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Yoksulluğun Yaşanan Boyutu: Türkiye’de Çocuk Maddi Yoksunluğunun Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 76, 337 - 386, 25.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1241241

Öz

Yoksulluğun giderek derinleşerek arttığı ve karmaşık bir yapıya evrildiği günümüz koşullarında dezavanatajlı toplumsal grupların sayısı giderek çoğalmaktadır. Dezavantajlı bu gruplar arasında seslerini duyurma ve kolektif bir mücadelede sergilemeden yoksun olan çocuklar, yoksulluk ve yoksunluklarını şiddetli bir biçimde yaşamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki yoksul çocukların yoksulluk boyutlarının, yaşadıkları yoksunluklar bakımından açıklanması ve yazında bu alandaki boşluğa katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışmanın amacı bağlamında Türkiye’deki çocuk maddi yoksunluğunun analizinde, betimsel istatistik yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analizler, TÜİK 2006-2020 yıllarına ait Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Mikro Veri seti üzerinden SPSS 24 programı ile hesaplanarak yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre Türkiye’de sürekli hale gelen bir çocuk yoksulluğuna koşut olarak Türkiye’de 2020 yılı verisi için çocukların üçte birinin (%33,8) önemli düzeylerde yoksunlukla ile karşı karşıya oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle çocukların tüm gelişim süreçlerini etkileyen beslenmeye bağlı olarak yaşanan çocuk maddi yoksunluk oranı %41,8 ile çok çarpıcıdır. Öte yandan, Türkiye’deki çocukların üçte birinden fazlası, kira, konut kredisi ve fatura borçlarını ödeyemeyen ve beklenmedik harcamalarını karşılayamayan hanelerde yoksunluk içerisinde yaşamaktadırlar. Yoksunluklar bakımından TÜİK’in maddi yoksunluk hesaplamalarında kullandığı kriterler ise günümüzdeki temel kabul edilen birçok ihtiyacı da içermemektedir. Bu bakımdan çocukların içinde bulundukları gerçek yoksunlukların da tespiti güçleşmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Açıkgöz, R., Yusufoğlu, Ö. Ş. (2012). “Türki̇ye’de Yoksulluk Olgusu ve Toplumsal Yansımaları”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 76–117.
  • Barcena M., E., Lacomba, B., Moro-Egido, A., Perez-Moreno, S. (2014). "Country Differences in Material Deprivation Europe", Review Of Income and Wealth, 60(4), 802-820).
  • Barcena M., E., Blázquez, M., Budría, S., Moro-Egido, A. I. (2017). “Child Deprivation and Social Benefits: Europe In Cross-National Perspective”, Socio-Economic Review, 15(4), 717–744.
  • Berker, A. (2008). "Kardeş Cinsiyet Bileşiminin Eğitimsel Erişimlere Etkisi", TÜİK İstatistik Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1), 123-143.
  • Boarini, R., D’ercole, M. M. (2006). “Measures of Material Deprivation In OECD Contries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.37.
  • Christensen, L. B., R. Johnson, and L. A. Turner. (2015). Research Methods, Desing and Analysis, Essex: Pearson.
  • Chzhen, Y., Bradshaw, J. (2012). "Lone Parents, Poverty and Policy In The European Union", Journal Of European Social Policy, 22(5), 487-506. Chzhen, Y. (2014). “Child Poverty and Material Deprivation In The European Union During The Great Recession”, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Working Papers, WP-2014-No.6.
  • Çıtak, N. (2020). Covid-19 ve Sınıfsal Eşitsizlik, Türk Tabipler Birliği Covid-19 Raporu, Haziran 2022, http://www.ttb.org.tr%2Fkutuphane%2Fcovid19-rapor_6%2Fcovid19 rapor_6_Part56.pdf (22.06.2021).
  • Doğan, E. (2014). Türki̇ye’de Yoksulluğun Ölçülmesi̇, (Basılmamış Uzmanlık Tezi), T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • European Commission. (2013). Investing In Children: Breaking The Cycle of Disadvantage, https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=2061&moreDocuments=yes&tableName=news (14.10.2021).
  • Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Dorling, D., Rigby, J., Wheeler, B. (2011). “Poverty and Place In Britain, 1968 - 99”, Environment and Planning A, Volume:43, 594–617.
