Araştırma Makalesi

Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption

Sayı: 8 30 Aralık 2025
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Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption

Öz

Patent rights grant the holder exclusive authority over the use, production, commercial circulation, and enjoyment of both the material and moral benefits arising from an invention for a period of 20 years starting from the application date. This monopolistic entitlement is subject to certain limitations under national and international legislation to ensure public interest and maintain a balance between the inventor’s rights and societal welfare. Article 85 of the Industrial Property Code serves this purpose by excluding acts such as private use, experimental use, and trials related to drug licensing—including necessary testing—from the scope of patent protection. Private and experimental acts are defined as exceptions that encompass non-commercial activities serving personal purposes and contributing to the advancement of the state of the art. Experimental use related to drug licensing is commonly referred to in practice and doctrine as the "Bolar exemption." The primary aim of the Bolar exemption is to facilitate the swift market entry of generic drugs, thereby improving access to medication and establishing a balance between public health and the interests of pharmaceutical manufacturers. This study aims to elaborate on how the limitations imposed on patent rights are applied at both national and international levels and to discuss the criteria that may justify restrictions on the patented invention within the scope of these exceptions. To ensure a fair balance between the inventor’s interests and public welfare, objective criteria must be established. Indeed, the formation of a uniform application is only possible when certain fundamental criteria are available to guide decision-making in each specific case.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. (1994, April 15). https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  2. ARSLAN, M. H. (2023). Patent Hakkına İlişkin İstisnalar ve Sınırlamalar. İstanbul.
  3. AYİTER, N. (1968). İhtira Hukuku. Ankara.
  4. Bayh-Dole Act: https://drexel.edu/research/innovation/bayh-dole-act, accessed on May 28, 2025.
  5. BEGALLE, M. (2002). Eliminating the Totality of the Circumstances Test for the Public Use Bar under Section 102(B) of the Patent Act. Chicago Kent Law Review, 77(3), 1359.
  6. BIBLE, S. J. (2010). Does the Experimental-Use Defense to Patent Infringement Still Exist. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 13(1), 17-42.
  7. BOZBEL, S. (2015). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku. İstanbul.
  8. CARUSO, J. A. (2003). The Experimental Use Exception: An Experimentalist's View. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 215-244.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

11 Aralık 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA
Karahan, A., & Çalık Sönmez, Ö. N. (2025). Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, 478-505. https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762
AMA
1.Karahan A, Çalık Sönmez ÖN. Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. ÇÜHAD. 2025;(8):478-505. doi:10.59399/cuhad.1824762
Chicago
Karahan, Aybike, ve Özge Nur Çalık Sönmez. 2025. “Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 8: 478-505. https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762.
EndNote
Karahan A, Çalık Sönmez ÖN (01 Aralık 2025) Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 478–505.
IEEE
[1]A. Karahan ve Ö. N. Çalık Sönmez, “Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption”, ÇÜHAD, sy 8, ss. 478–505, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.59399/cuhad.1824762.
ISNAD
Karahan, Aybike - Çalık Sönmez, Özge Nur. “Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi. 8 (01 Aralık 2025): 478-505. https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762.
JAMA
1.Karahan A, Çalık Sönmez ÖN. Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. ÇÜHAD. 2025;:478–505.
MLA
Karahan, Aybike, ve Özge Nur Çalık Sönmez. “Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 8, Aralık 2025, ss. 478-05, doi:10.59399/cuhad.1824762.
Vancouver
1.Aybike Karahan, Özge Nur Çalık Sönmez. Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. ÇÜHAD. 01 Aralık 2025;(8):478-505. doi:10.59399/cuhad.1824762