ya da geçici ortaya çıkan bozuklukları ölçmeyi amaçlayan testlerin genel adıdır. Pek çok kimyasal maddenin genotoksik etkisi kanıtlanmıştır ve maddelere maruz kalım süresi ve şiddeti arttıkça genotoksik etkilerin arttığı gösterilmiştir. Düşük kaynama noktaları ve yüksek buhar basınçları nedeniyle hemen tüm ortam havasında bulunan uçucu organik bileşikler UOB bu fizikokimyasal özellikleri nedeniyle hem mesleksel hem de günlük hayatta en önemli bir kimyasal madde maruz kalım kaynaklarıdır. Geliştirilen kısa süreli genotoksisite testleriyle kimyasal maddelerin genetik materyal üzerinde yaptığı değişikliklerin gösterilmesi maruz kalım göstergesi hatta bazı durumlarda maruz kalımın erken göstergelerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kimyasalların genotoksik etkilerine ait bilgiler uluslararası kanser araştırma birliklerinin rehber dokümanlarının hazırlanmasında ve kanser erken tanısında tarama testleri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Şu an gelinen noktada hiçbir kısa süreli genotoksisite değerlendirme testinin tek başına kanseri önceden tahmin etmede yeterli olmadığı kabul edilmektedir. Bu derlemede UOB’ler ile ilgili genel bilgiler ve maruz kalım değerlendirilmesi konularının tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Google Akademik EBSCOHost, Elsevier Science Direct ve Medline veri tabanlarından “uçucu organik bileşikler”, “genotoksisite”, “mesleksel maruz kalım”, “meslek hastalığı”, “comet testi”, “mikronükleus testi” anahtar kelimeleri ile “genel tarama yöntemi” kullanılarak detaylı ve kapsamlı bir literatür değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uçucu organik bileşikler, Maruz kalım değerlendirmeleri, Comet testi, Mikronükleus testi, Genotoksisite,

Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and genototoxicity

Öz

The debate has started to increase with the negative effects of chemicals on human health and natural resources as they take more place in human life. At this point, obtaining the most accurate exposure information has become important in terms of planning protection measures. It is possible to obtain exposure information via direct and indirect methods. All methods have advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, manpower, applicability, technical infrastructure requirements. Genotoxicity tests are the general name of the tests that aim to measure permanent or temporary damage on genetic structures due to chemicals exposed. The genotoxic effects of many chemicals have been proven and it has been shown that the genotoxic effects increase as the exposure time and intensity of the substances increase. Volatile organic compounds VOC found in almost all ambient air due to their low boiling points and high vapor pressures are the most important chemical exposure sources in both occupational and daily life due to these physicochemical properties.With the short-term genotoxicity tests developed, showing the changes made by chemical substances on the genetic material is considered as an exposure indicator and in some cases even one of the early indicators of exposure. Information on the genotoxic effects of chemicals are used in the preparation of guideline documents of international cancer research associations and as screening tests in cancer early diagnosis. At present, it is accepted that no short-term genotoxicity assessment test alone is sufficient in predicting cancer. In this review, it is aimed to discuss general information about VOCs and exposure assessment issues. Using the keywords "volatile organic compounds", "genotoxicity", "occupational exposure", "occupational disease", "comet test", "micronucleus test" and "general screening method" from Google Academic EBSCOHost, Elsevier Science Direct and Medline databases A detailed and comprehensive literature review was made

Anahtar Kelimeler

Volatile organic compounds, Exposure assesments, Comet test, Micronucleus test, Genotoxicity

