Duygusal Emeğin Çalışanlar Üzerindeki Sonuçlarının İncelenmesi: Hemşirelik Mesleğinde Bir Araştırma
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 62, 2031 - 2046, 01.01.2019
Aytül Ayşe Cengiz
Harun Sönmez
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı Eskişehir’de faaliyet gösteren devlet ve özel hastanesi olmak üzere toplam iki hastanede hemşireler üzerinde yapılan araştırmada, hemşirelerin sergiledikleri duygusal emek davranışlarının onların tükenme ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada ayrıca paternalistik lider ve öz değerlendirmenin tükenme ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir. Toplam 190 hemşireden elde edilen verilere regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgulara göre yüzeysel rol yapmanın tükenme üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi yoktur. Paternalistik liderlik ve olumlu öz değerlendirme ile tükenme arasında ise anlamlı ve olumsuz bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Derinden rol yapma ile örgütsel bağlılık arasında ise anlamlı ve olumlu bir ilişki ortaya çıkmıştır. Paternalistik liderlik ve olumlu öz değerlendirme ile örgütsel bağlılık arasında ise anlamlı ve olumlu bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir
Kaynakça
- Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007).
Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating
role of meaningful work. Journal of occupational health psychology,
12(3), 193-203.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The
influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
- Aycan, Z. (2002). Leadership and teamwork in developing countries: Challenges and
opportunities. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 7(2), 1-13.
- Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism. In indigenous and cultural psychology.
Springer US.
- Aycan, Z., & Fikret-Pasa, S. (2003). Career choices, job selection criteria, and
leadership preferences in a transitional nation: The case of Turkey. Journal
of Career Development, 30(2), 129-144.
- Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A.
(2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A
10‐country comparison. Applied Psychology, 49(1), 192-221.
- Aycan, Z., Schyns, B., Sun, J. M., Felfe, J., & Saher, N. (2013). Convergence and
divergence of paternalistic leadership: A cross-cultural investigation of
prototypes Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 962-969.
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of
the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
- Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2007). An
organisational and social psychological perspective on burnout and work
engagement. The Scope of Social Psychology: Theory and Applications (A Festschrift
for Wolfgang Stroebe), 227-241.
- Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego
depletion: is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265.
- Benligiray, S., & Sönmez, Y. D. D. H. (2011). Hemşirelerin mesleki bağlılıkları ile diğer
bağlılık formları arasındaki ilişki: Örgüte bağlılık, işe bağlılık ve aileye bağlılık.
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi,18(1), 28-40.
- Biçkes, D. M., Yılmaz, C., Demirtaş, Ö., & Uğur, A. (2014). Duygusal emek ile iş
tatmini arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracılık rolü: Bir alan
çalışması Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Dergisi, 9(2), 97-121.
- Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self‐evaluations: A review of the trait and
its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of
Personality, 17(S1), 5-18.
- Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2010). Burnout, work satisfactions
and psychological well-being among nurses in Turkish hospitals. Europe’s
Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 63-81.
- Cheung, F., Tang, C. S. K., & Tang, S. (2011). Psychological capital as a moderator
between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school
teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management,18(4),
348-371.
- Çaldağ, M. A. (2010). Duygusal emek davranışlarının sağlık çalışanlarında iş
sonuçlarına etkileri. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya: Selçuk
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Çelik, M., & Turunç, Ö. (2011). Duygusal emek ve psikolojik sıkıntı: İş-aile
çatışmasının aracılık etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi
Dergisi, 40(2), 226-250.
- de Vries, R. E., Roe, R. A., & Taillieu, T. C. (2002). Need for leadership as a
moderator of the relationships between leadership and individual outcomes.
The Leadership Quarterly, 13(2), 121-137.
- Diefendorff, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Grandey, A. A., & Dahling, J. J. (2011).
Emotional display rules as work unit norms: A multilevel analysis of
emotional labor among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 16(2), 170-189.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach tükenmişlik
ölçeğinin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal psikoloji kongresi bilimsel
çalışmaları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Fikret-Paşa, S., Kabasakal, H., & Bodur, M. (2001). Society, organizations, and
leadership in Turkey. Applied Psychology, 50(4), 559-589.
- Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work
life: An introduction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21(1), 123-
129.
- Freudenberger, H. J. (1975). The staff burn-out syndrome in alternative
institutions. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 12(1), 73-82.
- Goodwin, R. E., Groth, M., & Frenkel, S. J. (2011). Relationships between
emotional labor, job performance, and turnover. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 79(2), 538-548.
- Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to
conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.
- Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep
acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service
delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 86-96.
- Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., Mattila, A. S., Jansen, K. J., & Sideman, L. A. (2005).
Is “service with a smile” enough? Authenticity of positive displays during
service encounters. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 96(1), 38-55.
- Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic
test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 91(5), 1134-1154.
- Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnson, T. B. (2007). Burnout in the information
technology sector: Does leadership matter? European Journal of Work
and Organizational Psychology, 16, 58–75.
- Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human
feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional
labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 361-374.
- Jourdain, G., & Chênevert, D. (2010). Job demands–resources, burnout and
intention to leave the nursing profession: A questionnaire survey.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 709-722.
- Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The Core selfevaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56,
304-317.
- Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of
job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational
Behavior, 19, 151-188.
- Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job
satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative
review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-386.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations
and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal
attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
- Kabasakal, H., & Bodur, M. (1998). Leadership, values and institutions: The case
of Turkey.Research papers. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Kelloway, E. K., Turner, N., Barling, J., & Loughlin, C. (2012). Transformational
leadership and employee psychological well-being: The mediating role of
employee trust in leadership. Work & Stress, 26(1), 39-55.
- Kisbu, Y. (2006). Influences of regulatory focus, core self-evaluations and age on
biases in perception and choice. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Koç University.
- Li, X., Guan, L., Chang, H., & Zhang, B. (2014). Core self-evaluation and burnout
among nurses: the mediating role of coping styles. PloS One, 9(12).
- Maslach, C. (1976). Burnout. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16-22.
- Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout new directions in research and intervention.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189-192.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample
of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resources
Administration, 7(2), 189-212.
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and
engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498-512.
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory.
(2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Minibas-Poussard, J., Le Roy, J., & Erkmen, T. (2017). The moderating role of
individual variables in the relationship between organizational justice and
organizational commitment. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1635-1650.
- Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1997). Managing emotions in the workplace.
Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(3), 257-274.
- Motowidlo, S. J., Packard, J. S., & Manning, M. R. (1986). Occupational stress: Its
causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology,71(4), 618-629.
- Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of
organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
- Nguyen, H., Groth, M., & Johnson, A. (2013). When the going gets tough, the
tough keep working impact of emotional labor on absenteeism. Journal of
Management, 42(3), 615-643.
- Padavic, I., & Earnest, W. R. (1994). Paternalism as a component of managerial
strategy. The Social Science Journal, 31(4), 389-405.
- Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2006). Leader–member exchange (LMX),
paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical
investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2), 264-279.
- Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and
agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566-593.
- Pisaniello, S. L., Winefield, H. R., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2012). The influence of
emotional labour and emotional work on the occupational health and
wellbeing of South Australian hospital nurses. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 80(3), 579-591.
- Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and
practice: A critical analysis. CRC press.
- Schmidt, K. H., & Diestel, S. (2014). Are emotional labour strategies by nurses
associated with psychological costs? A cross-sectional survey. International
Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(11), 1450-1461.
- Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. in C. L. Cooper & 1. T.
Robertson (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, Wiley: Chichester.
- Tafvelin, S., Armelius, K., & Westerberg, K. (2011). Toward understanding the
direct and indirect effects of transformational leadership on well-being: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies,
18(4), 480-492.
- Tokmak, İ. (2014). The moderating effect of psychological capital in the relation
between emotional labor and work alienation. Journal of Business
Research-Türk, 6(3), 134-156.
- Uhl-Bien, M., & Maslyn, M. (2005). Paternalism as a form of leadership:
Differentiating paternalism from leader-member exchange. In 65th
Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, August.
