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Kapitalizm İçin Çalışmak: Çin’de İşgücü Piyasasının İnşası

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 35, 99 - 120, 01.01.2012

Kerem Gökten

Öz

Çin’in çarpıcı yükselişi, küresel kapitalizmin içinde bulunduğu yeniden yapılanma döneminin en önemli gelişmelerinden biridir. “Reform ve dışa açıklık” mottosuyla hayata geçirilen tedrici dönüşüm genellikle ülkenin gösterdiği büyüme performansı, ekonomik dinamizm ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Çin’in ülkenin çalışan sınıflarının içinde bulunduğu koşullarda ve endüstri ilişkilerinde radikal değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Radikal değişimin en özlü ifadesi, “demir pirinç kâsesi”nin kırılmasıdır. İşgücü piyasası reformunun ülke ekonomisinin yerli ve yabancı kapitalist firmaların gerçekleştirdiği çıktı artışına katkıda bulunduğu aşikârdır. Ancak, aynı şeyi çalışan sınıfların yaşam koşulları ve kalitesi için ileri sürmek güç gözükmektedir. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak işgücü piyasasının inşa süreci üzerinde durulacaktır. Ardından özelleştirme dalgası ve sendikal örgütlenmede yaşanan yapısal-konjonktürel güçlüklere vurgu yapılacaktır. İşgücünün geçirdiği dönüşüm ve artan mobilizasyon, işçi sınıfının heterojenleşmesi ve tüm bu etkenlerin sınıf mücadelesine olan olumsuz etkileri çalışmada ele alınacak diğer hususlar arasındadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin işgücü piyasası reform ve dışa açıklık demir pirinç kâsesi