Kaynakça

• Aksoy, Muzaffer. (1981). Problems with benzene in Turkey. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1(2), 147–155.
• Aktaş-Şüküroğlu, A., & Burgaz, S. (2018). Kuaför salonlarındaki kimyasallara mesleki maruziyet ve sağlık riski Occupational exposure to the chemicals in hairdressing salons and health risk. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 75(2), 195–212.
• Al Zabadi, H., Ferrari, L., Laurent, A. M., Tiberguent, A., Paris, C., & Zmirou- Navier, D. (2008). Biomonitoring of complex occupational exposures to carcinogens: The case of sewage workers in Paris. BMC Cancer, 8, 67.
• Albertini, R. J., Anderson, D., Douglas, G. R., Hagmar, L., Hemminki, K., Merlo, F., Natarajan, A. T., Norppa, H., Shuker, D. E. G., Tice, R., Waters, M. D., & Aitio, A. (2000). IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 463(2), 111–172.
• Arnold, S. M., Angerer, J., Boogaard, P. J., Hughes, M. F., O’Lone, R. B., Robison, S. H., & Robert Schnatter, A. (2013). The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: Benzene case study. In Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 43(2), 119–153.
• Berglund, B., Clausen, G., De, J., & Mqilhave, L. (1997). Total Volatile Organic Compounds (WOC) in Indoor Air Quality Investigations, 7(4), 225-240.
• Bian, Q., Xu, L. C., Wang, S. L., Xia, Y. K., Tan, L. F., Chen, J. F., Song, L., Chang, H. C., & Wang, X. R. (2004). Study on the relation between occupational fenvalerate exposure and spermatozoa DNA damage of pesticide factory workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(12), 999–1005.
• Brandt-Rauf, P. W., & Brandt-Rauf, S. I. (2004). Genetic Testing in the Workplace: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications. Annual Review of Public Health, 25(1), 139–153.
• Burgaz, S., Erdem, O., Čakmak, G., Erdem, N., Karakaya, A., & Karakaya, A. E. (2002). Cytogenetic analysis of buccal cells from shoe-workers and pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to n-hexane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde. Biomarkers, 7(2), 151–161.
• T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Genel Müdürlüğü, https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/isgum/duyurular/tse-en-689-duyuru- metni/ Feb 15, 2021
• T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Genel Müdürlüğü. (2015). Uçucu Organik Bileşikler (VOC) ve GC sisteminde analizi.
• Caro, J., & Gallego, M. (2009). Environmental and biological monitoring of volatile organic compounds in the workplace. Chemosphere, 77(3), 426–433.
• Cavallo, D., Tranfo, G., Ursini, C. L., Fresegna, A. M., Ciervo, A., Maiello, R., Paci, E., Pigini, D., Gherardi, M., Gatto, M. P., Buresti, G., & Iavicoli, S. (2018). Biomarkers of early genotoxicity and oxidative stress for occupational risk assessment of exposure to styrene in the fibreglass reinforced plastic industry. Toxicology Letters, 298, 53–59.
• Ceppi, M., Biasotti, B., Fenech, M., & Bonassi, S. (2010). Human population studies with the exfoliated buccal micronucleus assay: Statistical and epidemiological issues. In Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 705, 1, 11–19.
• Colman Lerner, J. E., Gutierrez, M. de los A., Mellado, D., Giuliani, D., Massolo, L., Sanchez, E. Y., & Porta, A. (2018). Characterization and cancer risk assessment of VOCs in home and school environments in gran La Plata, Argentina. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(10), 10039–10048.
• Dinçer, Y., & Kankaya, S. (2010). Comet assay for determining of DNA damage: Review. In Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Science, 30 (4), 1365–1373.
• Duffus, J. H., Nordberg, M., & Templeton, D. M. (2007). Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition (IUPAC recommendations 2007). In Pure and Applied Chemistry, 79, 7, 1153–1344.
• Everatt, R., Slapšyte, G., Mierauskiene, J., Dedonyte, V., & Bakiene, L. (2013). Biomonitoring study of dry cleaning workers using cytogenetic tests and the comet assay. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10(11), 609–621.
• González-Yebra, A. L., Kornhauser, C., Barbosa-Sabanero, G., Pérez-Luque, E. L., Wrobel, K., & Wrobel, K. (2009). Exposure to organic solvents and cytogenetic damage in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa from shoe workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(3), 373–380.
• HelvéCio C. Menezes, L. C. A. A. & Z. L. C. (2013). Sampling and Analytical Methods for Determining VOC in Air by Biomonitoring Human Exposure. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(1), 1–39.
• Holder, C., Hader, J., Avanasi, R., Hong, T., Carr, E., Mendez, B., Wignall, J., Glen, G., Guelden, B., & Wei, Y. (2019). Evaluating potential human health risks from modeled inhalation exposures to volatile organic compounds emitted from oil and gas operations. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 69(12), 1503–1524.
• Hu, R., Liu, G., Zhang, H., Xue, H., & Wang, X. (2018). Levels, characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs in different functional zones of Hefei. Ecotoxicology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.056 Environmental Safety, 160, 301–307.
• Huang, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Xie, Z., & Ji, W. (2007). Assessment of the genotoxicity in toad Bufo raddei exposed to petrochemical contaminants in Lanzhou Region, China. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 629(2), 81–88.
• Huang, X., Han, D., Cheng, J., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Liao, H., Dong, W., & Yuan, C. (2020). Characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in restaurants in Shanghai. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 490–499.
