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Risk Management Conceptualizations and Local Management of Risk

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 54, 1317 - 1334, 01.01.2017

Öz

The organizational literature on risk management conceptualizes risk as a phenomenon, which is objectively analyzable and manageable. Accordingly, any accident, disaster, or crisis risk seems to have a single universal nature, which can be understood by risk experts. Criticizing this risk conceptualization of the literature, this study argues that risk might be differently interpreted and experienced by various social groups. Risk has a local character revealed in the experiences and relationships of individuals and social groups and in their perspectives, which are shaped by those experiences and relationships. This local character is of central importance for the effectiveness of risk management. But, it becomes blurred when the process of analyzing risk is monopolized by risk experts, excluding the participation of local actors and citizens. Therefore, this study emphasizes the local experience of risk and the role of local perspectives in risk management by analyzing the views of the participants in a public hearing on the risks of an oil well, which contains highly toxic gas and is planned to build in a residential area, and related measures

Kaynakça

  • AEUB (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) (2005a) Hearing Proceedings for a Well Licence, Petrofund Corp., Armisie Field, Application no 1365474, Calgary, Alberta.
  • AEUB (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) (2005b) Decision for a Well Licence, Petrofund Corp., Armisie Field, Application no 1365474, Calgary, Alberta.
  • Akdağ, M. ve Taşdemir, E. (2006) “Krizden Çıkmanın Yolları: Etkin Bir Kriz İletişimi”, Selçuk İletişim, 4 (2), 141-157.
  • Akpınar, T. ve Çakmakkaya, B. Y. (2014) “İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından İşverenlerin Risk Değerlendirme Yükümlülüğü”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 273-304.
  • Altundaş, E. ve Topuzoğlu, A. (2011) “Tuzla Tersaneler Bölgesindeki Bir Tersanede Gerçekleşen Yaralanmayla Sonuçlanan Kazalar ve Risk Faktörleri”, Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 40, 26-34.
  • Baccus, M. D. (1986) “Multipiece Truck Wheel Accidents and Their Regulation”, Garfinkel, H. (der.), Ethnomethodological Studies of Work içinde, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 20-59.
  • Bartunek, J. (1984) “Changing Interpretive Schemes and Organizational Restructuring: The Example of a Religious Order”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29 (3), 355-372.
  • Bazerman, M. H. ve Chugh, D. (2006) “Decisions without Blinders”, Harvard Business Review, January, 88-97.
  • Bierly, P. E. ve Spender, J. C. (1995) “Culture and High Reliability Organizations: The Case of the Nuclear Submarine”, Journal of Management, 21 (4), 639-656.
  • Bowman, E. ve Kunreuther, H. (1988) “Post-Bhopal Behavior at a Chemical Company”, Journal of Management Studies, 25 (4), 387-402.
  • Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., ve Wiklund, J. (2011) “The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Facing ‘Tough’ Environments”, Journal of Management Studies, 48 (5), 1071-1097.
  • Brown, A. D. (2003) “Authoritative Sensemaking in a Public Inquiry Report”, Organization Studies, 25 (1), 95-112.
  • Buckley, P. J. ve Strange, R. (2011) “The Governance of the Multinational Enterprise: Insights from Internalization Theory”, Journal of Management Studies, 48 (2), 460-470.
  • Busenberg, G. J. (2000) “Innovation, Learning, and Policy Evolution in Hazardous Systems”, American Journal of Sociology, 44 (4), 679-691.
