Bazı Ülkelerde Çocukların Gözetimsiz Kalmaları Sorunları

Öz

Günümüzde bazı ülkelerde sorun teşkil eden konulardan biri de maugli sendromudur. Maugli sendromuna göre çocuklar vahşi bir ortamda yaşayarak insana özgü bütün gelişmelerden geri kalmaktadırlar. Bu çocuklara “maugli” (orman çocuğu) denmektedir. Çocuk mauglilerin yetişmesine sebep olan nedenler, aile içi her türlü fiziksel ve psikolojik şiddettir; bu şiddet nedeniyle çocukların evi bırakıp kaçmalarıdır. Çocuklar bu durumlarda gidebilecekleri bir yer olmaması veya geçinemeyecek halde bulunmaları sebebiyle hayvanlara sığınmaktadırlar. Evde zorla tutulan çocuklar da ev hayvanlarıyla birlikte kalmaktadırlar. Bu süreçte çocuklar, ilgili hayvanların alışkanlıklarını benimsemekte ve insana özgü özelliklerini kaybetmektedirler. Ebeveynlerin çocukları kapalı bir ortamda tutmaları sonucu, çocukların yanında herhangi bir hayvan olmasa bile, çocuklar birer vahşiye dönüşmektedirler. Maugli sorunu, herhangi bir coğrafi ve ulusal niteliğe bakılmaksızın bazı ülkelerde görülebilmektedir. Ancak bu olaylar son zamanlarda Rusya’da sık yaşanmaktadır. Rusya Federasyonu Ceza Kanunu’nda bu konuda düzenlemeler yer almaktadır. Bu fiiller Kanunda “reşit olmayan çocuğu terbiye etmede görevini yerine getirmeme (RFCK m. 156)” suçunu oluşturmakta ve görevlerini yerine getirmeyen veya görevlerini uygunsuz bir şekilde yerine getiren ebeveynlere fiilin niteliğine ve ağırlığına göre cezalar verileceği öngörülmektedir. Fakat var olan cezai düzenlemeler yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, modern toplumda yaşanmakta olan çocuk mauglilerin ortaya çıkış nedenleri incelenmiş, bu sorunun önüne geçilmesi için gerekli tedbirler önerilmiş ve kanuni düzenlemelerin yeniden oluşturulması gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocuk
• Çocuk Maugli
• Maugli Sendromu
• Ebeveyn
• Hayvan

The Problems of Unattended Children in Some Countries

Öz

Today the Mowgli Syndrome is one of the problematic guestion in some countries. According to Mowgli Syndrome children live in a wild environment and fall behind from all human specific developments. These children are called “Mowgli” (Feral Child). The reasons of the appearance of Mowgli Children are, all kinds of physical and psychological domestic violence in the family; the children running away from home because of this domestic violence in the family. And in these situations, the children take shelter to animals, because they have no place to go or they are unable to make a living. The children who are forcibly kept at home also staying with their pets. İn this process, the children getting the habits of animals and loosing their specific human characteristics. As a result of the parents keeping their children in a closed envoronment, even there no animals near them, these children turn into the feral children. The Mowgli problem can be seen in some countries despite of any geographical and national kinds. However, these events have been seeing often in Russia lately. There are regulations on this issue in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. İn the law, these acts constitute the crime such as, “No Execution the Duty of Upbringing the Underage Child (article 156 of Russian Federation Criminal Code)”. And parents who do not execute their duties or execute their duties improperly, will be punished according to the type and degree of the act. However, the existing criminal regulations remain insufficient. İn this study were researched the reasons of the appearance of Mowgli Children in modern society. Were taken the necessary measures to prevent this problem. And were emphasized the necessity of the re-forming the legal regulations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Child
• Mowgli Child
• The Mowgli Syndrome
• Parents
• Animal

Kaynakça

1. AKHMATALİEVA, G. (2019). Kırgızistan'da Telekomünikasyon Ağları Aracılığıyla İntihar Olayları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(3), 625-647.
2. ARNOLD, O. (2016). Pro Maugli İ Tarzanov. Biologiya.Uchebno-Metodicheskiy Jurnal Dlya Prepodovateley Biologii, Ekologii İ Estestvoznaniya, 1(982), 42-49.
3. BATYCHKO, V.T. (2006). Ugolovnoe Pravo. Obshaya İ Osobennaya Chast. Kurs Lektsii. Taganrogskiy Gosudarstvennyi Radiotehnicheskiy Universitet.
