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Çocuk Emeğinin En Kötü Biçimleri ve Türkiye

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 63, 2461 - 2502, 01.01.2019

Öz

Çocukların, ilgili uluslararası çalışma sözleşmelerinin hükümlerine aykırı koşullarda gerçekleşen çalışmaları, çocuk emeği olarak adlandırmaktadır. Uzun yıllar içerisinde sosyal politikanın temel bir konusu olmasına rağmen, çocuk emeği kısmen geriletilebilmiş, ancak bütünüyle ortadan kaldırılamamıştır. Günümüzde çocuk emeği ve çocuk emeğinin en kötü biçimleri, dünyada önemli bir sorun olarak varlığını korumaktadır. Türkiye’de çocuk emeğini ve çocuk emeğinin en kötü biçimlerini, ücretli çalışma anlamına gelen çocuk işçiliği temelinde ele almak yaygındır. Ancak çocuk emeği ve en kötü biçimleri, çocuk işçiliği yanında çok farklı biçimlerdeki başkaca çalışma statülülerini de içeren bir konudur. Türkiye’de çocuk emeği ve en kötü biçimleri, çocukları ve toplumu tehdit eden bir sorun olarak belirmektedir. Aynı zamanda ülkemizde çocuk emeğinin en kötü biçimlerinin yaygınlaşmasını yol açabilecek olumsuz koşullar da bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Başbakanlık (2018), Çocuk İşçiliği ile Mücadele Yılı ile İlgili 2018/3 Sayılı Başbakanlık Genelgesi, Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 30338, 20 Şubat 2018. (http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/02/20180220-3.pdf). (01.09.2019)
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  • CEACR (2018), Application of International Labour Standards 2018, General Report and observations concerning particular countries, Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Coşkun, Emel (2018), İnsan/Kadın Ticareti ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Haritalama ve İzleme Çalışması, Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği- Ceid Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Çelik, Nuri-Caniklioğlu, Nurşen-Canbolat, Talat (2015), İş Hukuku Dersleri, 28. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ÇSGB (2017), Çocuk İşçiliği ile Mücadele Ulusal Programı, Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı-Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 63, Ankara.
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The Worst Forms of Child Labour and Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 63, 2461 - 2502, 01.01.2019

Öz

The work of children under conditions that contradict the provisions of the relevant international labour conventions is called child labour. Although it has been a fundamental subject of social policy over many years, child labour has been partially regressed, but has not been completely eliminated. Today, child labour and the worst forms of child labour remain a major problem in the world. In Turkey, it is common to consider child labour and the worst forms of child labour on the basis of paid child labour. However, child labour and its worst forms are also an issue that includes other working statuses in many different forms as well as paid child work. Child labour and its worst forms appear to be a problem that threatens children and society in Turkey. At the same time, there are negative conditions that may lead to the spread of the worst forms of child labour in our country.

