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Birleşik Krallık’ta Evrensel Kredi Uygulaması ve Evrensel Kredinin Yararlanıcılar Bakımından Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 58, 1435 - 1458, 01.01.2018

Zeynep Aca

Öz

Çalışma, Birleşik Krallık’ta 2013 yılından itibaren aşamalı olarak uygulamaya konulan “Evrensel Kredi” Universal Credit uygulamasının yararlanıcılar bakımından etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Evrensel Kredi uygulamasının yararlanıcılara ilişkin etkisinin anlaşılabilmesi için bu uygulama tüm yönleriyle ele alınmış ve eski sistemle arasındaki farklılıklar detaylandırılmıştır. Birleşik Krallık‘ta sosyal yardımların çalışma karşılığı verilmesi kararlaştırılan uygulamanın refah reformunun yararlanıcılara ilişkin etkilerinin seçimi, The Poverty Alliance’ın Evrensel Kredi’nin uygulanabilirliğine ilişkin yürüttüğü geniş kapsamlı araştırma raporlarına dayanmaktadır. Etkilerin tasnifinde uygulamaya ilişkin araştırma raporlarında ön plana en çok çıkan başlıklar esas alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda Evrensel Kredi uygulamasının yararlanıcılarda yarattığı etkiler; farklı aile kompozisyonları, sisteme çevrimiçi başvuru, başvuru esnasındaki taahhütler, ödenme şekli ve sistemin yarattığı duygusal etkiler bakımından beş başlık altında sınıflandırılarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca etkilerin yukarıdan aşağıya doğru sınıflandırılmasında belirli bir sistematik takip edilerek yararlanıcıların yüzleştiği ve yüzleşebileceği etkilerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi hedeflenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Evrensel Kredi refah reformu yararlanıcılar Birleşik Krallık yardım karşılığı çalışma