Kaynakça

  • ACFTU(2003) AboutAll-China Federation of TradeUnions. http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=63&aid=1 (04.03.2010).
  • ACFTU (2007a) A Brief Introduction of the All-China Federation of TradeUnions.http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=63&aid=156 (05.04.2011).
  • ACFTU(2007b)Work Statistics of the Chinese Trade Unions 2006. http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=68&aid=239 (08.03.2010).
  • Arrighi, G. ve Silver B. J. (1999) Chaos and Governance in the World System, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Beaud, M. (2003) Kapitalizmin Tarihi, çev. Fikret Başkaya, Ankara: Dost.
  • Blecher, M.; College O. (2005) “Inequality and Capitalism in China”, Conference on Inequality and Difference in the Third World, American Political Science Association, September 2, Washington.
  • Brooks, R. ve Tao, R. (2003) China’s Labour Market Performance and Challenges, IMF Working Paper.
  • Brown, G. (2003) “China’s Factory Floors: An Industrial Hygienist’s View”, International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health, 9, 4, 326-339.
  • Chan K. W. ve Zhang L. (1999) “The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes”, The China Quarterly, 160, 818-855.
  • Chan, A. (2004) “A New China? Some Hope for Optimism for Chinese Labor”, New Labor Forum, 13, 3, 67-75.
  • Chan, A. (2008) “China’s Trade Unions in Corporatist Transition”, J. Unger, Associations and the Chinese State: Contested Spaces içinde, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 69-85.
  • Chan, A. (2010) “American Chicken Feet, Chinese Tires, and the Struggle for Labor Rights”, New Labor Forum, 19,3, 57-63.
  • Chan, A. (2011) “Strıkes in Chına’s Export Industrıes in Comparatıve Perspectıve”, The China Journal, 65, 27-51.
  • China Labour Bulletin (2004) Vice-premier Revealed that Government Owed Migrant Workers More Than 360 Billion Yuan Unpaid Wages, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/5506 (16.12.2011).
  • China Labour Bulletin (2011a) Migrant Workers in China, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/100259 (03.11.2011).
  • China Labour Bulletin (2011b) “Unity is Strength The Workers’ Movement in China 2009- 2011”, Research Reports, Hong Kong.
  • Clarke, S. vd. (2004) “Collective Consultation and IndustrialRelations in China”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42, 2, 235-254.
  • Clarke, S. ve Lee. C. (2002) ”The Significance of Tripartite Consultation in China”, Asia Pacific Business Review, 9, 2, 61-80.
  • Dongfang, H. (2005) “Chinese Labour Struggles”, New Left Review, 34, July-Aug, 65-85.
  • Gabriel, S. J. (2006) Chinese Capitalism and the Modernist Vision, London& New York: Routledge
  • Ghose, Ajit K. (2005) “Employment in China: Recent Trends and Future Challenges”, Employment Strategy Papers 14, ILO, 1-34.
  • Gökten, K. (2009) Çin Ekonomisi’nde Dönüşüm ve Kapitalist Dünya Sistemine Ekelemlenme Süreci: (1978-….), Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2005) China and Socialism, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2006) “China and the Dynamics of Transnational Accumulation: Causes and Consequances of Global Restructuring”, Historical Materialism, 14, 3, 3-43.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2007) “China, Capitalist Accumulation, and Labor”, Monthly Review, 59,1, 17-39.
  • Harvey, D. (2005) “Neoliberalism ‘with Chinese Characteristics’”, D. Harvey, A Brief Story of Neoliberalism içinde, New York: Oxford University Press,120–151.
  • He, J. ve Kuijs, L. (2007) Rebalancing China’s Economy-Modeling A Policy Package, World Bank ChinaResearchPaper, No.7, http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2 008/01/17/000333038_20080117014506/Rendered/PDF/418590NWP0Reba1eco nomy0WP701PUBLIC1.pdf (02.05.2009).
  • Hobsbawm, E.J. (1996) The Age of Revolution, New York: Vintage Books.
  • Hore, C. (2010) Class Struggle in China, International Socialism, issue 125,http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=629&issue=125 (15.10.2011). Huchet, Jean-François (2006) “The Emergence of Capitalism in China: An Historical Perspective and its Impact on the Political System”, Social Research, 73,1, 1-26.
  • Hung, H. (2008) “Rise of China and the global overaccumulation crisis”, Review of International Political Economy”, 15, 2, 149-179.
  • Ituc (2007) Annual Survey of Trade Union Rights Violations 2007, http://www.ihlo.org/IS/190907.html, (15.02.2009).
  • Johnston, M. ve Li, H. (2000) “Dramatic Policy Shifts and Methodical Institutional Modifications: Developing an Indicator of Unemployment”, Economic, Social and Legal Issues in China'sTransition to a Market Economy, Los Angles: UCLA AsiaInstitute, 1-10.