  • Fusco, A., Guio, A. C., Marlier, E. (2010). Income Poverty and Material Deprivation In European Countries, Luxembourg.
  • Fusco, A., Guio, A. C., Marlier, E. (2011). Characterizing The Income Poor and The Materially Deprived In European Countries, Luxembourg: Eurostat Statistical Books.
  • Gordon, D. (2000). “The Scientific Measurement of Poverty: Recent Theoretical Advances”, J. Bradshaw ve R. Sainsbury (Ed.), Researching Poverty, Aldershot: Ashgate 37-58.
  • Guio, A. C., Fusco A., Marlier E. (2009). “A European Union Approach To Material Deprivation Using EU-SILC and Eurobarometer Data”, Luxembourg: IRISS Working Paper Series, 19.
  • Guio, A.C., Gordon, D., Marlier E. (2012). “Measuring Material Deprivation In The EU”, Luxembourg: Eurostat Methodologies Working Papers, 2012 Edition.
  • Guio, A. C., Marlier, E., Gordon, D., Fahmy, E., Nandy, S., Pomati, M. (2016). “Improving The Measurement Of Material Deprivation At The European Union Level”, Journal of European Social Policy, 26(3), 219–333.
  • Guio, A. C., Gordon, D., Najera, H., Pomati, M. (2017). “Revising The EU Material Deprivation Variables”, Luxembourg: Statistical Working Papers, 2017 Edition.
  • Guio, A. vd. (2019). Poverty and Child Deprivation In Belgium. A Comparison Of Risk Factors In The Three Regions and Neighboring Countries, Brussels: King Baudouin Foundation.
  • Guio, A. C., Marlier, E., Vandenbroucke, F., Verbunt, P. (2020). “Micro- and Macro-Drivers Of Child Deprivation In 31 European Countries”, Luxembourg: Statistical Working Papers, 2020 Edition.
  • Gün, S. (2017). Çocuk: İşçi, Yoksul, Göçmen İktisadi ve Politik Bir Analiz, İstanbul: Nota Bene Yayınları.
  • Israel, S., Spannagel, D. (2013). "Material Deprivation-An Analysis of Cross-Country Differences and European Convergence", Combating Poverty In Europe Project, Work Package 3-Poverty and its Socio-economic Structure In Europe, D3.2.
  • Israel, S. (2016). “More Than Cash: Societal Influences on the Risk of Material Deprivation”, Social Indicators Research, 129(2), 619–37.
  • Kahraman, F., Sallan Gül, S. (2015). “Türkiye’de Çocuk Yoksulluğu: Gaziantep Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1),339–66.
  • Kenworthy, L. (2011). Progress For The Poor, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, K. S., Lee, Y., Lee, Y. J. (2010). “A Multilevel Analysis Of Factors Related To Poverty In Welfare States”, Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 391-404.
  • Kim, H., Mitchell J. Callan, Ana I. Gheorghiu, and William J. Skylark. (2018). “Social Comparison Processes In The Experience Of Personal Relative Deprivation”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(9), 519–32.
  • Mcknight, A. (2013). "Measuring Material Deprivation Over The Economic Crisis: Does A Re-Evaluation Of “Need” Affect Measures Of Material Deprivation?", GINI Policy Paper, 4.
  • Murray, P. (1999). Acces To History: Poverty and Welfare 1830-1914, London: Hodder-Stoughton.
  • Nelson, K. (2012). "Counteracting Material Deprivation: The Role of Social Assistance In Europe", Journal Of European Social Policy" 22(2), 148-163.
  • Neubourg, C., Bradshaw J.,Chzhen Y., Main G., Martorano B., Menchini, L. (2012). “Child Deprivation Multidimensional Poverty and Monetary Poverty In Europe”, UNICEF, IWP-2012-02.
  • Nolan, B., Whelan, C. T. (2010). "Using Non-Monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons From Europe?", Journal Of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), 305-325.
  • Pantazis, C., Gordon, D., Townsend, P. (2006). “The Necessities Of Life”, R. L. Christina Pantazis (Ed.), Poverty and Social Exclusion In Britain, Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Papadopoulos, F., Tsakloglou, P. (2016). “Chronic Material Deprivation and Long-Term Poverty In Europe In The Pre-Crisis Period”, IZA Discussion Paper Series, Bonn.
