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Negative Effects of Media on Children and Youth’ Socialization Process: A Study on Violent and Aggressive Behaviors

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 2, 368 - 398, 15.10.2017
https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.346149

Öz

This
article addresses theories and studies related to the effect of media violence
on aggressive behaviors in the children and adults. According to social
learning theory, people can learn aggression by observing and imitating
violence on the mass media. Observational learning contribute to both the
short- and the long-term effects of media violence on aggressive behaviors in
the children. Children make inferences from repeatedly observing the violent
behaviors and they can develop schemas about a hostile world and normative
beliefs that more approving of aggression. The experimental studies indicated
that the children who watched the violent film exhibited physical, verbal and
indirect aggression. The longitudinal studies found significant correlations
between frequent viewing to violence on the media in childhood and physical,
verbal and indirect aggression during young adulthood for both men and women
later in life. Often exposure to violent on television during childhood can
promote aggression in later childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.

Kaynakça

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  • Alvarez M. M, Huston A. C, Wright J. C. (1988). Gender differences in visual attentionto television form and content. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 9 (4), 459-75.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). Policy statement-media education. Pediatrics, 126 (5), 1012-1017.
  • Anderson, C. A.,& Bushman, B. J. (2002b). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.
  • Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A. & Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent Video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research, and public policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ayrancı, Ü., Köşgeroğlu, N. & Günay, Y. (2004). Televizyonda çocukların en çok seyrettikleri saatlerde gösterilen filmlerdeki şiddet düzeyi, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3, 133-140.
  • Bailey, K., West, R., & Anderson, C. A. (2010). A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control. Psychophysiology, 47, 34-42.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: WH Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass media communication, Media Psychology, 3 (3), 265-299.
  • Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J. & Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotion regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 303-312.
  • Baron, R. A. (1979). Effects of victim’s pain cues, victim’s race, and level of prior instigationupon physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 103-114.
  • Bartholow, B. D., Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L.& Benjamin, A. J. (2005). Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: The weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 48-60.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1986), Situational influences on reactions to observed violence. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 93-106.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bjorkqvist, K. (1985). Violent films, anxiety and aggression. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
  • Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K. & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In K. Bjorkqvist & P. Niemela (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of femaleaggression (pp. 51-64). New York: Academic Press.
  • Boxer, P., Huesmann, L. R., Bushman, B. J., Brien, M. O. & Moceri, D. (2009). The role of violent media preference in cumulative developmental risk for violence and general aggression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(3), 417-428.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56, 477-489.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2001). Effects of televised violence on aggression. In D. Singer & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and themedia (pp. 223-254). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2009). Comfortably numb: Desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 21(3), 273-277.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2010). Aggression. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology(pp. 833-855). USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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  • Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2007). The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real life violence. Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 43, 489-496.
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  • Comstock G. & Strasburger V. C. (1993). Media violence: Q & A. Adolescent Medicine,4 (3), 495-510.
  • Crick, N. R. & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children's adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
  • Deselms, J. L. & Altman, J. D. (2003). Immediate and prolonged effects of videogame violence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1553-1563.
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Yıl 2017, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 2, 368 - 398, 15.10.2017
https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.346149

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abelson, R. (1990). Determinants of parental mediation of children’s television viewing. In J. Bryant (Ed.), Television and the American family(pp. 311-326). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Alvarez M. M, Huston A. C, Wright J. C. (1988). Gender differences in visual attentionto television form and content. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 9 (4), 459-75.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). Policy statement-media education. Pediatrics, 126 (5), 1012-1017.
  • Anderson, C. A.,& Bushman, B. J. (2002b). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.
  • Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A. & Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent Video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research, and public policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ayrancı, Ü., Köşgeroğlu, N. & Günay, Y. (2004). Televizyonda çocukların en çok seyrettikleri saatlerde gösterilen filmlerdeki şiddet düzeyi, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3, 133-140.
  • Bailey, K., West, R., & Anderson, C. A. (2010). A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control. Psychophysiology, 47, 34-42.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: WH Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass media communication, Media Psychology, 3 (3), 265-299.
  • Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J. & Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotion regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 303-312.
  • Baron, R. A. (1979). Effects of victim’s pain cues, victim’s race, and level of prior instigationupon physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 103-114.
  • Bartholow, B. D., Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L.& Benjamin, A. J. (2005). Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: The weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 48-60.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1986), Situational influences on reactions to observed violence. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 93-106.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bjorkqvist, K. (1985). Violent films, anxiety and aggression. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.
  • Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K. & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In K. Bjorkqvist & P. Niemela (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of femaleaggression (pp. 51-64). New York: Academic Press.
  • Boxer, P., Huesmann, L. R., Bushman, B. J., Brien, M. O. & Moceri, D. (2009). The role of violent media preference in cumulative developmental risk for violence and general aggression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(3), 417-428.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56, 477-489.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2001). Effects of televised violence on aggression. In D. Singer & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and themedia (pp. 223-254). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2009). Comfortably numb: Desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 21(3), 273-277.
  • Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2010). Aggression. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology(pp. 833-855). USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Cantor, J. (1998). Children’s attraction to violent television programming. In J.H. Goldstein (Ed.), Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment(pp. 88-115). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Carlsson-Paige, N.,& D.E. Levin. 1990. Who’s calling the shots? How to respond effectively to children’s fascination with war play and war toys. Gabriola Island, BC, CAN: New Society.
  • Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2007). The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real life violence. Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 43, 489-496.
  • Children Now. (2001). Fair play? Violence, gender and race in video games. Los Angeles: Author.
  • Comstock, G. A. (1985). Television and film violence. In S. Apter & A. Goldstein (Eds.), Youth violence: Programs and prospects. New York: Perhamon.
  • Comstock, G. & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. New York: Academic Press.
  • Comstock G. & Strasburger V. C. (1993). Media violence: Q & A. Adolescent Medicine,4 (3), 495-510.
  • Crick, N. R. & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children's adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
  • Deselms, J. L. & Altman, J. D. (2003). Immediate and prolonged effects of videogame violence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1553-1563.
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Toplam 119 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Turhan Şengönül

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 46 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şengönül, T. (2017). Negative Effects of Media on Children and Youth’ Socialization Process: A Study on Violent and Aggressive Behaviors. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 46(2), 368-398. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.346149

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