Ürdün’de Düzensiz Göçmen Kadın Emeği, COVID-19 Pandemi Krizi ve “Hepimiz Aynı Gemideyiz” Retoriği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 71, 2935 - 2954, 01.01.2021

Cevdet Acu

Öz

İçinde yaşadığımız küresel dünyada daha insani bir gelecek için göç eden kadın işçilerin sayısı sistematik bir şekilde artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte işgücü içerisinde en fazla sömürülen grupların başında yine göçmen kadın işçiler gelmektedir. Bu makale, Mart-Ekim 2020 tarihleri arasında Ürdün’de yapılan saha çalışmalarına dayanarak, Ürdün’e yasal yollarla gelmiş ancak muhtelif nedenlerden dolayı düzensiz göçmen statüsüne düşürülmüş kadın göçmenlerin işgücü içerisinde karşılaştığı zorlukları Kafala düzenlemesi ekseninde tartışmaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca, 2019 yılından bu yana dünyanın neredeyse her yerini etkisi altına alan COVID-19 krizi ve bununla birlikte alınan koruyucu önlemlerin düzensiz göçmen kadın çalışanlar üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Son olarak, bu çalışmada COVID-19 krizi sürecinde uluslararası kuruluşlar ve hükümetlerin çok sık dillendirmeye başladığı “hepimiz aynı gemideyiz” söylemi, düzensiz göçmen kadınların toplumsal hayat içerisinde karşılaştığı sorunlar eşliğinde analiz edilmektedir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre COVID-19 salgını sürecinde, zaten dezavantajlı pozisyonda bulunan düzensiz göçmen kadın işçilerin toplum içerisindeki kırılganlığı önemli ölçüde artmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ürdün, Düzensiz Göçmen Kadın Emeği, Kafala, Sömürü, ve COVID-19 krizi

Living and Working Conditions of Undocumented Women Migrants in Jordan, the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis, and “We are All in this Together” Rhetoric

Öz

There are growing numbers of people who migrate across borders, looking for better employment and life opportunities in recent years, and the number of women who have crossed borders to work also increases significantly. Women migrant workers are one of the most vulnerable groups in society due to different reasons. This article investigates undocumented women migrants workers’ common challenges based on semi-structured interviews from March to October 2020 in Jordan. Moreover, this study explores the impact of COVID-19 and its preventive restrictions on undocumented women migrant workers. Finally, the paper discusses the “we are all in this together” statement, repeated by some politicians and nongovernment organisations since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, along with the problems faced by undocumented women migrants in society. This research indicates that undocumented women migrant workers’ vulnerability has deepened significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis as they are one of the most exploited groups in the labour market

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jordan, Undocumented Women Migrants, Kafala, Exploitation, and COVID-19 crisis