  • Perry, B. (2002). “The Mismatch Between Income Measures and Direct Outcome Measure of Poverty”, Social Policy Journol Of New Zealand, 19, 101-127.
  • Ridge, T. (2011). “The Everyday Costs Of Poverty In Childhood: A Review Of Qualitative Research Exploring The Lives and Experiences Of Low-Income Children In The UK”, Children and Society, 25, 73–84.
  • Rowntree, S. (1902). “Poverty: A Study Of Town Life”, The Economic Journal, 12(45), 56–62.
  • Saltkjel, T., Malmberg-Heimonen I. (2017). “Welfare Generosity In Europe: A Multi-Level Study Of Material Deprivation and Income Poverty Among Disadvantaged Groups”, Social Policy and Administration, 51(7), 1287–1310.
  • TARKI Social Research Institute Inc. (2011). Child Well-Being In The European Union Better Monitoring Instruments For Better Policies, TARKI, https://issuu.com/tarki_research/docs/child_well-being_in_the_european_union (11.02.2021).
  • Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty In The United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living, Penguin Books, New York.
  • Townsend, P. (1987). “Deprivation”, Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), 125–46.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2020). TÜİK Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2020, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Income-and-Living-Conditions-Survey-2020-37404#:~:text=Maddi yoksunluk oranı %27%2C4 oldu&text=Yukarıda belirtilen dokuz maddenin en,%27%2C4 (07.05.2021).
  • Uysal, G., Genç, Y. (2019). Üç Çocuktan Biri Şiddetli Maddi Yoksunluk İçinde Büyüyor, BahçeşehirÜniversitesi,http://acikerisim.bahcesehir.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1243 (22.04.2020).
  • Verbunt, P., Guio, A. C. (2019). Explaining Differences Within and Between Countries In The Risk Of Income Poverty and Severe Material Deprivation: Comparing Single and Multilevel Analyses Vol. 144, Netherlands: Springer.
  • Visser, M., Scheepers, M. G. P. (2014). “The Impact Of Macro-Economic Circumstances and Social Protection Expenditure On Economic Deprivation In 25 European Countries, 2007-2011”, Social Indicators Research, 115, 1179–1203.
  • Whelan, C. T., Richard Layte, Bertrand Maitre, and Brian Nolan. (2001). “Income, Deprivation, and Economic Strain An Analysis Of The European Community Household Panel”, European Sociological Review, 17(4), 357–72.
  • Whelan, C. T., Richard Layte, and Bertrand Maitre. (2004). “Understanding The Mismatch Between Income Poverty and Deprivation: A Dynamic Comparative Analysis”, European Sociological Review, 20(4):287–302.
  • Whelan, C. T., Maitre, B. (2012). "Understanding Material Deprivation: A Comparative European Analysis", Research In Social Stratification and Mobility, 30(4), 489-503.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 76, 337 - 386, 25.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1241241

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Açıkgöz, R., Yusufoğlu, Ö. Ş. (2012). “Türki̇ye’de Yoksulluk Olgusu ve Toplumsal Yansımaları”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 76–117.
  • Barcena M., E., Lacomba, B., Moro-Egido, A., Perez-Moreno, S. (2014). "Country Differences in Material Deprivation Europe", Review Of Income and Wealth, 60(4), 802-820).
  • Barcena M., E., Blázquez, M., Budría, S., Moro-Egido, A. I. (2017). “Child Deprivation and Social Benefits: Europe In Cross-National Perspective”, Socio-Economic Review, 15(4), 717–744.
  • Berker, A. (2008). "Kardeş Cinsiyet Bileşiminin Eğitimsel Erişimlere Etkisi", TÜİK İstatistik Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1), 123-143.
  • Boarini, R., D’ercole, M. M. (2006). “Measures of Material Deprivation In OECD Contries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.37.
  • Christensen, L. B., R. Johnson, and L. A. Turner. (2015). Research Methods, Desing and Analysis, Essex: Pearson.
  • Chzhen, Y., Bradshaw, J. (2012). "Lone Parents, Poverty and Policy In The European Union", Journal Of European Social Policy, 22(5), 487-506. Chzhen, Y. (2014). “Child Poverty and Material Deprivation In The European Union During The Great Recession”, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Working Papers, WP-2014-No.6.