- Ünler Öz, E. (2007). Effect of emotional labor on employees’ work outcomes.
Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
İngilizce İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Organizational Behavior Bilim Dalı.
- Wasti, S. A. (1999).Organizational commitment in a collectivist culture: The case of
Turkey (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).
- Yang, F. H., & Chang, C. C. (2008). Emotional labour, job satisfaction and
organizational commitment amongst clinical nurses: A questionnaire survey.
International Journal of Nursing Studies,45(6), 879-887.
The Examination of Emotional Labor’s Consequences on Employees: A Research in Nursing Occupation
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 62, 2031 - 2046, 01.01.2019
Aytül Ayşe Cengiz
Harun Sönmez
Öz
The aim of the present study is to explore the impact of emotional labor behaviors of nurses on burnout and organizational commitment levels, working for a private and public hospitals. Also, in present study the effect of paternalistic leader and core selfevaluation on burnout and organizational commitment are examined. The data, consisted of 190 nurses, are analyzed using regression analysis. The findings pointed out that surface acting has no impact on burnout. Paternalistic leader and positive core self-evaluation are significantly and negatively correlated with burnout. Deep acting is positively correlated with organizational commitment. Paternalistic leader and positive core self-evaluation are significantly and positively correlated with organizational commitment
Kaynakça
- Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007).
Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating
role of meaningful work. Journal of occupational health psychology,
12(3), 193-203.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The
influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
- Aycan, Z. (2002). Leadership and teamwork in developing countries: Challenges and
opportunities. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 7(2), 1-13.
- Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism. In indigenous and cultural psychology.
Springer US.
- Aycan, Z., & Fikret-Pasa, S. (2003). Career choices, job selection criteria, and
leadership preferences in a transitional nation: The case of Turkey. Journal
of Career Development, 30(2), 129-144.
- Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A.
(2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A
10‐country comparison. Applied Psychology, 49(1), 192-221.
- Aycan, Z., Schyns, B., Sun, J. M., Felfe, J., & Saher, N. (2013). Convergence and
divergence of paternalistic leadership: A cross-cultural investigation of
prototypes Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 962-969.
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of
the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
- Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2007). An
organisational and social psychological perspective on burnout and work
engagement. The Scope of Social Psychology: Theory and Applications (A Festschrift
for Wolfgang Stroebe), 227-241.
- Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego
depletion: is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265.
- Benligiray, S., & Sönmez, Y. D. D. H. (2011). Hemşirelerin mesleki bağlılıkları ile diğer
bağlılık formları arasındaki ilişki: Örgüte bağlılık, işe bağlılık ve aileye bağlılık.
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi,18(1), 28-40.
- Biçkes, D. M., Yılmaz, C., Demirtaş, Ö., & Uğur, A. (2014). Duygusal emek ile iş
tatmini arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracılık rolü: Bir alan
çalışması Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Dergisi, 9(2), 97-121.
- Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self‐evaluations: A review of the trait and
its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of
Personality, 17(S1), 5-18.
- Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2010). Burnout, work satisfactions
and psychological well-being among nurses in Turkish hospitals. Europe’s
Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 63-81.
- Cheung, F., Tang, C. S. K., & Tang, S. (2011). Psychological capital as a moderator
between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school
teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management,18(4),
348-371.
- Çaldağ, M. A. (2010). Duygusal emek davranışlarının sağlık çalışanlarında iş
sonuçlarına etkileri. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya: Selçuk
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Çelik, M., & Turunç, Ö. (2011). Duygusal emek ve psikolojik sıkıntı: İş-aile
çatışmasının aracılık etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi
Dergisi, 40(2), 226-250.
- de Vries, R. E., Roe, R. A., & Taillieu, T. C. (2002). Need for leadership as a
moderator of the relationships between leadership and individual outcomes.
The Leadership Quarterly, 13(2), 121-137.
- Diefendorff, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Grandey, A. A., & Dahling, J. J. (2011).