  • Castel, R. (1991) “From Dangerousness to Risk”, Burchell, G, Gordon, C, ve Miller, P. (der.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality içinde, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 281-298.
  • Charmaz, K. (2001) “Grounded Theory”, Emerson, R. M. (der.), Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations içinde, Prospect Heights, IL.: Waveland Press, 335-352.
  • Chrisman, J. J. ve Patel, P. C. (2012) “Variations in R&D Investments of Family and Nonfamily Firms: Behavioral Agency and Myopic Loss Aversion Perspectives”, Academy of Management Journal, 55 (4), 976-997.
  • Çalık, C. (2002) “Mobilya Endüstrisinde Meydana Gelen İş Kazalarının Ergonomik (Çevresel Etkenler) Olarak İncelenmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15 (1), 11-21.
  • Choo, C. W. (2005) “Information Failures and Organizational Disasters”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (3), 8-10.
  • Dağdeviren, M., Eraslan, E., ve E. Kurt (2005) “Çalışanların Toplam İş Yükü Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Model ve Uygulaması”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 20 (4), 517-525.
  • Dean, M. (1999) “Risks, Calculable and Incalculable”, Lupton, D. (der.), Risk and Socio-cultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 131-159.
  • Desai, V. M. (2008) “Constrained Growth: How Experience, Legitimacy, and Age Influence Risk Taking in Organizations”, Organization Science, 19 (4), 594-608.
  • Denzin, N. K. ve Lincoln, Y. S. (2000) “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research”, Denzin, N. K. ve Lincoln, Y. S. (der.), Handbook of Qualitative Research içinde, London: Sage, 1-32.
  • Douglas, M. ve Wildavsky, A. (1982) Risk and Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Dursun, S. (2011) “Türkiye’de İş Kazaları ve İş Kazalarını Önlemede Güvenlik Kültürünün Sağlanması ve Geliştirilmesi”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 125-140.
  • Eggers, J. P. (2012) “Falling Flat: Failed Technologies and Investment under Uncertainty”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 57 (1), 47-80.
  • Ehman, A. (2009) “Risk Yönetim Süreci ve Risk Yönetmekte Kullanılan Teknikler”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23 (3), 209-220.
  • Ercan, A. (2010) “Türkiye’de Yapı Sektöründe İşçi Sağlığı ve Güvenliğinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 13 (1), 49-53.
  • Feldman, S. P. (2004) “The Culture of Objectivity: Quantification, Uncertainty, and the Evaluation of Risk at NASA”, Human Relations, 57 (6), 691-718.
  • Fox, N. J. (1999) “Postmodern Reflections on ‘Risk’, ‘Hazards’, and Life Choices”, Lupton, D. (der.), Risk and Socio-cultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 12-33.
  • Garaudel, P., Noel, F. N., ve Schmidt, G. (2008) “Overcoming the Risks of Restructuring through the Integrative Bargaining Process: Two Case Studies in a French Context”, Human Relations, 61 (9), 1293-1331.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1984) “Making Sense of Organizationally based Environmental Disasters”, Journal of Management, 10 (2), 205-225.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1993) “The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking”, Academy of Management Journal, 38 (6), 1465-1514.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1997) “Hazardous Measures: An Interpretive Textual Analysis of Quantitative Sensemaking during Crises”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 18, 583-622.
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  • Gephart, R. P. ve Pitter, R. (1995) “Textual Analysis in Technology Research: An Investigation of the Management of Technology Risk”, Technology Studies, 2 (2), 325-356.
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Risk Yönetim Kavramsallaştırmaları ve Riskin Yerel Yönetimi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 54, 1317 - 1334, 01.01.2017