  • Çıtak, N. (2020). Covid-19 ve Sınıfsal Eşitsizlik, Türk Tabipler Birliği Covid-19 Raporu, Haziran 2022, http://www.ttb.org.tr%2Fkutuphane%2Fcovid19-rapor_6%2Fcovid19 rapor_6_Part56.pdf (22.06.2021).
  • Doğan, E. (2014). Türki̇ye’de Yoksulluğun Ölçülmesi̇, (Basılmamış Uzmanlık Tezi), T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • European Commission. (2013). Investing In Children: Breaking The Cycle of Disadvantage, https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=2061&moreDocuments=yes&tableName=news (14.10.2021).
  • Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Dorling, D., Rigby, J., Wheeler, B. (2011). “Poverty and Place In Britain, 1968 - 99”, Environment and Planning A, Volume:43, 594–617.
  • Fusco, A., Guio, A. C., Marlier, E. (2010). Income Poverty and Material Deprivation In European Countries, Luxembourg.
  • Fusco, A., Guio, A. C., Marlier, E. (2011). Characterizing The Income Poor and The Materially Deprived In European Countries, Luxembourg: Eurostat Statistical Books.
  • Gordon, D. (2000). “The Scientific Measurement of Poverty: Recent Theoretical Advances”, J. Bradshaw ve R. Sainsbury (Ed.), Researching Poverty, Aldershot: Ashgate 37-58.
  • Guio, A. C., Fusco A., Marlier E. (2009). “A European Union Approach To Material Deprivation Using EU-SILC and Eurobarometer Data”, Luxembourg: IRISS Working Paper Series, 19.
  • Guio, A.C., Gordon, D., Marlier E. (2012). “Measuring Material Deprivation In The EU”, Luxembourg: Eurostat Methodologies Working Papers, 2012 Edition.
  • Guio, A. C., Marlier, E., Gordon, D., Fahmy, E., Nandy, S., Pomati, M. (2016). “Improving The Measurement Of Material Deprivation At The European Union Level”, Journal of European Social Policy, 26(3), 219–333.
  • Guio, A. C., Gordon, D., Najera, H., Pomati, M. (2017). “Revising The EU Material Deprivation Variables”, Luxembourg: Statistical Working Papers, 2017 Edition.
  • Guio, A. vd. (2019). Poverty and Child Deprivation In Belgium. A Comparison Of Risk Factors In The Three Regions and Neighboring Countries, Brussels: King Baudouin Foundation.
  • Guio, A. C., Marlier, E., Vandenbroucke, F., Verbunt, P. (2020). “Micro- and Macro-Drivers Of Child Deprivation In 31 European Countries”, Luxembourg: Statistical Working Papers, 2020 Edition.
  • Gün, S. (2017). Çocuk: İşçi, Yoksul, Göçmen İktisadi ve Politik Bir Analiz, İstanbul: Nota Bene Yayınları.
  • Israel, S., Spannagel, D. (2013). "Material Deprivation-An Analysis of Cross-Country Differences and European Convergence", Combating Poverty In Europe Project, Work Package 3-Poverty and its Socio-economic Structure In Europe, D3.2.
  • Israel, S. (2016). “More Than Cash: Societal Influences on the Risk of Material Deprivation”, Social Indicators Research, 129(2), 619–37.
  • Kahraman, F., Sallan Gül, S. (2015). “Türkiye’de Çocuk Yoksulluğu: Gaziantep Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1),339–66.
  • Kenworthy, L. (2011). Progress For The Poor, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, K. S., Lee, Y., Lee, Y. J. (2010). “A Multilevel Analysis Of Factors Related To Poverty In Welfare States”, Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 391-404.
  • Kim, H., Mitchell J. Callan, Ana I. Gheorghiu, and William J. Skylark. (2018). “Social Comparison Processes In The Experience Of Personal Relative Deprivation”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(9), 519–32.
  • Mcknight, A. (2013). "Measuring Material Deprivation Over The Economic Crisis: Does A Re-Evaluation Of “Need” Affect Measures Of Material Deprivation?", GINI Policy Paper, 4.