  • Knight, J. ve Xue, J. (2006) “How High is Urban Unemployment in China”, Journal of Chinese Economy and Business Studies, 4, 2, 91-107.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (1997) “China: Labour Reform and the Challenge Facing the Working Class” , Capital&Class, 61, 45-80.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (2001a) “Economic Determination in the Last Instance: China's Political-Economic Development Under the Impact of the Asian Financial Crises”, Historical Materialism, 8,1, 215-251.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (2001b) “Socio-political control in urban China:changes and crisis”, British Journal of Sociology, 52, 4, 605-620.
  • Lee, Ching Kwan (2004) ”Made in China”: Labor as a Political Force”, 2004 Mansfield Conference, April 18-20, Missoula
  • Lett, E. ve Banister J. (2006), “Labor Costs of Manufacturing Employees in China: an update to 2003-2004”, Monthly Labor Review, November, 40-45.
  • Leung, J.C.B. (1994) “Dismantling the ‘Iron Rice Bowl’: Welfare Reforms in the People’s Republic of China”, Journal of Social Policy, 23, 3, 341-361.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954) “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, The Manchester School, 22, 2, 139-191.
  • Li, J. et al. (2008), “China’s New Social Security System in the Making: Problems and Prospects”, International Journal of Public Administration, No.31, 5-23.
  • Li, M. (1996) Capitalist Development and Class Struggles in China, http://www.econ.utah.edu/~mli/Capitalism%20in%20China/Index.htm (16.12. 2008).
  • Li, M. (1998) “ResponsetoLau’sChina”, Capital&Class, 65, 21-29.
  • Li, M. (2005) “The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World-Economy: Exploring Historical Possibilities in the 21st Century”, Science&Society, 69, 3, 420- 448.
  • Li, M. (2008) The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World-Economy, London: PlutoPress.
  • Li, M. (2011) ”The Rise of the Working Class and the Future of the Chinese Revolution”, The Monthly Review, 63,2, 38-50.
  • Li, M. ve Piovani C. (2011) “One Hundred Million Jobs for the Chinese Workers! Why China’s Current Model of Development is Unsustainable and How a Progressive Economic Program Can Help the Chinese Workers, the Chinese Economy, and China’s Environment”, Review of Radical Political Economics”, 43,1, 77-94.
  • Liu, Y. (2010) “Income Disparity in China: Status Quo and Prospects”, Emerging Economies Forum, Institute of Ideas, London.
  • Lum, T. (2006) “SocialUnrest in China”, Congressional Research Service&The Library of Congress, 1-16.
  • Magdoff, H. ve Foster J.B. (2005) , “Foreword”, Hart-Landsberg M. ve Burkett, P.,China and Socialism içinde, New York: Monthly Review Press ,7-14.
  • Mooers, C. (1991) The Making of Bourgeois Europe, London&New York: Verso.
  • NBSC (1996) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2001) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:ChinaStatisticsPress.
  • NBSC (2003) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2006) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2007) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2008) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2010) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2011) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:China Statistics Press.
  • Nolan, P. (2004) China at the Crossroads, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • OECD (2002) China in the World Economy, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2005a) OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: China, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2005b) China, Economic Surveys, Vol.13.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001)The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Solinger, D.J. (2003) “Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO”, The China Journal, 49, 61-87.
  • Taylor, Bill vd. (2003) Industrial Relations in China, Chelentam&Northampton: Edward Elgar.
  • Trade Union Law of the PRC, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/7031 (30.01.2011).
  • U.S. Bureau of LaborStatistics (2009) International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing,http://www.bls.gov/fls/hcpwsupptabtoc.htm (06.01.2009).
  • Vodopivec, M; Tong M.H. (2008) China: Improving Unemployment Insurance, SP Discussion Paper, No.0820, Washington: World Bank.
  • Weil, R. (2006) “Conditions of the Working Classes in China”, Monthly Review, 58, 2, 25-48.
  • Workers Vanguard (2010) China: Labor Struggles in the “Socialist Market Economy”, http://iclfi.org/english/wv/965/china2.html (08.10.2011).
  • Yabuki, S. ve Harner, S.M. (1999) China’s New Political Economy, Colorado: Westview.