Öz

Örgüt çalışmaları bağlamında risk yönetimini konu edinen yazın, riski nesnel olarak saptanabilir ve yönetilebilir bir olgu olarak görmektedir. Bu durumda, herhangi bir kaza, felaket veya örgütsel kriz riski, evrensel olarak anlaşılabilir ve ancak risk uzmanlarınca tespit edilebilir bir gerçekliğe sahipmiş gibi görünmektedir. Bu çalışma bu eleştirel saptama üzerinden giderek, riskin değişik toplumsal gruplarca farklı şekillerde yorumlanıp tecrübe edilebileceğini iddia etmektedir. Riskler etkiledikleri bireylerin ve toplumsal grupların yaşanmışlıklarında ve ilişkilerinde ve bu yaşanmışlıklarca ve ilişkilerce şekillenen bakış açılarında ortaya çıkan yerel bir karaktere sahiptir. Bu yerellik, risk yönetiminin etkililiği açısından merkezi önemdedir; fakat risk çözümlemesi yalnızca uzmanların katıldığı bir süreç olunca yerellik görünmez kılınmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bir yerleşim yerinde açılmak istenen ve oldukça zehirli bir gaz içeren petrol kuyusunun yarattığı risklerin ve risklere ilişkin önlemlerin tartışıldığı bir kamu inceleme oturumundaki katılımcıların görüşlerini inceleyerek, yerel tecrübenin risk yönetimindeki rolünü vurgulamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • AEUB (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) (2005a) Hearing Proceedings for a Well Licence, Petrofund Corp., Armisie Field, Application no 1365474, Calgary, Alberta.
  • AEUB (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board) (2005b) Decision for a Well Licence, Petrofund Corp., Armisie Field, Application no 1365474, Calgary, Alberta.
  • Akdağ, M. ve Taşdemir, E. (2006) “Krizden Çıkmanın Yolları: Etkin Bir Kriz İletişimi”, Selçuk İletişim, 4 (2), 141-157.
  • Akpınar, T. ve Çakmakkaya, B. Y. (2014) “İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından İşverenlerin Risk Değerlendirme Yükümlülüğü”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 1, 273-304.
  • Altundaş, E. ve Topuzoğlu, A. (2011) “Tuzla Tersaneler Bölgesindeki Bir Tersanede Gerçekleşen Yaralanmayla Sonuçlanan Kazalar ve Risk Faktörleri”, Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 40, 26-34.
  • Baccus, M. D. (1986) “Multipiece Truck Wheel Accidents and Their Regulation”, Garfinkel, H. (der.), Ethnomethodological Studies of Work içinde, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 20-59.
  • Bartunek, J. (1984) “Changing Interpretive Schemes and Organizational Restructuring: The Example of a Religious Order”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29 (3), 355-372.
  • Bazerman, M. H. ve Chugh, D. (2006) “Decisions without Blinders”, Harvard Business Review, January, 88-97.
  • Bierly, P. E. ve Spender, J. C. (1995) “Culture and High Reliability Organizations: The Case of the Nuclear Submarine”, Journal of Management, 21 (4), 639-656.
  • Bowman, E. ve Kunreuther, H. (1988) “Post-Bhopal Behavior at a Chemical Company”, Journal of Management Studies, 25 (4), 387-402.
  • Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., ve Wiklund, J. (2011) “The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Facing ‘Tough’ Environments”, Journal of Management Studies, 48 (5), 1071-1097.
  • Brown, A. D. (2003) “Authoritative Sensemaking in a Public Inquiry Report”, Organization Studies, 25 (1), 95-112.
  • Buckley, P. J. ve Strange, R. (2011) “The Governance of the Multinational Enterprise: Insights from Internalization Theory”, Journal of Management Studies, 48 (2), 460-470.
  • Busenberg, G. J. (2000) “Innovation, Learning, and Policy Evolution in Hazardous Systems”, American Journal of Sociology, 44 (4), 679-691.
  • Castel, R. (1991) “From Dangerousness to Risk”, Burchell, G, Gordon, C, ve Miller, P. (der.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality içinde, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 281-298.
  • Charmaz, K. (2001) “Grounded Theory”, Emerson, R. M. (der.), Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations içinde, Prospect Heights, IL.: Waveland Press, 335-352.
  • Chrisman, J. J. ve Patel, P. C. (2012) “Variations in R&D Investments of Family and Nonfamily Firms: Behavioral Agency and Myopic Loss Aversion Perspectives”, Academy of Management Journal, 55 (4), 976-997.
  • Çalık, C. (2002) “Mobilya Endüstrisinde Meydana Gelen İş Kazalarının Ergonomik (Çevresel Etkenler) Olarak İncelenmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15 (1), 11-21.
  • Choo, C. W. (2005) “Information Failures and Organizational Disasters”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (3), 8-10.
  • Dağdeviren, M., Eraslan, E., ve E. Kurt (2005) “Çalışanların Toplam İş Yükü Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Model ve Uygulaması”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 20 (4), 517-525.
