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Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 8, 478 - 505, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762

Öz

Patent rights grant the holder exclusive authority over the use, production, commercial circulation, and enjoyment of both the material and moral benefits arising from an invention for a period of 20 years starting from the application date. This monopolistic entitlement is subject to certain limitations under national and international legislation to ensure public interest and maintain a balance between the inventor’s rights and societal welfare. Article 85 of the Industrial Property Code serves this purpose by excluding acts such as private use, experimental use, and trials related to drug licensing—including necessary testing—from the scope of patent protection. Private and experimental acts are defined as exceptions that encompass non-commercial activities serving personal purposes and contributing to the advancement of the state of the art. Experimental use related to drug licensing is commonly referred to in practice and doctrine as the "Bolar exemption." The primary aim of the Bolar exemption is to facilitate the swift market entry of generic drugs, thereby improving access to medication and establishing a balance between public health and the interests of pharmaceutical manufacturers. This study aims to elaborate on how the limitations imposed on patent rights are applied at both national and international levels and to discuss the criteria that may justify restrictions on the patented invention within the scope of these exceptions. To ensure a fair balance between the inventor’s interests and public welfare, objective criteria must be established. Indeed, the formation of a uniform application is only possible when certain fundamental criteria are available to guide decision-making in each specific case.

Kaynakça

  • AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. (1994, April 15). https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • ARSLAN, M. H. (2023). Patent Hakkına İlişkin İstisnalar ve Sınırlamalar. İstanbul.
  • AYİTER, N. (1968). İhtira Hukuku. Ankara.
  • Bayh-Dole Act: https://drexel.edu/research/innovation/bayh-dole-act, accessed on May 28, 2025.
  • BEGALLE, M. (2002). Eliminating the Totality of the Circumstances Test for the Public Use Bar under Section 102(B) of the Patent Act. Chicago Kent Law Review, 77(3), 1359.
  • BIBLE, S. J. (2010). Does the Experimental-Use Defense to Patent Infringement Still Exist. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 13(1), 17-42.
  • BOZBEL, S. (2015). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku. İstanbul.
  • CARUSO, J. A. (2003). The Experimental Use Exception: An Experimentalist's View. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 215-244.
  • CHAPMAN, A. (2023). Approaching Intellectual Property as a Human Right: Obligations Related to Article 15 (1) (c). Copyright Bulletin, 35(3), 4-47.
  • City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126 (1877): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/97/126/, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use, OJ L 311, 28.11.2001: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj/eng, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • COMPETITION AUTHORITY'S PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR REPORT. (2013). Türkiye Beşeri İlaç Sektörünün Mevcut Yapısı ve Mevzuatı İncelenerek Rekabet Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi ve Rekabetin Geliştirilmesi Yönünde Önerilerin Oluşturulması. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/8-rekabet-kurumu-ilac-s, accessed on May 26, 2025.
  • CONTRERAS, J. (2020). Research and Repair: Expanding Exceptions to Patent Infringement in Response to a Pandemic. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), 1-7.
  • CORREA, C. M. (2004). Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Geochemical Products Under Free Trade Agreements. ICTSD-UNCTAD, Dialogue on Moving the Pro-development IP Agenda Forward: Preserving Public Goods in Health, Education and Learning. https://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/Correa_Bellagio4.pdf, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • ÇOLAK, U. (2022). Türk Patent Hukuku. Ankara.
  • DEVLIN, A. (2009). Restricting Experimental Use. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 32(2), 599-652.
  • DEXPATENT. (n.d.). The Ultimate Patent Guide: Your Patent Playbook & Answers to 100+ FAQs. https://dexpatent.com/patent-guide/patents-for-personal-use/, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • EISENBERG, R. S. (1989). Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(3), 1017-1086.
  • EUROPEAN GENERIC MEDICINES ASSOCIATION 13TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE INFORMATION NOTE. (2007). https://uye.ieis.org.tr/ieis/assets/media/images/toplanti/13yil/EGA_BILGI_NOTU_2007.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION. (2020, November). 17th Edition. https://link.epo.org/web/EPC_17th_edition_2020_en.pdf, accessed on May 15, 2025.