4. BOLDYCHEVA, V.A. (2009). Traditsiya İ Yazık Kak Sposoby Translyatsii Kultury. RGPU İm. A.İ. Gertsena, 12(90), 16-19.
5. IGNATOV, A.N., KRASİKOV, Y.A. (2000). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossii. Osobennaya Chast, Moskva.
6. INOGAMOVA-HEGAY, L.V., RAROG, A.İ., CHUCHAEV, A. İ. (2008). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Osobennaya Chast, İNFRA-M. Moskva.
7. KİSELYOV, N. (1998). İnformatsionnaya Potrebnost Kak Faktor Sotsializatsii Lichnosti. Dissertatsiya Na Soiskanie Uchenoy Stepeni Kandidata Sotsiologicheskih Nauk, Sibirskaya Gosudarstvennaya Akademia Telekommunikatsii İ İnformatiki. Novosibirsk.
8. KOJEVNİKOVA, M. (2013). Problemy Prirody Cheloveka V Kontekste Razvitiya Biotehnologii. Dissertatsiya Na Soiskanie Uchenoy Stepeni Kandidata Filosofskih Nauk, Federalnoe Gosudarstvennoe Uchrejdenie Nauki İnstitut Filosofii Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. Moskva.

9. KOMİSSAROV, V.S. (2008). Rossiyskoe Ugolovnoe Pravo. Osobennaya Chast. Moskva Sankt-Peterburg Nijniy Novgorod Voronej Rostov-Na-Donu Ekaterinburg Samara Novosibirsk Kiev Harkov Minsk.
10. KRUGLİKOV, L.L., VOLJENKİN, B.V., GALİAKBAROV, R.R., GORELİK, A.S., JEVLAKOV, E.N., MALKOV, V.P., TENCHOV, E.S. (1999). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossii. Chast Osobennaya (2. b.). Moskva.
11. KUDRYAVTSEV, V.N., LUNEYEV, V.V., NAUMOV, A.V. (2005). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossii. Osobennaya Chast. Moskva.
12. KURMANOV, K.S., SYDYKOVA, L.Ch., SHARSHENALİEV, A.S., KURMANOV, Z.K., ABDİEV, K.M., OSMONALİEV, K.M., ARTSYBASHEV, P.Y., BODOBAEV, K.A., OKENOVA, R.A. (2001). Ugolovnoe Pravo Kyrgyzskoy Respubliki. Osobennaya Chast. Bishkek.
13. KUZNETSOVA, E.M. (2010). Organizatsiya Opeki Popechitelstva Nad Nesovershennoletnimi Na Munitsipialnom Urovne. Omskiy Gosudarstvennyi Tehnicheskiy Universitet. UDK, 352+364(75), 58-61.
14. MAKSİMOV, İ.N. (2013). Opeka İ Popechitelstvo Kak Vid Sotsialnoy Zaboty Gosudarstva. UDK, (364), 1-4.
15. MOROZOVA, Y.V. (2020). Prestupleniya Protiv Semyi İ Nesovershennoletnih (st.st.150-157 UK RF). Sankt-Peterburg.
16. NEWTON, M. (1996). The Child Of The Nature: The Feral Child And The State Of The Nature. A Phd. Thesis, University College. London.
17. PROZUMENTOV, L.M. (2019). Ugolovnoe Pravo. Osobennaya Chast. Tomsk.
18. SUNDUROV, F.R., TALAN, M.V. (2012). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossii. Osobennaya Chast. Moskva.
19. REVİN, V.P. (2010). Ugolovnoe Pravo Rossii. Osobennaya Chast. (2.b.). Moskva.
20. Anna Kuznetsova Oboznachila Napravleniya Sovershenstvovaniya Deyatelnosti Organov Opeki İ Popechitelstva. duma.gov.ru/news/54071 (E.T.22.06.2023).
21. BALANDİNA, A. Rylas V Pomoyke: Deti Maugli Obnarujeny V Podmoskovye. Gazeta.Ru 09.04.2019, www.gazeta.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
22. CAROL, R. Starved, Tortured, Forgotten: Genie, The Feral Child Who Left A Mark On Researchers. The Guardian 14.07.2016, www.theguardian.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
23. CHAPMAN, M. Kidnapped, Dumped İn The Jungle And Raised By Monkeys: The Story Of A Little Girl Wrenched From Her Family And Brought Up İn The Wild Who Only Revealed Her Tale 50 Years Later As A Bradford Housewife. Daily Mail 30.03.2013, www.dailymail.co.uk (E.T. 24.06.2023).
24. Chelovecheskiy Detyonysh. Tengri News, https://tengrinews.kz/accidents/chelovecheskiy-detenyish-10335 (E.T. 25.06.2023).