  • Dean, M. (1999) “Risks, Calculable and Incalculable”, Lupton, D. (der.), Risk and Socio-cultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 131-159.
  • Desai, V. M. (2008) “Constrained Growth: How Experience, Legitimacy, and Age Influence Risk Taking in Organizations”, Organization Science, 19 (4), 594-608.
  • Denzin, N. K. ve Lincoln, Y. S. (2000) “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research”, Denzin, N. K. ve Lincoln, Y. S. (der.), Handbook of Qualitative Research içinde, London: Sage, 1-32.
  • Douglas, M. ve Wildavsky, A. (1982) Risk and Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Dursun, S. (2011) “Türkiye’de İş Kazaları ve İş Kazalarını Önlemede Güvenlik Kültürünün Sağlanması ve Geliştirilmesi”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 125-140.
  • Eggers, J. P. (2012) “Falling Flat: Failed Technologies and Investment under Uncertainty”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 57 (1), 47-80.
  • Ehman, A. (2009) “Risk Yönetim Süreci ve Risk Yönetmekte Kullanılan Teknikler”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23 (3), 209-220.
  • Ercan, A. (2010) “Türkiye’de Yapı Sektöründe İşçi Sağlığı ve Güvenliğinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 13 (1), 49-53.
  • Feldman, S. P. (2004) “The Culture of Objectivity: Quantification, Uncertainty, and the Evaluation of Risk at NASA”, Human Relations, 57 (6), 691-718.
  • Fox, N. J. (1999) “Postmodern Reflections on ‘Risk’, ‘Hazards’, and Life Choices”, Lupton, D. (der.), Risk and Socio-cultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 12-33.
  • Garaudel, P., Noel, F. N., ve Schmidt, G. (2008) “Overcoming the Risks of Restructuring through the Integrative Bargaining Process: Two Case Studies in a French Context”, Human Relations, 61 (9), 1293-1331.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1984) “Making Sense of Organizationally based Environmental Disasters”, Journal of Management, 10 (2), 205-225.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1993) “The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking”, Academy of Management Journal, 38 (6), 1465-1514.
  • Gephart, R. P. (1997) “Hazardous Measures: An Interpretive Textual Analysis of Quantitative Sensemaking during Crises”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 18, 583-622.
  • Gephart, R. P. (2004) “From the Editors: Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal”, Academy of Management Journal, 47 (4), 454- 462.
  • Gephart, R. P. (2007) “Crisis Sensemaking and the Public Inquiry”, Pearson, C. M., Roux-Dufort, C., ve Clair, J. A. (der.), International Handbook of Organizational Crisis Management içinde, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 123-160.
  • Gephart, R. P. ve Pitter, R. (1995) “Textual Analysis in Technology Research: An Investigation of the Management of Technology Risk”, Technology Studies, 2 (2), 325-356.
  • Gephart, R. P., Steier, L., ve Lawrence, T. B. (1990) “Cultural Rationalities in Crisis Sensemaking: A Study of a Public Inquiry into a Major Industrial Accident”, Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4, 27-48.
  • Glaser, B. G. (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory, Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
  • Glaser, B. G. ve Strauss, A. L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
  • Goh, Y. M., Love, P. E. D., Brown, H., ve Spickett, J. (2012) “Organizational Accidents: A Systemic Model of Production vs. Protection”, Journal of Management Studies, 49 (1), 52-76.
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  • Greve, H. R. (1998) “Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 43 (1), 58-86.
  • Güneş, Ş. ve Teker, S. (2010) “Türk Enerji Sektöründe Kurumsal Risk Yönetimi Farkındalığı”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11 (1), 64-76.
  • Habermas, J. (1975) Legitimation Crisis, Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Holt, R. (2004) “Risk Management: The Talking Cure”, Organization, 11 (2), 251-270
  • Hynes, T. ve Prasad, P. (1997) “Patterns of ‘Mock Bureaucracy’ in Mining Disasters: An Analysis of the Westray Coalmine Explosion”, Journal of Management Studies, 34 (4), 601-623.
  • Jasanoff, S. (2006) “Risk in Hindsight-Towards a Politics of Reflection”, Richter, I. K., Berking, S., ve Muller-Schmid, R. (der.), Risk Society and the Culture of Precaution içinde, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 28-46.
  • Kayes, D. C. (2004) “The 1996 Mount Everest Climbing Disaster: The Breakdown of Learning in Teams”, Human Relations, 57 (10), 1263-1284.
  • Ketola, T. (2006) “Corporate Psychological Defenses: An Oil Spill Case”, Journal of Business Ethics, 65, 149-161.
  • Kurt, M. ve H. Ceylan (2001) “İş Güvenliğinde Tehlike Değerlendirme Teknikleri”, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(4), 1117-1130.