Kaynakça

  • Adalet Bakanlığı (2009), Adalet İstatistikleri 2009, Adalet Bakanlığı Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara.
  • Adalet Bakanlığı (2017), Adalet İstatistikleri 2017, Adalet Bakanlığı Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara.
  • Ankara İSİGM (2018), Türkiye'de Çocuk İşçiliği ve Çocuk İş Cinayetleri Raporu, Ankara İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Meclisi. (http://www.guvenlicalisma.org/19520-turkiyede-cocuk-isciligi-ve-cocuk-is- cinayetleri-raporu-ankara-isig-meclisi). (01.09.2019)
  • ASPB (2013), Ulusal Çocuk Hakları Strateji Belgesi ve Eylem Planı (2013-2017), Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 28851, 14 Aralık 2013. (http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/12/20131214-15-1.pdf). (01.09.2019)
  • Başbakanlık (2018), Çocuk İşçiliği ile Mücadele Yılı ile İlgili 2018/3 Sayılı Başbakanlık Genelgesi, Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 30338, 20 Şubat 2018. (http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/02/20180220-3.pdf). (01.09.2019)
  • Beqiraj, Julinda (2008), “Hazardous Work as a Worst Form of Child Labour: A Comment on Article 3(d) of ILO Convention 182”, Giuseppe Nesi-Luca Nogle-Marco Pertile (Edit.), Child labour in a globalized world: a legal analysis of ILO action, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • CEACR (2018), Application of International Labour Standards 2018, General Report and observations concerning particular countries, Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Coşkun, Emel (2018), İnsan/Kadın Ticareti ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Haritalama ve İzleme Çalışması, Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği- Ceid Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Çelik, Nuri-Caniklioğlu, Nurşen-Canbolat, Talat (2015), İş Hukuku Dersleri, 28. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ÇSGB (2017), Çocuk İşçiliği ile Mücadele Ulusal Programı, Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı-Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 63, Ankara.
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  • Glind, Hans van de–Kooijmans, Joost (2008), “Modern-Day Child Slavery”, Children & Society, Vol. 22, pp. 150–166.
  • Güler, Mehmet Atilla (2015), “Modern Kölelik ve Modern Köleliğin Görünümleri”, İş ve Hayat Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, s. 23–46.
  • ICLS (2008), “Resolution concerning statistics of child labour”, Adopted by the Eighteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) (November-December 2008), Geneva. (https://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- stat/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_112458.pdf). (01.09.2019)
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  • ILO (2002), A Future without Child Labour, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference 90th Session, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2004), Child Labour-A textbook for university students, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • ILO (2005), A global alliance against forced labour, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference 93th Session, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2006), The end of child labour: Within reach, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference 95th Session, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2009), The cost of coercion, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference 98th Session, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2010), Accelerating action against child labour, Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference 99th Session, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2011), Employers’ and workers’ : handbook on hazardous child labour, International Labour Office, Bureau for Employers’ Activities-Bureau for Workers’ Activities, Geneva.
  • ILO (2017a), Methodology of the global estimates of child labour, 2012-2016, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2017b), Global estimates of child labour: Results and trends, 2012-2016, International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva.
  • ILO (2017c), Ending child labour by 2025: A review of policies and programmes International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2017d), Methodology of the global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage International Labour Office, Geneva, 2017.
  • ILO (2017e), Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage, International Labour Office , Geneva.
  • ILO (2017f), Practical Guide to ending child labour and protecting young workers in domestic work, International Labour Organization, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch, Geneva.
  • ILO (2018a), Towards the urgent elimination of hazardous child labour, International Labour Office, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS), Geneva.
  • ILO (2018b), An Introduction to Legally Prohibiting Hazardous Work for Children, IPEC Brochure, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • ILO (2019), Ratifications of Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, (C182). (https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P113 00_INSTRUMENT_ID:312327). (01.09.2019)
  • IPEC (2002), Every Child Counts New Global Estimates on Child Labour, Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • IPEC (2011), Children in hazardous work: What we know, what we need to do, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • IPEC (2013), Ending child labour in domestic work and protecting young workers from abusive working conditions, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • IPEC (2019), The worst forms of child labour, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Campaign and advocacy. (https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/Youthinaction/C182- Youth-orientated/worstforms/lang--en/index.htm). (01.09.2019)