25. DEGREGORY, L. Feral Children Through The Ages. Tampa Bay Times 03.08.2008, https://projects.tampabay.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
26. Delo Nijegorodskogo Maugli Zakryto: Vinovnaya Ushla Ot Nakazaniya. Komsomolskaya Pravda 19.09.2013, www.nnov.kp.ru/daily/26135.4/3025878/ (E.T. 22.06.2023).
27. Delo Vozbuzhdeno Posle Obnaruzheniia Devochki-Maugli V Moskve. Ren.Tv 30.05.2020, ren.tv/news/v-rossii/704785-delo-vozbuzhdeno-posle-obnaruzheniia-devochki-maugli-v-moskve (E.T. 22.06.2023).
28. Deti Maugli: Vozmojno Li Vosstanovlenie? Mnenie Eksperta. Ria Novosti 20.02.2007, https://ria.ru/20070120/59423658.html (E.T. 26.06.2023).
29. Deti-Maugli. 1Tv.Ru 12.04.2017, https://www.1tv.ru/shows/muzhskoezhenskoe/vypuski/deti-maugli-muzhskoe-zhenskoe-vypusk-ot-12-04-2017 (E.T. 22.06.2023).
30. Detskiye Ombudsmeny Budut Dobivatsya Reformirovaniya Organov Opeki. RAPSİ 27.01.2022, https/rapsinews.ru/human_rights_protection_news/20220127/307690186 (E.T. 22.06.2023).
31. Devochka-Volk İ Drugie Realnye Geroi İstoriy O Detyah-Maugli. Novyi Ochag 11.06.2021, www.novochag.ru (E.T. 24.06.2023).
32. Dvoih Detey-Maugli Nashli V Ulyanovskoy Kvartire. News.Ru 03.08.2021, https://news.ru/regions/dvoih-detej-maugli-nashli-v-ulyanovskoj-kvartire (E.T. 22.06.2023).
33. Federalnaya Slujba Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki. rosstat.gov.ru (E.T.30.06.2023).
34. FERGUSON, E. He Was A Child. Really Child. John Ssebunya. The Guardian 10.10.1999, www.theguardian.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
35. First Pictures Of The ‘Bird-Boy’ Who Was Raised As A Pet And Can Only Communicate By Chirping. Daily Mail 29.02.2008, www.dailymail.co.uk (E.T. 23.06.2023).
36. FORSYTH, J. Four Years Locked İn A Poultry Coop, The Next 20 Tied İn A Bed. The Boy Who Was Brought Up As A Chiken. The Guardian 11.07.2004, www.theguardian.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
37. GNEDİNSKAYA, A. El İz Odnoy Miski S Sobakoy. Vospominaniya Vyrosshyh Maugli O Detstve. Ria Novosti 21.05.2019, https://ria.ru/20190521/1553632646.html (E.T. 22.06.2023).
38. GORBUNOV, Y. Oksana Malaya: Devochka-Maugli, Kotoruyu Vospitala Sobaka. Russkaya Semyerka 21.01.2023, https://russian7.ru/post/oksana-malaya (E.T. 24.06.2023).
39. Grajdanskiy Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Chast Pervaya) Ot 30.11.1994 №51-F3 (Red. Ot 14.04.2023). Zakonodatelstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Sbornik Osnovnyh Federalnyh Zakonov RF. https://fzrf.su/kodeks/gk-1/ (E.T. 30.06.2023).
40. Gryaz, Plesen, Gnilaya Eda: V Krasnoyarske Troe Detey Jili Sredi Bomjey. İa Regnum 05.07.2019, https://regnum.ru/2660506 (E.T. 22.06.2023).
41. HANOVA, O. Syndrom-Maugli. https://www.krasotaimedicina.ru/diseases/children/Mowgli-syndrome (E.T. 25.06.2023).
42. HARKOV, A. Syndrom Maugli. Deti Kotoryh Vospitali Jivotniye. Deti-Maugli. Fb 09.10.2016, https://fb.ru/article/270208/sindrom-maugli (E.T. 24.06.2023).
43. HATTENSTONE, S. Was Marina Chapman Really Brought Up By Monkeys? The Guardian 13.04.2013, www.guardian.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
44. HUSSELBEE, R. Part Of The Pack I Walked On All Fours & Barcked After Being Raised By Wild Dogs From The Age Of Three When Parents Locked Me Outside. The Sun 15.10.2022, www.thesun.co.uk (E.T. 24.06.2023).
45. İ Takih Detey-Maugli U Nas Ne Malo... Nevskoe Vremya 01.12.2011, https://nvspb.ru/2011/12/01/i-takih-detey-maugli-u-nas-nemalo-46990 (E.T. 23.06.2023).