• IARC, IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On- The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans May 2, 2020
• Infante, P. F. (1992). Benzene and Leukemia: The 0.1 ppm ACGIH Proposed Threshold Limit Value for Benzene. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 7(4), 253–262.
• Kasi, V., Elango, N., Ananth, S., Vembhu, B., & Poornima, J. G. (2018). Occupational exposure to photocopiers and their toners cause genotoxicity. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 37(2), 205–217.
• Kawanishi, M., Matsuda, T., & Yagi, T. (2014). Genotoxicity of formaldehyde: molecular basis of DNA damage and mutation. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2, 36.
• Klepeis, N. E. (1999). An Introduction to the Indirect Exposure Assessment Approach: Modeling Human Exposure Using Microenvironmental Measurements and the Recent National Human Activity Pattern Survey. Environ Health Perspect, 2(2), 365-374.
• Lakind, J. S., Barraj, L., Tran, N., & Aylward, L. L. (2008). Environmental chemicals in people: Challenges in interpreting biomonitoring information. Journal of Environmental Health, 70(9), 61–64.
• Lamplugh, A., Harries, M., Xiang, F., Trinh, J., Hecobian, A., & Montoya, L. D. (2019). Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons. Environmental Pollution, 249, 518–526.
• LeBouf, R. F., Virji, M. A., Saito, R., Henneberger, P. K., Simcox, N., & Stefaniak, A. B. (2014). Exposure to volatile organic compounds in healthcare settings. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71(9), 642–650.
• Lehtinen, J., Tolvanen, O., Nivukoski, U., Veijanen, A., & Hänninen, K. (2013). Occupational hygiene in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols at two solid waste management plants in Finland. Waste Management, 33(4), 964–973.
• Londoño-Velasco, E., Martínez-Perafán, F., Carvajal-Varona, S., García-Vallejo, F., & Hoyos-Giraldo, L. S. (2016). Assessment of DNA damage in car spray painters exposed to organic solvents by the high-throughput comet assay. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 26(4), 238–242.
• Lynge, E., Anttila, A., & Hemminki, K. (1997). Organic solvents and cancer. In Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 3, 406–419
• Lyu, X., Guo, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, F., Nie, K., Dang, J., Liang, Z., Dong, S., Zeren, Y., Zhou, B., Gao, W., Zhao, S., & Zhang, G. (2020). Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China. Chemosphere, 246, 125731.
• Masekameni, M. D., Moolla, R., Gulumian, M., & Brouwer, D. (2019). Risk assessment of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene concentrations from the combustion of coal in a controlled laboratory environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 95
• Mehta, D., Hazarika, N., & Srivastava, A. (2020). Diurnal variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation potential, and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(10), 11093–11104.
• OSHA. (2020). Chemical safety. https://www.who.int/health-topics/chemical- safety#tab=tab_1 26.06.2020.
• Özdemi̇r, F., Kayaalti, Z., (2015). Ksenobiyotiklerin DNA Üzerindeki Toksik Etkileri ve Toksikogenetik. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 19, 246–251.
• Peteffi, G. P., da Silva, L. B., Antunes, M. V., Wilhelm, C., Valandro, E. T., Glaeser, J., Kaefer, D., & Linden, R. (2016). Evaluation of genotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of formaldehyde in a furniture manufacturing facility. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(10), 1763–1773.
• Şekeroğlu, V., & Atli-Şekeroğlu, Z. (2011). Genotoksik hasarın belirlenmesinde mikronükleus testi Micronucleus test for determining genotoxic damage. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 68(4), 241–252.
• Shanh, F., Rahimnejad, S., Bahrami, A., & Farhadian, M. (2017). Risk Assessment of Workers’ Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in the Air of a Petrochemical Complex in Iran. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 21(3), 121–127.
• Shukla, A. K., Pragya, P., & Chowdhuri, D. K. (2011). A modified alkaline Comet assay for in vivo detection of oxidative DNA damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 726(2), 222–226.
• Steinemann, A. (2015). Volatile Emissions from Common Consumer Products. In Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.8, 273-281.
• T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=18709&MevzuatTur=7 &MevzuatTertip=5 May 3, 2020
• Thomas, P., Holland, N., Bolognesi, C., Kirsch-Volders, M., Bonassi, S., Zeiger, E., Knasmueller, S., & Fenech, M. (2009). Buccal micronucleus cytome assay. Nature Protocols, 4(6), 825–837.
• US EPA. (2020), Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq 12.04.2020.
• US EPA. (2020). Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile- organic-compounds 12.04.2020.
• U.S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-09/052F, 2011.
• Valverde, M., & Rojas, E. (2009). Environmental and occupational biomonitoring using the Comet assay. In Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 681(1), 93–109.
• Wang, F., Li, C., Liu, W., & Jin, Y. (2013). Oxidative damage and genotoxic effect in mice caused by sub-chronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds. Inhalation Toxicology, 25(5), 235–242.
• Whong, W. Z., Lu, C. H., Stewart, J. D., Jiang, H. X., & Ong, T. (1989). Genotoxicity and genotoxic enhancing effect of tetrandrine in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 222(3), 237–244.