Ücret Eşitsizliği ve Ücretin Sosyoekonomik Belirleyenleri: İstanbul Örneği

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 53, 703 - 720, 01.01.2017

Parla Onuk

Öz

Literatürde ücret eşitsizliği kavramının temelde iki ana unsurun varlığından kaynaklandığı ileri sürülmektedir. İlki piyasa aksaklıkları, ikincisi ise bireylerin sahip oldukları nitelik farklılıklarıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı söz konusu farklılıklardan hareketle literatürdeki temel insan sermayesi modelini kullanarak ücret farklılığına neden olan sosyoekonomik değişkenleri analiz etmektir. 2015 yılı içerisinde İstanbul genelinde uygulanan tüketici davranışı anketi sonuçları bağlamında temel modeli destekler nitelikte; eğitim seviyesi ve deneyim arttıkça alınan ücretin de farklılaştığı görülmektedir. İlgili modelin yanı sıra uyguladığımız genişletilmiş modeller sanayi sektöründe çalışanların hizmet sektöründekilere göre daha fazla ücret aldığını, kadınların erkeklere nazaran iş gücüne katılımının daha az olduğunu ve aynı eğitim seviyelerinde olmalarına rağmen erkeklere göre daha düşük ücret aldıklarını göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ücret Eşitsizliği, İnsan Sermayesi Modeli, Gelir Farklılıkları

Wage Discrimination and Socioeconomic Determinants of Wage: A Case Study in Istanbul

Öz

In the economics literature, wage discrimination is mainly explained by the presence of two factors. One of them is market imperfections, and the other is quality differences between individuals. This paper aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants of wage differentials by using the basic human capital model. Based on a consumer behavior survey applied throughout Istanbul in 2015, it points out that wage tends to increase with educational level and experience, a finding supportive of the basic model. Besides, workers in the industrial sector are paid higher than those in the service sector. Moreover, empirical findings of the extended models underline the role of gender in both labor force particification and wage differantials. Women are less likely to participate in the labor force and they are paid substantially lower even when controlled for education

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wage Discrimination, The Human Capital Model, Income Differantials