  • Livvarçin, Ö. ve Fikes, L. T. (2009) “Risk Yönetiminde Matematik Tabanlı Yeni Bir Yöntem Önerisi: Vektörel Risk Modeli (VRM)”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5 (1), 51-69.
  • Luhman, N. (1993) Risk: A Sociological Theory, New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
  • Lupton, D. (1999) Risk, New York: Routledge.
  • Macnaghten, P. (2006) “Environment and Risk”, Mythen, G. ve Walklate, S. (der.), Beyond the Risk Society: Critical Reflections on Risk and Human Security içinde, New York: Open University Press, 132-148.
  • Madsen, P. M. (2013) “Perils and Profits: A Reexamination of the Link between Profitability and Safety in U.S. Aviation”, Journal of Management, 39 (3), 763-791.
  • Menemencioğlu, K. (2006) “Ormancılıkta Üretim İşlerinde Çalışma Koşulları ve İş Kazaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri A, 1-12.
  • Miller, K. D. (2009) “Organizational Risk after Modernism”, Organization Studies, 30 (2-3), 157-180.
  • Miller, K. D. ve Bromiley, P. (1990) “Strategic Risk and Corporate Performance: An Analysis of Alternative Risk Measures”, Academy of Management Journal, 33 (4), 756-779.
  • Mitroff, I. I., Shrivastava, P., ve Udwadia, F. E. (1987) “Effective Crisis Management”, Academy of Management Executive, 1 (3), 283-292.
  • Neal, M. ve Younis, T. (2006) “Fueling the Fire: Professional Values and Departmental Boundaries in the Management of the BSE Crisis in the UK”, Disaster Prevention and Management, 15 (2), 299-312.
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  • Öğe, S. (2004) “Postmodern İş Organizasyonlarına Ergonomi Perspektifinden Bakış ve Bir Değerlendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (8), 139-161.
  • Özçifçi, A., Uysal, B., ve Ş. Kurt (2005) “İnsan Davranışlarının İş Kazaları Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Teknoloji / Z.K.Ü. Karabük Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1-2), 191-198.
  • Pelit, E. (2011) “Otel İşletmelerinde Operasyonel Risk Yönetimi: Ankara’daki Dört ve Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma”, İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 117-137.
  • Perrow, C. (1984) Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies, New York: Basic Books.
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  • Rudolph, J. W. ve Repenning, N. P. (2002) “Disaster Dynamics: Understanding the Role of Quantity in Organizational Collapse”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 1-30.
  • Scott, S. V. ve Walsham, G. (2005) “Reconceptualizing and Managing Reputation Risk in the Knowledge Economy: Toward Reputable Action”, Organization Science, 16 (3), 308-322.
  • Seeger, M. W., Ulmer, R. R., Novak, J. M., ve Sellnow, T. (2005) “Post-crisis Discourse and Organizational Change, Failure, and Renewal”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18 (1), 78-95.
  • Shaw, D., Hall, M., Edwards, J. S., ve Baker, B. (2007) “Responding to Crisis through Strategic Knowledge Management”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20 (4), 559-578.
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  • Şerifoğlu, U. K. ve E. Sungur (2007) “İşletmelerde Sağlık ve Güvenlik Kültürünün Oluşturulması: Tepe Yönetimin Rolü ve Kurum İçi İletişim Olanaklarının Kullanımı”, Yönetim/İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18 (58), 41-50.
  • Tempest, S., Starkey, K., ve Ennew, C. (2007) “In the Death Zone: A Study of Limits in the 1996 Mount Everest Disaster”, Human Relations, 60 (7), 1039-1064.
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  • Tulloch, J. (1999) “Fear of Crime and the Media: Socio-cultural Theories of Risk”, Lupton, D. (der.), Risk and Socio-cultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 34-58.
  • Vaughan, D. (1999) “The Dark Side of Organizations: Mistake, Misconduct, and Disaster”, Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 271-305.
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  • Wicks, D. (2001) “Institutionalized Mindsets of Invulnerability: Differentiated Institutional Fields and the Antecedents of Organizational Crisis”, Organization Studies, 22 (4), 659-692.
  • Winter, S. G., Szulanski, G., Ringov, D., ve Jensen, R. J. (2012) “Reproducing Knowledge: Inaccurate Replication and Failure in Franchise Organizations”, Organization Science, 23 (3), 672-685.
  • Wrigley, J. ve Dreby, J. (2005) “Fatalities and the Organization of Child Care in the United States, 1985-2003”, American Sociological Review, 70 (5), 729- 757.
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çağrı Topal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 54

Kaynak Göster

APA Topal, Ç. (2017). Risk Yönetim Kavramsallaştırmaları ve Riskin Yerel Yönetimi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(54), 1317-1334.
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