  • İSGM (2019), “Çocuk işçilik artıyor, iş cinayetlerine göz yumuluyor 2019 yılının ilk beş ayında en az 26 çocuk işçi yaşamını yitirdi”, İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Meclisi. (http://guvenlicalisma.org/20029-cocuk-iscilik-artiyor-is-cinayetlerine-goz- yumuluyor-2019-yilinin-ilk). (01.09.2019)
  • Kooijmans, Joost (2008), “Prostitution, Pornography and Pornographic Performances as Worst Forms of Child Labour: A Comment on Article 3(b) of ILO Convention 182 129”, Giuseppe Nesi-Luca Nogle-Marco Pertile (Edit.), Child labour in a globalized world: a legal analysis of ILO action, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • LN (1926), Slavery Convention (25 September 1926), League of Nation, Geneva.
  • Noguchi, Yoshie (2002), “ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour and the Convention on the Rights of the Child”, The International Journal of Children's Rights, Volume 10, Issue 4.
  • Noguchi, Yoshie (2008), “The Use of Children in Illicit Activities as a Worst Form of Child Labour: A Comment on Article 3(c) of ILO Convention 182”, Giuseppe Nesi-Luca Nogle-Marco Pertile (Edit.), Child labour in a globalized world: a legal analysis of ILO action, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Rishikesh, Deepa (2008), “The Worst Forms of Child Labour: A Guide to ILO Convention 182 and Recommendation 190”, Giuseppe Nesi-Luca Nogle-Marco Pertile (Edit.), Child labour in a globalized world: a legal analysis of ILO action, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Sanna, Silvia (2008), “Slavery and Practices Similar to Slavery as Worst Forms of Child Labour: A Comment on Article 3(a) of ILO Convention 182”, Giuseppe Nesi- Luca Nogle-Marco Pertile (Edit.), Child labour in a globalized world: a legal analysis of ILO action, Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • SGK (2014), İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu İstatistik Yıllıkları 2014. (http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik/sgk_istatisti k_yilliklari). (01.09.2019)
  • SGK (2015), İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu İstatistik Yıllıkları 2015. (http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik/sgk_istatisti k_yilliklari). (01.09.2019)
  • SGK (2016), İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu İstatistik Yıllıkları 2016. (http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik/sgk_istatisti k_yilliklari). (01.09.2019)
  • SGK (2017), İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı İstatistikleri, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu İstatistik Yıllıkları 2017. (http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik/sgk_istatisti k_yilliklari). (01.09.2019)
  • Şişman, Yener- Etci, Hilmi (2017), “Sosyal Politika Açısından Enformel Sektörün Bir Yansıması: Sokakta Çalışan Çocuklar”, International Journal of Academic Value Studies (Javstudies), Vol: 3, Issue: 12, pp. 172-191.
  • Talas, Cahit (1981), Toplumsal Politikaya Giriş, S Yayınları, Ankara.
  • TDK (2011), Türkçe Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları (TDK), Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2013), Çocuk İşgücü Anketi Sonuçları, 2012, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 13659 (02 Nisan 2013).
  • TÜİK (2018), Çocuk İstatistikleri, 2018, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 30708 (18 Nisan 2019).
  • TÜİK (2019), Güvenlik Birimine Gelen veya Getirilen Çocuk-Adalet İstatistikleri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Veritabanı. (https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=98&locale=tr). (01.09.2019)
  • UN (1956), Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (7 September 1956), United Nations, Geneva. (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1957/04/19570430%2001- 00%20AM/Ch_XVIII_4p.pdf). (01.09.2019)
  • UN (2000a), Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (25 May 2000), United Nations, New York. (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2000/05/20000525%2003- 16%20AM/Ch_IV_11_cp.pdf). (01.09.2019)
  • UN (2000b), Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (15 November 2000), United Nations, New York. (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2000/11/20001115%2011- 38%20AM/Ch_XVIII_12_ap.pdf). (01.09.2019)
  • UN (2015), Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, General Assembly, Seventieth session A/RES/70/1, United Nations, New York. (https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lan g=E). (01.09.2019)
  • UNHRC (2019), Children and armed conflict, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) Fortieth session (25 February–22 March 2019) A/HRC/40/49.
  • UNICEF (2009), Progress for Children, A Report Card on Child Protection Number 8, UNICEF Publication, New York.
  • UNICEF (2019), UNICEF Turkey Humanitarian Situation Report-January-March 2019, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
  • UNSC (2018), Children and armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations Security Council (UNSC), S/2018/969.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Recep Kapar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Kapar, R. (2019). Çocuk Emeğinin En Kötü Biçimleri ve Türkiye. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 4(63), 2461-2502.
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