  • GÜNEŞ, İ. (2019). Patent ve Faydalı Model Hukuku (2. b.). Ankara.
  • HAGELIN, T. (2023). The Experimental Use Exemptions to Patent Infringement. Nystar Research Report, New York State Science & Technology Law Center, Syracuse University College of Law, New York.
  • IŞIKLI, H. (2005). İlaçlarda Test ve Deney Verilerinin Korunması: Avrupa Birliği'nde Yeni Sistem. Ankara.
  • İNCE, N. M. (2023). Son Dönem Rekabet Kurulu, Avrupa Komisyonu ve Mahkeme Kararları Işığında Orijinal İlaç ve Jenerik İlaç Rekabeti. Uygulamalı Rekabet Hukuku Seminerleri, İstanbul.
  • KAYA, A. (1997). Türk Hukukunda Patentten Doğan Haklar. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 55(4), 173-200.
  • KAYA, B. (2018). Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Madde 85/3 Hükmü Kapsamında Bolar İstisnasının Uygulanması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 76(2), 417-442.
  • KOSTOLANSKY, K. J., SALGADO, D. (2018). Does the Experimental Use Exception in Patent Law Have a Future?. Colorado Lawyer, 47, 32-41.
  • KÖKER, A. R., YALÇINER, U. G. (2021). Patent-Faydalı Modelden Kaynaklanan Uyuşmazlıklar (2. b.). Ankara.
  • KYLE, M. (2017). Economic Analysis of Supplementary Protection Certificates in Europe. European Commission.
  • LANIER, V. (1995). Medical Device Eligibility for the Statutory Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 17(3), 705-736.
  • LEHMAN, B. (2003). The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System. International Intellectual Property Institute, 1(1), 1-14.
  • MARCINIAK, W. (2014). New Case Law Suggests a Bumpy Ride for Bolar Exemption in Poland. IAM Media, IP Value, 117-119. http://www.iam-media.com/Intelligence/IP-Value/2014/Legal-perspectives-Cross-border/New-case-law-suggests-a-bumpy-ride-for-Bolar-exemption-in-Poland, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • MEITNER, P. (1977). A Commentary on Experimental Commercial Use. The Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 2.
  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996, Washington, D.C.
  • OKAT, T. (2011). The Evaluation of the Patent Right within the Context of the Competition Law. Master’s Thesis, Kadir Has University, İstanbul. (Evaluation).
  • OKAT, T. (2013). Polpharma Davası ve Bolar İstisnasının Sınırlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı (T. MEMİŞ, Düzenleyen). Ankara. (Polpharma).
  • OKKAOĞLU, Ç. G., İNCE, C. (2022). İlaç Sektöründe Rekabeti Kısıtlayıcı Yatay Anlaşmalar. Nurkut İnan'a Armağan (İ. YILMAZ ASLAN, G. AŞÇIOĞLU, K. C. SANLI, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • OWENS, J. L. (2005). Not Quiet Dead Yet: The Near Fatal Wounding of the Experimental Use Exception and Its Impact on Public Universities. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law, 3(2), 453-476.
  • ÖNAY, I. (2010). TRIPs: Patent Korumasının İlaçlara Erişime Etkisi. Prof. Dr. Rona Serozan'a Armağan (Cilt II). (B. İ. ENGİN, B. BAYSAL, T. AYDIN ÜNVER, C. PEKMEZ, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • ÖZCAN BÜYÜKTANIR, B. (2011). İlaç Patenti Hak Sahipliği ve Patent Hakkı Sahibinin İlacın Neden Olduğu Zararlardan Dolayı Sorumluluğu. Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • ÖZKÖK GÖKMEN, B. G. (2020). Patent Hakkının Sınırları ve İstisnalar (Kamu Sağlığı Gerekçesi Özelinde İncelenmesi). Ankara.