Kaynakça

• Acu, C. (2021). “Eşitsizlik Virüsü”, https://www.indyturk.com/node/325776/türki̇yeden-sesler/eşitsizlik-virüsü (Erişim tarihi: 06.04.2021).
• Alsharif, F. (2021). Undocumented migrants in Saudi Arabia: COVID‐19 and amnesty reforms. International Migration.
• Amo-Agyei, S. (2020). “The migrant pay gap: understanding wage differences between migrants and nationals”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--- migrant/documents/publication/wcms_763803.pdf ; https://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/LMPJordan-2020-final-version.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2021).
• Avrupa Komisyonu. (2021). “Sorular ve Cevaplar - Eşit ücret: Komisyon, eşit işe eşit ücret ödenmesini sağlamak için ücret şeffaflığına ilişkin önlemleri açıkladı”, https://ec.europa.eu/cyprus/news/20210304_3_tr (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021).
• Bajracharya, R., ve Sijapati, B. (2012). The Kafala system and its implications for Nepali domestic workers. Policy Brief, 1, 1-16.
• Brookings Doha Center (BDC). (2020). “Policy and Institutional Responses to COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa: Jordan”, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MENA-Covid19-Survey-Jordan-12-20-.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• Caillol, D. (2018). The spatial dimension of agency: the everyday urban practices of Filipina domestic workers in Amman, Jordan. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(5), 645-665.
• Cohen, N., ve Arieli, T. (2011). Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling. Journal of Peace Research, 48(4), 423-435.
• Colegrave, S. (2020). “We Are Not All in This Together”, https://bylinetimes.com/2020/05/13/coronavirus-crisis-we-are-not-all-in-thistogether/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2020).
• Danish Trade Union Development Agency (DTDA) ve Confederation of Danish Industry (DI) (2020). “Labour Market Report Jordan – 2020”, https://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/LMPJordan-2020-final-version.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• Departmant of Statistics (DoS). (2021). “24.7% Unemployment Rate during the fourth Quarter of 2020”, http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/unemp_q42020/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2021).
• De Bel-Air, F. (2016). “Migration Profile: Jordan”, http://dianan.iue.it:8080/handle/1814/44065 (Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2021).
• De Bel-Air, F. (2019). “Jordan: education, labour market, migration”, https://www.seo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Annex_B_Jordan.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• El-Abed, O. (2012). “Illegal Residents in Jordan: stateless persons, illegal migrants and refugees”, https://rb.gy/4xftoi (Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2020).
• Elrick, T. ve Lewandowska, E. (2008). Matching and making labour demand and supply: agents in Polish migrant networks of domestic elderly care in Germany and Italy. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 34(5), 717-734.
• Fargues, P. (2012). “Irregular Migration in the Arab Mediterranean Countries”, https://rb.gy/my9sex (Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2020).
• Fernandes, N. (2020). “Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3557504 (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• Frantz, E. (2009). Captive Labour: Sri Lankan'Guest'Workers in Jordan. Bulletin for the Council for British Research in the Levant, 4(1), 27-30.
• Ghaljaie, F., Naderifar, M., ve Goli, H. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3).
• Gonzales, R. G. ve Chavez, L. R. (2012). “Awakening to a Nightmare” Abjectivity and Illegality in the Lives of Undocumented 1.5-Generation Latino Immigrants in the United States. Current Anthropology 53(3), 255-281.
• Gordon, J. (2020). “The Obstacles to Decent Work for Migrants in Jordan: A Discussion with Alia Hindawi”, https://civilsocietycentre.org/paper/obstacles-decent-work-migrants-jordan-discussion-aliahindawi (Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2020).
• Hamza, S. (2015). Migrant labor in the Arabian Gulf: a case study of Dubai, UAE. Pursuit-The Journal of Undergraduate Research at the University of Tennessee, 6(1), 10.
• Hosoda, N. (2020). “Countering Abuse Against Philippine Migrant Workers”, https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/countering-abuse-against-philippine-migrantworkers/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2021).
• Human Rights Watch (HRW). (2011). “Domestic Plight How Jordanian Laws, Officials, Employers, and Recruiters Fail Abused Migrant Domestic
• Workers”, https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/27/domestic-plight/howjordanian-laws-officials-employers-and-recruiters-fail-abused (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• Humphrey, M. (1990). “Asian women workers in the Middle East: Domestic servants in Jordan”, https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir= 1&article=1019&context=cmsocpapers (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2021). “ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2021).
• ILO (2020). “Impact Of Covıd-19 On Workers İn Jordan A Rapıd Assessment”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---robeirut/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743393.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2021).
• ILO. (2016). “Migrant Domestic Workers”, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/careeconomy/migrant-domestic-workers/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2020).
• ILO. (2015). “Migrant Domestic Workers Across the World: global and regional estimates”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/--- protrav/---migrant/documents/briefingnote/wcms_490162.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2020).
• International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2020). ‘The World Migration Report 2020’. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2021).
• Jordan Times (2019). “Domestic workers endure abuse as organisations cite ‘collective failure’ of stakeholders”, https://jordantimes.com/news/local/domestic-workers-endure-abuseorganisations-cite-‘collective-failure’-stakeholders (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2021).