Kaynakça

  • Tinson, A. (2015), The Rise Of Sanctioning In Great Britain, London, The New Policy Istitute.
  • Alcock, P. (2012) “The Subject of Social Policy”, in P. Alcock, M. Sharon Ve D Wright (eds.) The Student’s Companion To Social Policy, 4 Baskı, Wile Blackwell.
  • Beveridge, W. (1942) “Social and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report)”, Modern History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1942beveridge.asp (24.04.2018).
  • Citizens Advice Bureau, (2013), “Citizens Advice Universal Credit Managing Migration Pilot”,https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/Global/Migrated_Documents/co rporate/citizens-advice-managing-migration-pilot-baseline-resultssummary.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • David M. Ve Nita C. "Engaging For Success: Enhancing Performance Through Employee Engagement”, http://engageforsuccess.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/file52215.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Doug P. Ve Jeanne D. “Zero-hours Contracts” http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06553/SN06553 .pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Douglas W. “Across the Divide Tackling Digital Exclusion in Glasgow”, http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/carnegieuktrust/wpcontent/uploads/sit es/64/2016/02/pub14550115961.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2010), “Universal Credit: Welfare That Works”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/48897/universal-credit-full-document.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2014a), “Universal Credit Pathfinder Evaluation”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/380537/rr886-universal-credit-pathfinder-evaluation.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP, (2014b), “Universal Credit Inverness Live Site – Impact on Housing Update”, http://www.welfarereformscotland.co.uk/downloads/Gail_Ward_The_Hig hland_Council_Presentation.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2015), “Estimating The Early Labour Market Impacts Of Universal Credit”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/403546/Universal_Credit_estimating_the_early_labour_market_imp acts_-_ad_hoc_19.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Eileen, H., Anne P. Ve Bert P. (2015), Is Welfare Reform Working?: Impacts On Working Age Tenants A Study For SW HAILO, Overview report, Paper No CASEreport 90.
  • Evans, E. J. (1978) Social Policy 1830-1914: Individualism, Collectivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Glasgow City Council (2013) “Glasgow City Council: Payday Lending Sounding Board”, https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/councillorsandcommittees/viewSelectedDocu ment.asp?c=P62AFQNTT181DX2U (24.04.2018).
  • Graham H. Ve McQuaid S. (2014), Exploring The Impacts Of The UK Government’s Welfare Reforms On Lone Parents Moving Into Work, Edinburgh, Employment Research Enstitute.
  • Güngör, F. Ve Özuğurlu, M. (1997), “İngiliz Yoksul Yasaları: Paternalizm, Piyasa ya da Sosyal Devlet”, Ankara University Publishing House, http://www.politics.ankara.edu.tr/eski/dosyalar/tm/SBF_WP_03.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • GOW.UK, “Universal Credit”, https://www.gov.uk/universal-credit/what-youllget (24.04.2018).
  • Harris, B. (2014) The Development of Social Policy, 1800-1945’, in H. Bochel Ve G. Daly (eds.) Social Policy (3. Baskı), London and New York: Routledge.
  • Jennifer, B. (2016) “Unemployment By Ethnic Background”, Briefing Paper Number 6385,29November2016,http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/docume nts/SN06385/SN06385.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • JFR (2014) “Future of the UK labour market”, https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/future-uk-labour-market, (24.04.2018).
  • Joseph Rownttree Foundation (2016), “Underemployment”, https://www.jrf.org.uk/mpse-2015/underemployment ( 24.04.2018).
  • L&W, “Universal Credit”, https://www2.learningandwork.org.uk/keypolicy/universal-credit (24.04.2018)
  • Labour Party, “History of the Labour Party”, http://archive.labour.org.uk/history_of_the_labour_party, (24.04.2018).
  • Martin, Culliney, Tina Haux Ve Stephen McKay (2014), “Family structure and poverty in the UK: An Evidence And Policy Review”, http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/14958/1/Family_structure_report_Lincoln.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Matthew, P. Ve Matthew W. (2012), Conditions Uncertain Assessing The Implications Of Universal Credit In-Work Conditionality, London, Resolution Foundation.
  • Mitchell, M. (1985) “The Effects of Unemployment on the Social Condition of Women and Children in the 1930s”, History Workshop Journal, Vol. 19, No.1, 105-207
  • Monique, R. Ve Luke P. (2011), Perceptions of welfare reform and Universal Credit, Research Report No 778, DWP, Sheffield.
  • National Audit Office (2014), “Universal Credit: Progress Update, HC 786 SESSION 2014-15”, https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Universal-Creditprogress-update.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Niall, C., Sarah, P. Ve Ruth J. (2014) Below The Breadline: The Relentless Rise of Food Poverty in Britain, Church Action Ob Poverty, The Trussel Trust, Oxfam.
  • Nigel, K. Ve Ryan, S. (2012), Sink Or Swim? The impact of the Universal Credit, London, The Social Market Foundation.
  • One Parent Famlies, “One Parent Families –A Profile Aug 2009”, http://www.opfs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/one-parentfamilies_a-profile_2009.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Scottish Goverment, (2013), “The Potential Impacts Of Benefit SanctionsOon Individuals And Households: Welfare Analysis”, http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00440885.pdf (24.08.2018)
  • Scottish Parliament (2015), The Cumulative Impact of Welfare Reform on Households in Scotland, Welfare Reform Committee 1st Report, 2015 (Session 4), SP Paper 657, Scottish Parliament.
  • The Money Advice Service (2016), “Who is affected by Universal Credit”, https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/en/articles/who-is-affected-byuniversal-credit (24.04.2018);
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015a), “What’s Going On In Glasgow: Welfare Reform And The Impact On Families”, Research Briefing No. 4, http://welfare.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/Welfare%20BriefingNo4 %20Welfare%20Reform%20and%20the%20impact%20on%20families.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015b), “Universal Credit: Issues For Glasgow”, Welfare Trackers Research Briefing No. 2, http://www.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/WelfareBriefingNo2_Univer salCredit.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015c), “No Light at the End of the Tunnel: Tracking the impact of Welfare Reform across Glasgow”, http://www.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/WelfareTrackers_Report_Fi nalAW_compressed.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Statistics Portal, “Lone parent families in the United Kingdom (UK) 2015, by parent's gender (in 1,000)”, (24.04.2018).
  • The Trussel Trust, “The Foodbank Network”, https://www.trusselltrust.org/ (24.04.2018)
  • UC, “Universal Credit and families: questions and answers”, (2015), http://www.bitc.org.uk/system/files/uc-and-families-q-a-aug-2015.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Universal Credit And Families: Questions And Answers, http://www.bitc.org.uk/system/files/uc-and-families-q-a-aug-2015.pdf (24.04. 2108).
  • Universal Credit and Your Claimant Commitment, February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/404215/uc-and-your-claimant-commitment.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Universal Credit and Your Family, January 2016, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/491027/uc-and-your-family-jan16.pdf (024.04.2018).
  • Women’s Aid, (2015), Unequal, Trapped & Controlled: Women’s Experience Of Financial Abuse And Potential Implications, TUC.