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D. ve Autor, D. (2011). Lectures in Labor Economics, Manuscript, http://economics. mit. edu/files/4689.
• Al-Qudsi Suleyman S. (1989). “Return to Education, Sectoral Pay Differentials and Determinants in Kuwait”, Economics of Education Review, 8(3), Pergamon Press, Great Britain, 263-276.
• Becker, Gary S. (1962). “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis.”, Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), Part 2, 9-49.
• Becker, Gary S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
• Berndt, Ernst R. (1991). The Practice of Econometrics: Classic and Contemporary, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York.
• Bowles, S. ve Gintis, H. (1975). “The Problem with Human Capital Theory--a Marxian Critique”. The American Economic Review, 65(2), 74-82.
• Casero, P. A. ve Seshan, G. (2006). “Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials and Returns to Education in Djibouti”,The World Bank, Working Paper, 1-18.
• Cergibozan, R. ve Özcan, Y. (2012).“Türkiye İçin Bölgelere Göre Ücret Ayrıştırma Analizi: Ekonometrik Yaklaşım. [For Turkey by Region Wage Decomposition Analysis: Econometric Approach]”,Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1),27-48.
• Chiswick, B. R. (1974). Income Inequality, National Breau of Economic Research, New York.
• Christofides, L.N. ve Pashardes, P. (2002). “Self/Paid-Employment, Public/Private Sector Selection and Wage Differentials”,Labour Economics, 9(6), 737-762.
• Danh, N. ve Long, H. (2006). “Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials for Males and Females in Vietnam”,Munich Personal Repec Archive (MPRA), No: 6738, 1-25.
• Depalo, D. ve Giordano, R. (2010). “The Public Sector Pay Gap in Italy”, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228887747,1-47.
• Dougherty C., (2010),“A Comparison of Public and Private Sector Earnings in Jordan”,International Labour Organization, Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, No: 24, Geneva: Switzerland, 1-63.
• Dustmann, C. ve Soest, A. V. (1997). “Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany”, Fiscal Studies, 18(3), 225-247.
• Eraslan, V. (2012). “Türkiye İşgücü Piyasasında Ücret Seviyesinde Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı: Blinder-Oaxaca Ayrıştırma Yöntemi [Gender Discrimination inWage Level at Turkey the Labour Market: Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Method]”,İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(1), 231-248.
• Frank, R. H. (2013). The Darwin Economy: Liberty, Competition, and the Common Good, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Harnquwist, K. (1987). “Social Demand Models”, Economics of Education Research and Studies, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
• Heitmueller, A. (2006). “Public-Private Sector Pay Differentials in A Devolved Scotland”, Journal of Applied Economics, 9(2), 295-323.
• Hyder, A. (2006). “Public- Private Sector Earning Differentials, Preferences for Public Sector Jobs and Unemployment Duration: Evidence from Pakistan”, Pakistan Islamabad,http://pide.org.pk/pdf/Seminar/Seminar_Pre19-10-2006.pdf.
• Krueger, A. (1988). “Are Public Sector Workers Paid More Than Their Alternative Wage? Evidence from Longitudinal Data and Job Queues”, Richard B.Freeman, Casey Ichniowski (Eds.)When Public Sector Workers Unionize, University of Chicago Press, 217-242.
• Leping, K-O. (2005). “Public-Private Sector Wage Differrential in Estonia: Evidence from Quantile Regression”, Tartu University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Tartu University Press, No: 431, Tartu.
• McNabb, R. (1987). “Labor Market Theories and Education”, Economics of Education Research and Studies, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
• Miaari, Sami H. (2009). “The Public-Private Wage Differantial in the West Bank and Gaza Before and During the Second Intifada”,European University Institute, Max Weber Programme, EUI Working Paper 2009/13, Italy, 1-39.
• Mincer, J. (1957). “A Study of Personal Income Distribution.”, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, New York: Columbia University, Department of Economics.
• Mincer, J. (1958). “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281-302.
• Mincer, J. (1962). “On-the-Job Training: Costs, Returns and Some Implications”, Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), Part 2, 50-79.
• Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earning, Columbia University Press, New York.
• Nelson, R., ve Phelps, E. (1966). “Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth”, American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 56: 69-75.
• Papapetrou, E.(2006).“The Public-Private Sector Pay Differential in Greece”, PublicFinance Review, 34(4), 450-473.
• Pkietty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
• Psacharopoulas G. ve Woodhall M. (1985). Education for Development An Analysis of Investment Choices, Washington D.C., The World Bank.
• Sanger, T. (2011).“Battle of the Wages: Who Gets Paid More, Public or Private Sector Workers?”,Canadian Union of Public Employees, 1375 St. Laurent Boulevard, Ottawa, Ontario, 1-31.
• Schultz, T. W. (1960). “Capital Formation by Education”, Journal of Political Economy, 68(6), 571-583.
• Schultz, T.W. (1961). “Investment in Human Capital”, American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
• Schultz, W. (1967). The Economic Value Education, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Selim R. ve İlkkaracan İ. (2002). “Gender Inequalities in the Labor Market in Turkey: Differentials in Wages, Industrial & Occupational Distribution of Men and Women”, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228610851, 1-19.
• Smith, A. (1937). The Wealth of Nations, Reprinted Edition, New York: Random House.
• Spence, M. (1973). “Job Market Signalling”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 87: 355- 374.
• Tansel A. (1999). “Public-Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials and Gender in Turkey”,Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, No:797, Hillhouse Avenue New Haven, 1-28.
• Tunç, M. (1997). “Kalkınmada İnsan Sermayesi Yaklaşımları ve Türkiye’de İnsan Sermayesi Boyutunun Analizi, Doktora Tezi, DEÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.