• Jordan Times. (2018). “9,448 migrant workers deported in 2017 - Labour Ministry”, https://rb.gy/t1anv0 (Erişim tarihi: 09.10.2020).
• Kane-Hartnett, L. (2018). “Kafala System – A Gateway to Slavery”, https://humantraffickingsearch.org/kafala-system/ (Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2020).
• Le Page, M. (2020). “Europe's second wave of coronavirus is starting to eclipse the first”, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2258904-europes-second-waveof-coronavirus-is-starting-to-eclipse-the-first/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.10.2020).
• Longhurst, R. (2003). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key methods in geography, 3(2), 143-156.
• Malik, N. (2020). The forgotten victims of the Beirut explosion: domestic workers, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/06/beirutexplosion-domestic-workers-covid-19-nannies-blast (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• Migration Data Portal (MDP) (2021). “Gender and Migration”, https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/gender-and-migration (Erişim tarihi: 09.06.2021).
• Minister of Health, (Jordan). (2021). “Covid-19 Statistical Report -Jordan”, https://corona.moh.gov.jo/en )Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2021).
• Motamedi, M. (2021). “Iran faces fourth COVID wave after Nowruz holidays”, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/3/iran-faces-fourth-covid-wave-afternowruz-holidays (Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2021).
• Official for National Statistics (ONS). (2020). “Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: June 2020”, https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheim pactonoutputintheukeconomy/june2020 (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2020).
• Oxfam. (2020). “World’s billionaires have more wealth than 4.6 billion people”, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/worlds-billionaires-have-more-wealth46-billion-people (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• Oxfam. (2021). “The Inequality Virus”, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequalityvirus (Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2021)
• Ozili, P. K., ve Arun, T. (2020). “Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the Global Economy”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3562570 (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• Pande, A. (2013). “The paper that you have in your hand is my freedom”: Migrant Domestic Work and the Sponsorship (kafala) System in Lebanon. International Migration Review, 47(2), 414-441.
• Pande, A. (2012). From “balcony talk” and “practical prayers” to illegal collectives: Migrant domestic workers and meso-level resistances in Lebanon. Gender & Society, 26(3), 382-405.
• Parreñas, R. S., ve Silvey, R. (2021). The governance of the Kafala system and the punitive control of migrant domestic workers. Population, Space and Place, e2487.
• Razzaz, S. (2017). “Jordanian Workers, Migrant Workers and Refugees in the Jordanian Labour Market”, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---robeirut/documents/publication/wcms_556931.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2021).
• Saif, I. (2006). “The Socio-Economic Implications of the Qualified Industrial Zones in Jordan. Amman, Jordan”, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/139049/62.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• Safi, M. (2020). “Coronavirus: 400 arrested in Jordan for violating nationwide curfew”, The Guardian. https://rb.gy/fjw2dv (Erişim tarihi: 09.10.2020).
• Sinha, M. (2021). Treatment of migrant workers in the Middle East: Modern-day slavery?. ANU Undergraduate Research Journal, 11(1), 144-154.
• Sowell, K, H. (2017). “Reforming Jordan’s Labor Market”, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/74796, (Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2020).
• Sweidan, M. (2018). Migration in Jordan, a Statistical Portrait from a Gender Perspective, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographicsocial/meetings/2018/tokyo-globalforumgenderstat/Paper/Jordan%20Paper%2021%20Nov%202018.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2020).
• Tamkeen (2020), “Under Curfew: 6 Tamkeen reveals the status of Migrants in the midst of the Corona Virus Crisis and the difficulties they are facing”, https://tamkeen-jo.org/upload/Under_Curfew_6- __Tamkeen_reveals_the_status_of_Migrants_in_the_midst_of_the_Corona_ Virus_Crisis_and_the_difficulties_they_are_facing.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2021).
• The World Bank (WB). (2020). “COVID-19 to Plunge Global Economy into Worst Recession since World War II”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/06/08/covid-19-toplunge-global-economy-into-worst-recession-since-world-war-ii (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020)
• Uddin, M. A. (2021). The Plight of the Bangladeshi Women Migrants in the Middle East. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 44(2), 66-94.
• United Nations. (UN). (2020). We are all in this Together: Human Rights and COVID-19 Response and Recovery, https://www.un.org/en/uncoronavirus-communications-team/we-are-all-together-human-rights-andcovid-19-response-and (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2020)
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2020). “Human Development Report 2020”, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/countrynotes/JOR.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.06.2021).
• Walleser, M. (2018). “Commodification and Resistance: Migrant Labor in Jordan”, https://commons.clarku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1213&context=idc e_masters_papers (Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2020).
• World Bank (WB). (2017). “Jordan Country Reclassification - Questions and Answers”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jordan/brief/qa-jordancountry-reclassification (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021).
• World Health Organization. (WHO). (2021). “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic”, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus2019 (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2021).