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 35, 99 - 120, 01.01.2012

Kerem Gökten

Öz

China’s impressive rise is one of the most important events of reconstruction period which global capitalism is going through. Gradual transformation which put into practice with “reform and openness” motto is usually discussing in the context of country’s growth performance, economic dynamism and foreign direct investments. China’s attemps to integrate into the global market system has caused radical changes in the conditions of working classes and industrial relations. “Breaking the iron rice bowl” is the most succinct expression of the radical change. It is possible to suggest that labor market reform has contributed output increase performed by the economy domestic and foreign capitalist firms . However it is hard to suggest the same idea for living conditions and quality of life of working classes. The study will primarily focus on the construction process of labor markets. Later on wave of privatization and structural-cyclical challenges for unionisation will be emphasized. The transformation and the increasing mobility of labor, heterogenization of the working class and negative influence of all these factors on class struggle are among other subjects which will be discussed in the study

Anahtar Kelimeler

China labor market reform and opening iron rice bowl

Kaynakça

  • ACFTU(2003) AboutAll-China Federation of TradeUnions. http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=63&aid=1 (04.03.2010).
  • ACFTU (2007a) A Brief Introduction of the All-China Federation of TradeUnions.http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=63&aid=156 (05.04.2011).
  • ACFTU(2007b)Work Statistics of the Chinese Trade Unions 2006. http://english.acftu.org/template/10002/file.jsp?cid=68&aid=239 (08.03.2010).
  • Arrighi, G. ve Silver B. J. (1999) Chaos and Governance in the World System, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Beaud, M. (2003) Kapitalizmin Tarihi, çev. Fikret Başkaya, Ankara: Dost.
  • Blecher, M.; College O. (2005) “Inequality and Capitalism in China”, Conference on Inequality and Difference in the Third World, American Political Science Association, September 2, Washington.
  • Brooks, R. ve Tao, R. (2003) China’s Labour Market Performance and Challenges, IMF Working Paper.
  • Brown, G. (2003) “China’s Factory Floors: An Industrial Hygienist’s View”, International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health, 9, 4, 326-339.
  • Chan K. W. ve Zhang L. (1999) “The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes”, The China Quarterly, 160, 818-855.
  • Chan, A. (2004) “A New China? Some Hope for Optimism for Chinese Labor”, New Labor Forum, 13, 3, 67-75.
  • Chan, A. (2008) “China’s Trade Unions in Corporatist Transition”, J. Unger, Associations and the Chinese State: Contested Spaces içinde, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 69-85.
  • Chan, A. (2010) “American Chicken Feet, Chinese Tires, and the Struggle for Labor Rights”, New Labor Forum, 19,3, 57-63.
  • Chan, A. (2011) “Strıkes in Chına’s Export Industrıes in Comparatıve Perspectıve”, The China Journal, 65, 27-51.
  • China Labour Bulletin (2004) Vice-premier Revealed that Government Owed Migrant Workers More Than 360 Billion Yuan Unpaid Wages, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/5506 (16.12.2011).
  • China Labour Bulletin (2011a) Migrant Workers in China, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/100259 (03.11.2011).
  • China Labour Bulletin (2011b) “Unity is Strength The Workers’ Movement in China 2009- 2011”, Research Reports, Hong Kong.
  • Clarke, S. vd. (2004) “Collective Consultation and IndustrialRelations in China”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42, 2, 235-254.
  • Clarke, S. ve Lee. C. (2002) ”The Significance of Tripartite Consultation in China”, Asia Pacific Business Review, 9, 2, 61-80.
  • Dongfang, H. (2005) “Chinese Labour Struggles”, New Left Review, 34, July-Aug, 65-85.
  • Gabriel, S. J. (2006) Chinese Capitalism and the Modernist Vision, London& New York: Routledge
  • Ghose, Ajit K. (2005) “Employment in China: Recent Trends and Future Challenges”, Employment Strategy Papers 14, ILO, 1-34.
  • Gökten, K. (2009) Çin Ekonomisi’nde Dönüşüm ve Kapitalist Dünya Sistemine Ekelemlenme Süreci: (1978-….), Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2005) China and Socialism, New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2006) “China and the Dynamics of Transnational Accumulation: Causes and Consequances of Global Restructuring”, Historical Materialism, 14, 3, 3-43.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. ve Burkett, P. (2007) “China, Capitalist Accumulation, and Labor”, Monthly Review, 59,1, 17-39.
  • Harvey, D. (2005) “Neoliberalism ‘with Chinese Characteristics’”, D. Harvey, A Brief Story of Neoliberalism içinde, New York: Oxford University Press,120–151.
  • He, J. ve Kuijs, L. (2007) Rebalancing China’s Economy-Modeling A Policy Package, World Bank ChinaResearchPaper, No.7, http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2 008/01/17/000333038_20080117014506/Rendered/PDF/418590NWP0Reba1eco nomy0WP701PUBLIC1.pdf (02.05.2009).
  • Hobsbawm, E.J. (1996) The Age of Revolution, New York: Vintage Books.
  • Hore, C. (2010) Class Struggle in China, International Socialism, issue 125,http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=629&issue=125 (15.10.2011). Huchet, Jean-François (2006) “The Emergence of Capitalism in China: An Historical Perspective and its Impact on the Political System”, Social Research, 73,1, 1-26.