Emotional display rules as work unit norms: A multilevel analysis of
emotional labor among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 16(2), 170-189.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach tükenmişlik
ölçeğinin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal psikoloji kongresi bilimsel
çalışmaları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Fikret-Paşa, S., Kabasakal, H., & Bodur, M. (2001). Society, organizations, and
leadership in Turkey. Applied Psychology, 50(4), 559-589.
- Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work
life: An introduction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21(1), 123-
129.
- Freudenberger, H. J. (1975). The staff burn-out syndrome in alternative
institutions. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 12(1), 73-82.
- Goodwin, R. E., Groth, M., & Frenkel, S. J. (2011). Relationships between
emotional labor, job performance, and turnover. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 79(2), 538-548.
- Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to
conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.
- Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep
acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service
delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 86-96.
- Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., Mattila, A. S., Jansen, K. J., & Sideman, L. A. (2005).
Is “service with a smile” enough? Authenticity of positive displays during
service encounters. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 96(1), 38-55.
- Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic
test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 91(5), 1134-1154.
- Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnson, T. B. (2007). Burnout in the information
technology sector: Does leadership matter? European Journal of Work
and Organizational Psychology, 16, 58–75.
- Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human
feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional
labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 361-374.
- Jourdain, G., & Chênevert, D. (2010). Job demands–resources, burnout and
intention to leave the nursing profession: A questionnaire survey.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 709-722.
- Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The Core selfevaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56,
304-317.
- Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of
job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational
Behavior, 19, 151-188.
- Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job
satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative
review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-386.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations
and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal
attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
- Kabasakal, H., & Bodur, M. (1998). Leadership, values and institutions: The case
of Turkey.Research papers. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Kelloway, E. K., Turner, N., Barling, J., & Loughlin, C. (2012). Transformational
leadership and employee psychological well-being: The mediating role of
employee trust in leadership. Work & Stress, 26(1), 39-55.
- Kisbu, Y. (2006). Influences of regulatory focus, core self-evaluations and age on
biases in perception and choice. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Koç University.
- Li, X., Guan, L., Chang, H., & Zhang, B. (2014). Core self-evaluation and burnout
among nurses: the mediating role of coping styles. PloS One, 9(12).
- Maslach, C. (1976). Burnout. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16-22.
- Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout new directions in research and intervention.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189-192.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample
of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resources
Administration, 7(2), 189-212.
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and
engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498-512.
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory.
(2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Minibas-Poussard, J., Le Roy, J., & Erkmen, T. (2017). The moderating role of
individual variables in the relationship between organizational justice and
organizational commitment. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1635-1650.
- Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1997). Managing emotions in the workplace.
Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(3), 257-274.
- Motowidlo, S. J., Packard, J. S., & Manning, M. R. (1986). Occupational stress: Its
causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology,71(4), 618-629.
- Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of
organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
- Nguyen, H., Groth, M., & Johnson, A. (2013). When the going gets tough, the
tough keep working impact of emotional labor on absenteeism. Journal of
Management, 42(3), 615-643.
- Padavic, I., & Earnest, W. R. (1994). Paternalism as a component of managerial
strategy. The Social Science Journal, 31(4), 389-405.
- Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2006). Leader–member exchange (LMX),
paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical
investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2), 264-279.
- Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and
agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566-593.
- Pisaniello, S. L., Winefield, H. R., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2012). The influence of
emotional labour and emotional work on the occupational health and
wellbeing of South Australian hospital nurses. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 80(3), 579-591.
- Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and
practice: A critical analysis. CRC press.
- Schmidt, K. H., & Diestel, S. (2014). Are emotional labour strategies by nurses
associated with psychological costs? A cross-sectional survey. International
Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(11), 1450-1461.
- Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. in C. L. Cooper & 1. T.
Robertson (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, Wiley: Chichester.
- Tafvelin, S., Armelius, K., & Westerberg, K. (2011). Toward understanding the
direct and indirect effects of transformational leadership on well-being: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies,
18(4), 480-492.
- Tokmak, İ. (2014). The moderating effect of psychological capital in the relation
between emotional labor and work alienation. Journal of Business
Research-Türk, 6(3), 134-156.
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