46. KOROLEVA, E. Ona Zagovorila: Chto İzvestno O Stolichnoy Devochke Maugli. Gazeta.Ru 12.03.2019, www.gazeta.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
47. KUPRINA, Y. Malchik-Ptitsa: 6-Letniy Malysh Ne Govorit, A Chirikaet İ Mashet Rukami-Krylyami. Komsomolskaya Pravda 29.02.2008, www.msk.kp.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
48. Kuznetsova Prizvala Reformirovat Sistemu Organov Opeki V Rossii. İzvestiya 17.06.2022, https://iz.ru/1351320/2022-06-17/kuznetsova-prizvala-reformirovat-sistemu-organov-opeki-v-rossii (E.T. 22.06.2023).
49. LOSHİHİN, A. Yavliaiutsia Li Deti-Maugli Novoi Bolezniu Obshchestva. Rossiyskaya Gazeta 21.03.2019, https://rg.ru/2019/03/21/iavliaiutsia-li-deti-maugli-novoj-bolezniu-obshestva (E.T. 22.06.2023).
50. LYUBİNETSKAYA, A. V Ufe Nashli Devochku-Maugli. Komsomolskaya Pravda 24.02.2009, www.ufa.kp.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
51. MAKDONALD, F. Dikie İstorii Detey-Maugli. BBC News Ukraina 15.10.2015, bbc.com/ukrainian (E.T. 24.06.2023).
52. Mat Rebyonka-Maugli İz Bashkirii Lishili Roditelskih Prav. News.Ru 24.05.2020, https://news.ru/society/mat-rebyonka-maugli-iz-bashkirii-lishili-roditelskih-prav/ (E.T. 22.06.2023).
53. Mat-Alkogolichka 12 Let Derjala Dochku V Sunduke. Newsler.Ru 02.03.2017, https://www.newsler.ru/society/2017/03/02/12-let-v-sunduke-v-muryiginskom-internate (E.T. 22.06.2023).
54. MATSKEVİCH, İ. Deti-Maugli. Soyuz Kriminalistov İ Kriminologov 21.06.2017, https://crimescience.ru/news/Deti-maugli (E.T. 24.06.2023).
55. MISHINA, V. Na Spade Pandemii Vyroslo Chislo Roditeley, Lishennyh Roditelskih Prav. www.vedomosti.ru (E.T. 30.06.2023).
56. NEWTON, M. Savage Girls And Wild Boys: A History Of Feral Children By Michael Newton. The Guardian 19.01.2002, www.theguardian.com (E.T. 23.06.2023).
57. NOVİTSKAYA, İ. Lutshie Druzya-Dvorovye Sobaki: Kak Slojilas Jizn Ufimskoy Devochki-Maugli, Kotoruyu Otnyali U Mamy 11 Let Nazad. Komsomolskaya Pravda 04.02.2021, www.ufa.kp.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
58. Ocherednye Deti-Maugli Naydeny V Sankt-Peterburge. Vesti Ru 03.05.2019, www.vesti.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
59. PLESHAKOVA, S. Maugli Vyhodyat V Lyudi. Moskovskiy Komsomolets 16.07.2009, www.mk.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
60. Politsiia İziala Piaterykh Detey-Maugli U Ushedshei V Zapoi Zhenshchiny. Ren.Tv 27.06.2020, https/ren.tv/news/v-rossii/716101-politsiia-iziala-piaterykh-detei-maugli-u-ushedshei-v-zapoy-zhenshzhiny (E.T. 22.06.2023).
61. PRITCHARD, N. Born To Be Wild. We Meet Real-Life Mowglis Who Were Raised By Wild Dogs, Cats And Even Chikens After Girl Raised By Monkeys İs Rescued From The Jungle. The Sun 07.04.2017, www.thesun.co.uk (E.T. 23.06.2023).
62. RADFORD, B. Feral Children: Lore Of The Wild Child. LiveScience 28.11.2013, www.livescience.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
63. Realnye İstorii Detey-Maugli, Kotoryh Vospityvali Zveri. Chelmami.Ru, https://chelmami.ru/obzory/v-mire-zhivotnyh-samye-izvestnye-i-zhutkie-istorii-detey-maugli-kotoryh-vospityvali-zveri-a-ne-lyudi.html (E.T. 23.06.2023).
64. Rebyonok V Bede: Otkuda Berutsya Deti-Maugli İ Kak İm Pomoch. Ria Novosti 02.04.2019, https://ria.ru/20190402/1552314384.html (E.T. 26.06.2023).
65. Rebyonok-Maugli V Moskovskoy Kvartire: Devochka Jila Bez Edy İ Vody Po Poyas V Musore. Vesti Ru 11.03.2019, www.vesti.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).