  • Hung, H. (2008) “Rise of China and the global overaccumulation crisis”, Review of International Political Economy”, 15, 2, 149-179.
  • Ituc (2007) Annual Survey of Trade Union Rights Violations 2007, http://www.ihlo.org/IS/190907.html, (15.02.2009).
  • Johnston, M. ve Li, H. (2000) “Dramatic Policy Shifts and Methodical Institutional Modifications: Developing an Indicator of Unemployment”, Economic, Social and Legal Issues in China'sTransition to a Market Economy, Los Angles: UCLA AsiaInstitute, 1-10.
  • Knight, J. ve Xue, J. (2006) “How High is Urban Unemployment in China”, Journal of Chinese Economy and Business Studies, 4, 2, 91-107.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (1997) “China: Labour Reform and the Challenge Facing the Working Class” , Capital&Class, 61, 45-80.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (2001a) “Economic Determination in the Last Instance: China's Political-Economic Development Under the Impact of the Asian Financial Crises”, Historical Materialism, 8,1, 215-251.
  • Lau, Raymond W.K. (2001b) “Socio-political control in urban China:changes and crisis”, British Journal of Sociology, 52, 4, 605-620.
  • Lee, Ching Kwan (2004) ”Made in China”: Labor as a Political Force”, 2004 Mansfield Conference, April 18-20, Missoula
  • Lett, E. ve Banister J. (2006), “Labor Costs of Manufacturing Employees in China: an update to 2003-2004”, Monthly Labor Review, November, 40-45.
  • Leung, J.C.B. (1994) “Dismantling the ‘Iron Rice Bowl’: Welfare Reforms in the People’s Republic of China”, Journal of Social Policy, 23, 3, 341-361.
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954) “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, The Manchester School, 22, 2, 139-191.
  • Li, J. et al. (2008), “China’s New Social Security System in the Making: Problems and Prospects”, International Journal of Public Administration, No.31, 5-23.
  • Li, M. (1996) Capitalist Development and Class Struggles in China, http://www.econ.utah.edu/~mli/Capitalism%20in%20China/Index.htm (16.12. 2008).
  • Li, M. (1998) “ResponsetoLau’sChina”, Capital&Class, 65, 21-29.
  • Li, M. (2005) “The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World-Economy: Exploring Historical Possibilities in the 21st Century”, Science&Society, 69, 3, 420- 448.
  • Li, M. (2008) The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World-Economy, London: PlutoPress.
  • Li, M. (2011) ”The Rise of the Working Class and the Future of the Chinese Revolution”, The Monthly Review, 63,2, 38-50.
  • Li, M. ve Piovani C. (2011) “One Hundred Million Jobs for the Chinese Workers! Why China’s Current Model of Development is Unsustainable and How a Progressive Economic Program Can Help the Chinese Workers, the Chinese Economy, and China’s Environment”, Review of Radical Political Economics”, 43,1, 77-94.
  • Liu, Y. (2010) “Income Disparity in China: Status Quo and Prospects”, Emerging Economies Forum, Institute of Ideas, London.
  • Lum, T. (2006) “SocialUnrest in China”, Congressional Research Service&The Library of Congress, 1-16.
  • Magdoff, H. ve Foster J.B. (2005) , “Foreword”, Hart-Landsberg M. ve Burkett, P.,China and Socialism içinde, New York: Monthly Review Press ,7-14.
  • Mooers, C. (1991) The Making of Bourgeois Europe, London&New York: Verso.
  • NBSC (1996) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2001) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:ChinaStatisticsPress.
  • NBSC (2003) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2006) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2007) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2008) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing: China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2010) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:China Statistics Press.
  • NBSC (2011) China Statistical Yearbook, Beijing:China Statistics Press.
  • Nolan, P. (2004) China at the Crossroads, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • OECD (2002) China in the World Economy, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2005a) OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: China, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2005b) China, Economic Surveys, Vol.13.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001)The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Solinger, D.J. (2003) “Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO”, The China Journal, 49, 61-87.
  • Taylor, Bill vd. (2003) Industrial Relations in China, Chelentam&Northampton: Edward Elgar.
  • Trade Union Law of the PRC, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node/7031 (30.01.2011).
  • U.S. Bureau of LaborStatistics (2009) International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing,http://www.bls.gov/fls/hcpwsupptabtoc.htm (06.01.2009).
  • Vodopivec, M; Tong M.H. (2008) China: Improving Unemployment Insurance, SP Discussion Paper, No.0820, Washington: World Bank.
  • Weil, R. (2006) “Conditions of the Working Classes in China”, Monthly Review, 58, 2, 25-48.
  • Workers Vanguard (2010) China: Labor Struggles in the “Socialist Market Economy”, http://iclfi.org/english/wv/965/china2.html (08.10.2011).
  • Yabuki, S. ve Harner, S.M. (1999) China’s New Political Economy, Colorado: Westview.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kerem Gökten Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 35

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökten, K. (2012). Kapitalizm İçin Çalışmak: Çin’de İşgücü Piyasasının İnşası. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 4(35), 99-120.
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