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 58, 1435 - 1458, 01.01.2018

Zeynep Aca

Öz

This study aims to examine extensively the effects of The Universal Credit, which has been phased, implemented since 2013 on the beneficiaries. In this study, in order to understand the effects of the Universal Credit on the beneficiaries, the implementation of the Universal Credit was addressed in all its aspects, and the differences between the Universal Credit and the previous system was detailed. In this study, the selection of the effects of the implementation of the Universal Credit welfare reform which aims to put people to work on the beneficiaries was based on the Poverty Alliance’s extensive studies conducted on the applicability of the Universal Credit. In the categorization of the effects were based on the titles come to the forefront mostly in the research reports related to the implementation of Universal Credit. In this context, the effects of the Universal Credit on beneficiaries were examined in terms of different family compositions, online application to the system, commitment at the time of application, method of payment, and the emotional effects created by the system. Also, to be able to understand the effects faced and could be faced by the beneficiaries was fallowed a certain systematic steps for classification of the effects from top to bottom.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Universal Credit welfare reform beneficiaries United Kingdom workfare

Kaynakça

  • Tinson, A. (2015), The Rise Of Sanctioning In Great Britain, London, The New Policy Istitute.
  • Alcock, P. (2012) “The Subject of Social Policy”, in P. Alcock, M. Sharon Ve D Wright (eds.) The Student’s Companion To Social Policy, 4 Baskı, Wile Blackwell.
  • Beveridge, W. (1942) “Social and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report)”, Modern History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1942beveridge.asp (24.04.2018).
  • Citizens Advice Bureau, (2013), “Citizens Advice Universal Credit Managing Migration Pilot”,https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/Global/Migrated_Documents/co rporate/citizens-advice-managing-migration-pilot-baseline-resultssummary.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • David M. Ve Nita C. "Engaging For Success: Enhancing Performance Through Employee Engagement”, http://engageforsuccess.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/file52215.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Doug P. Ve Jeanne D. “Zero-hours Contracts” http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06553/SN06553 .pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Douglas W. “Across the Divide Tackling Digital Exclusion in Glasgow”, http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/carnegieuktrust/wpcontent/uploads/sit es/64/2016/02/pub14550115961.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2010), “Universal Credit: Welfare That Works”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/48897/universal-credit-full-document.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2014a), “Universal Credit Pathfinder Evaluation”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/380537/rr886-universal-credit-pathfinder-evaluation.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP, (2014b), “Universal Credit Inverness Live Site – Impact on Housing Update”, http://www.welfarereformscotland.co.uk/downloads/Gail_Ward_The_Hig hland_Council_Presentation.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • DWP (2015), “Estimating The Early Labour Market Impacts Of Universal Credit”, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/403546/Universal_Credit_estimating_the_early_labour_market_imp acts_-_ad_hoc_19.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Eileen, H., Anne P. Ve Bert P. (2015), Is Welfare Reform Working?: Impacts On Working Age Tenants A Study For SW HAILO, Overview report, Paper No CASEreport 90.
  • Evans, E. J. (1978) Social Policy 1830-1914: Individualism, Collectivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Glasgow City Council (2013) “Glasgow City Council: Payday Lending Sounding Board”, https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/councillorsandcommittees/viewSelectedDocu ment.asp?c=P62AFQNTT181DX2U (24.04.2018).
  • Graham H. Ve McQuaid S. (2014), Exploring The Impacts Of The UK Government’s Welfare Reforms On Lone Parents Moving Into Work, Edinburgh, Employment Research Enstitute.
  • Güngör, F. Ve Özuğurlu, M. (1997), “İngiliz Yoksul Yasaları: Paternalizm, Piyasa ya da Sosyal Devlet”, Ankara University Publishing House, http://www.politics.ankara.edu.tr/eski/dosyalar/tm/SBF_WP_03.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • GOW.UK, “Universal Credit”, https://www.gov.uk/universal-credit/what-youllget (24.04.2018).
  • Harris, B. (2014) The Development of Social Policy, 1800-1945’, in H. Bochel Ve G. Daly (eds.) Social Policy (3. Baskı), London and New York: Routledge.