66. ROMANOVA, V., STARİTSKAYA, A. Otkloneniya V Psihike İ Ravnodushie. Pochemu V Rossii Uvelichivaetsya Chislo Detey Maugli. 360 Tv.Ru 21.05.2019, https://360tv.ru/tekst/obschesto/pochemu-uvelichivaetsja-chislo-deteymaugli (E.T. 22.06.2023).
67. Russian Police Find Feral Girl İn Siberia. Reuters 27.05.2009, www.reuters.com (E.T. 23.06.2023).
68. Samyye İzvestnye Deti-Maugli: Kak Slojilas Sudby Malyshey, Kotoryye Vyrosli Sredi Jivotnyh. Jurnal Kulturologiya RF, https://kulturologia.ru/blogs/040416/29040/ (E.T. 24. 06.2023).
69. SAZANOV, E. V Chite Nashli Devochku-Maugli: V Svoi Pyat Let Rebyonok Umeyet Tolko Layat İ Myaukat. Komsomolskaya Pravda 02.04.2018, www.kp.ru (E.T.23.06.2023).
70. Semeynyi Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii Ot 29.12.1995 №223-F3 St.69 (Red.Ot 28.04.2023). Zakonodatelstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Sbornik Osnovnyh Federalnyh Zakonov RF. https://fzrf.su/kodeks/sk/st-69.php (E.T. 30.06.2023).
71. SHATTUCK, R. The Wild Boy Of Aveyron. The New York Times 16.05.1976, www.nytimes.com (E.T. 24.06.2023).
72. SHİN, Jun-Hao Rosalyn. Daughters Of The Wild: The Feral And Human Perspective. The Morningside Review, Vol.5 (2009), May 1, 2009. journals.library.columbia.edu (E.T. 24.06.2023).
73. Sluchaii Nahojdeniya Detey-Maugli V Rossii V 2008-2013 Godah. Ria Novosti 10.09.2013, https://ria.ru/20130910/962257375.html (E.T. 22.06.2023).
74. Sosedi Rasskazali O Semie İzbitogo Malchika-Maugli. Ren.Tv 20.04.2020, https://ren.tv/news/v-rossii/688647-stoial-izbityi-sosedki-o-semie-izbitogo-malchika-maugli (E.T. 22.06.2023).
75. STEWART, W. Girl, 3, Raised By Dogs İn Her Home After Her Alcoholic Mother Neglected Her. Daily Mail 25.02.2009, www.dailymail.co.uk (E.T. 22.06.2023).
76. STEWART, W. Man Raised By A Pack Of Stray Dogs As A Child Reveals How They Saved His Life By Keeping Him Warm And Sharing Their Food With Him-Before Russian Officials Killed The Animals. Daily Mail 23.05.2019, www.dailymail.co.uk (E.T. 23.06.2023).
77. Sudebnye İ Normativnye Akty Rossiyskoy Federatsii, www.sudact.ru (E.T. 06.12.2023).
78. Ugolovnyi Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii Ot 13.06.1996 №63-F3 St.156. (Red.13.06.2023). Sbornik Osnovnyh Federalnyh Zakonov RF. https://fzrf.su/kodeks/uk/st-156.php (E.T. 01.07.2023).
79. V Bashkirii Spasli Semiletnego Rebyonka-Maugli. Ufa1.Ru 24.05.2020, https://ufa1.ru/text/incidents/2020/05/24/69276316 (E.T. 22.06.2023).
80. V Rossii Utverdili Poryadok Monitoringa Raboty Organov Opeki. Ria Novosti 19.04.2021, https://ria.ru/20210419/opeka-1728874811.html (E.T. 22.06.2023).
81. V Staye Brodyachih Sobak Nayden Ocherednoy Rebyonok-Maugli. İa Regnum 13.07.2005, https://regnum.ru/news/483712 (E.T. 23.06.2023).
82. Vahşi Çocuklar (Feral Children). Doğaya Kaçış. Seawolfmete 15.09.2014, https://dogayakacis.com/2014/09/15vahsi-cocuklar-feral-childs/ (E.T. 24.06.2023).
83. VİLLARREAL, D. Genie Wiley: The Feral Child. American Studies Biographical Stories Cultural History Linguistics Science & Engineering, March 29, 2019. https://stmuscholars.org/ (E.T. 24.06.2023). VOYNİTSKAYA, A. Maugli İz Podolska, Kotorogo Vospityvala Sobaka Okanchivaet Kolledj. Komsomolskaya Pravda 03.04.2019, www.kp.ru (E.T. 23.06.2023).