  • Murray, P. (1999). Acces To History: Poverty and Welfare 1830-1914, London: Hodder-Stoughton.
  • Nelson, K. (2012). "Counteracting Material Deprivation: The Role of Social Assistance In Europe", Journal Of European Social Policy" 22(2), 148-163.
  • Neubourg, C., Bradshaw J.,Chzhen Y., Main G., Martorano B., Menchini, L. (2012). “Child Deprivation Multidimensional Poverty and Monetary Poverty In Europe”, UNICEF, IWP-2012-02.
  • Nolan, B., Whelan, C. T. (2010). "Using Non-Monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons From Europe?", Journal Of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), 305-325.
  • Pantazis, C., Gordon, D., Townsend, P. (2006). “The Necessities Of Life”, R. L. Christina Pantazis (Ed.), Poverty and Social Exclusion In Britain, Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Papadopoulos, F., Tsakloglou, P. (2016). “Chronic Material Deprivation and Long-Term Poverty In Europe In The Pre-Crisis Period”, IZA Discussion Paper Series, Bonn.
  • Perry, B. (2002). “The Mismatch Between Income Measures and Direct Outcome Measure of Poverty”, Social Policy Journol Of New Zealand, 19, 101-127.
  • Ridge, T. (2011). “The Everyday Costs Of Poverty In Childhood: A Review Of Qualitative Research Exploring The Lives and Experiences Of Low-Income Children In The UK”, Children and Society, 25, 73–84.
  • Rowntree, S. (1902). “Poverty: A Study Of Town Life”, The Economic Journal, 12(45), 56–62.
  • Saltkjel, T., Malmberg-Heimonen I. (2017). “Welfare Generosity In Europe: A Multi-Level Study Of Material Deprivation and Income Poverty Among Disadvantaged Groups”, Social Policy and Administration, 51(7), 1287–1310.
  • TARKI Social Research Institute Inc. (2011). Child Well-Being In The European Union Better Monitoring Instruments For Better Policies, TARKI, https://issuu.com/tarki_research/docs/child_well-being_in_the_european_union (11.02.2021).
  • Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty In The United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living, Penguin Books, New York.
  • Townsend, P. (1987). “Deprivation”, Journal of Social Policy, 16(2), 125–46.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2020). TÜİK Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2020, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Income-and-Living-Conditions-Survey-2020-37404#:~:text=Maddi yoksunluk oranı %27%2C4 oldu&text=Yukarıda belirtilen dokuz maddenin en,%27%2C4 (07.05.2021).
  • Uysal, G., Genç, Y. (2019). Üç Çocuktan Biri Şiddetli Maddi Yoksunluk İçinde Büyüyor, BahçeşehirÜniversitesi,http://acikerisim.bahcesehir.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1243 (22.04.2020).
  • Verbunt, P., Guio, A. C. (2019). Explaining Differences Within and Between Countries In The Risk Of Income Poverty and Severe Material Deprivation: Comparing Single and Multilevel Analyses Vol. 144, Netherlands: Springer.
  • Visser, M., Scheepers, M. G. P. (2014). “The Impact Of Macro-Economic Circumstances and Social Protection Expenditure On Economic Deprivation In 25 European Countries, 2007-2011”, Social Indicators Research, 115, 1179–1203.
  • Whelan, C. T., Richard Layte, Bertrand Maitre, and Brian Nolan. (2001). “Income, Deprivation, and Economic Strain An Analysis Of The European Community Household Panel”, European Sociological Review, 17(4), 357–72.
  • Whelan, C. T., Richard Layte, and Bertrand Maitre. (2004). “Understanding The Mismatch Between Income Poverty and Deprivation: A Dynamic Comparative Analysis”, European Sociological Review, 20(4):287–302.
  • Whelan, C. T., Maitre, B. (2012). "Understanding Material Deprivation: A Comparative European Analysis", Research In Social Stratification and Mobility, 30(4), 489-503.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kerem Berkman 0000-0001-8766-2733

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 76

Kaynak Göster

APA Berkman, K. (2023). Yoksulluğun Yaşanan Boyutu: Türkiye’de Çocuk Maddi Yoksunluğunun Analizi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 1(76), 337-386. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1241241
muratozverister@gmail.com
dergicalismavetoplum@gmail.com
www.calismatoplum.org