  • Jennifer, B. (2016) “Unemployment By Ethnic Background”, Briefing Paper Number 6385,29November2016,http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/docume nts/SN06385/SN06385.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • JFR (2014) “Future of the UK labour market”, https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/future-uk-labour-market, (24.04.2018).
  • Joseph Rownttree Foundation (2016), “Underemployment”, https://www.jrf.org.uk/mpse-2015/underemployment ( 24.04.2018).
  • L&W, “Universal Credit”, https://www2.learningandwork.org.uk/keypolicy/universal-credit (24.04.2018)
  • Labour Party, “History of the Labour Party”, http://archive.labour.org.uk/history_of_the_labour_party, (24.04.2018).
  • Martin, Culliney, Tina Haux Ve Stephen McKay (2014), “Family structure and poverty in the UK: An Evidence And Policy Review”, http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/14958/1/Family_structure_report_Lincoln.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Matthew, P. Ve Matthew W. (2012), Conditions Uncertain Assessing The Implications Of Universal Credit In-Work Conditionality, London, Resolution Foundation.
  • Mitchell, M. (1985) “The Effects of Unemployment on the Social Condition of Women and Children in the 1930s”, History Workshop Journal, Vol. 19, No.1, 105-207
  • Monique, R. Ve Luke P. (2011), Perceptions of welfare reform and Universal Credit, Research Report No 778, DWP, Sheffield.
  • National Audit Office (2014), “Universal Credit: Progress Update, HC 786 SESSION 2014-15”, https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Universal-Creditprogress-update.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Niall, C., Sarah, P. Ve Ruth J. (2014) Below The Breadline: The Relentless Rise of Food Poverty in Britain, Church Action Ob Poverty, The Trussel Trust, Oxfam.
  • Nigel, K. Ve Ryan, S. (2012), Sink Or Swim? The impact of the Universal Credit, London, The Social Market Foundation.
  • One Parent Famlies, “One Parent Families –A Profile Aug 2009”, http://www.opfs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/one-parentfamilies_a-profile_2009.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Scottish Goverment, (2013), “The Potential Impacts Of Benefit SanctionsOon Individuals And Households: Welfare Analysis”, http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00440885.pdf (24.08.2018)
  • Scottish Parliament (2015), The Cumulative Impact of Welfare Reform on Households in Scotland, Welfare Reform Committee 1st Report, 2015 (Session 4), SP Paper 657, Scottish Parliament.
  • The Money Advice Service (2016), “Who is affected by Universal Credit”, https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/en/articles/who-is-affected-byuniversal-credit (24.04.2018);
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015a), “What’s Going On In Glasgow: Welfare Reform And The Impact On Families”, Research Briefing No. 4, http://welfare.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/Welfare%20BriefingNo4 %20Welfare%20Reform%20and%20the%20impact%20on%20families.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015b), “Universal Credit: Issues For Glasgow”, Welfare Trackers Research Briefing No. 2, http://www.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/WelfareBriefingNo2_Univer salCredit.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Poverty Alliance, (2015c), “No Light at the End of the Tunnel: Tracking the impact of Welfare Reform across Glasgow”, http://www.povertyalliance.org/userfiles/files/WelfareTrackers_Report_Fi nalAW_compressed.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • The Statistics Portal, “Lone parent families in the United Kingdom (UK) 2015, by parent's gender (in 1,000)”, (24.04.2018).
  • The Trussel Trust, “The Foodbank Network”, https://www.trusselltrust.org/ (24.04.2018)
  • UC, “Universal Credit and families: questions and answers”, (2015), http://www.bitc.org.uk/system/files/uc-and-families-q-a-aug-2015.pdf (24.04.2018).
  • Universal Credit And Families: Questions And Answers, http://www.bitc.org.uk/system/files/uc-and-families-q-a-aug-2015.pdf (24.04. 2108).
  • Universal Credit and Your Claimant Commitment, February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/404215/uc-and-your-claimant-commitment.pdf, (24.04.2018).
  • Universal Credit and Your Family, January 2016, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da ta/file/491027/uc-and-your-family-jan16.pdf (024.04.2018).
  • Women’s Aid, (2015), Unequal, Trapped & Controlled: Women’s Experience Of Financial Abuse And Potential Implications, TUC.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zeynep Aca Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 58

Kaynak Göster

APA Aca, Z. (2018). Birleşik Krallık’ta Evrensel Kredi Uygulaması ve Evrensel Kredinin Yararlanıcılar Bakımından Etkileri. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(58), 1435-1458.
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