  • ÖZTÜRK, Ö. (2008). Türk Hukukunda Patent Verilebilirlik Şartları. Ankara.
  • PATE, G. N. (2002). Analyses of the Experimental Use Exception. North Caroline Journal of Law & Technology, 3(2), 253-272.
  • PATENT DEFENSES. (n.d.). Public Use Bar. https://patentdefenses.com/public-use-bar/, accessed on May 29, 2025.
  • Regulation on Licensing of Human Medicinal Products: https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211211-5.htm, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • Roche Products, Inc., v. Bolar Pharmaceutical Co., Inc, United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit-733 F.2d 858, 23.04.1984: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/733/858/459501/, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • ROWE, E. (2006). The Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement: Do Universities Deserve Special Treatment?. Hasting’s Law Journal, 57, 921-954.
  • SARAÇ, T. (2001). 551 Sayılı KHK’nin 11. Maddesine Göre Patent İstemi Hakkı ve Hakkın Sahibi. Prof. Dr. Hayri Domaniç’e 80. Yaş Günü Armağanı (A. KENDİGELEN, Düzenleyen). İstanbul. (Patent İstemi).
  • SARAÇ, T. (2003). Patentten Doğan Hakka Tecavüz ve Hakkın Korunması. Ankara. (Hakkın Korunması).
  • SCHLATTMAN, R. H. (1951). Inventor's Experimental Use of His Patentable Invention. Intramural Law Review of Saint Louis University, Missouri.
  • SCHWENTKER, A. R. (2008). Experimenting With the Experimental-Use Exception: Proposals for a Tax Alternative. The George Washington Law Review, 76(2), 426-448.
  • SEZGİN HUYSAL, A. (2009). Pharmaceutical patent. Doctoral Thesis, Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • STRANDBURG, K. J. (2004). What Does the Public Get? Experimental Use and the Patent Bargain. Wisconsin Law Review. https://ssrn.com/abstract=518702, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • SULUK, C. (2014). Türkiye’de İlaçların Patent ve Diğer Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları ile Korunması. Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 9(100), 731-734.
  • SULUK, C., KARASU, R., NAL, T. (2023). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. b.). Ankara.
  • ŞEHİRALİ ÇELİK, F. H. (2006). Patent Sisteminin İşlevleri ve Bu İşlevlerin Etkinliğini Sağlayan Yasal Düzenlemeler. Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi, 23(3), 103-154.
  • ŞEHİRALİ, F. H. (1998). Patent Hakkının Korunması. Ankara.
  • TEKİNALP, Ü. (2012). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. b.). İstanbul.
  • THOMAS, J. R. (2004). Scientific Research and the Experimental Use Privilege in Patent Law (CRS Report No. RL32651), Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/RL32651.pdf, accessed on May 20, 2025. TOPCU, D. (2016). Patent Lisans Sözleşmeleri. Ankara.
  • WESCHLER, C. (2004). The Informal Experimental Use Exception: University Research after Madey V. Duke University. NYU Law Review, 79(4), 1536-1569.
  • WESTED, J., MINSSEN, T. (???). Research- & Bolar Exemptions in the U.S. and Europe: Recent Developments and Possible Scenarios: Report on CeBIL Webinar III in the Webinar Series on "Reinterpreting TRIPS in the Life Sciences". Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
  • WONG, Z. (2000). The Experimental Stage Doctrine: The Quiet Death of an Experimental Use Heresy. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 82.
  • WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Part II — Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_04c_e.htm#5, accessed on May 12, 2025.
  • WOUTERS, O., MCKEE, M., LUYTEN, J. (2020). Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018. JAMA, 323(9), 844-853.
  • YALÇINER, U. G. (2002). İlaç ve Patent: Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Son Gelişmeler. Ankara Barosu Fikri Mülkiyet ve Rekabet Hukuku Dergisi, 2(3), 15-44.
  • YILDIRIM, M. (2007). İlaç Patentleri Yönünden Deney Amaçlı Fiiller ve Ruhsatlandırma; Bolar Hükmü ya da Bolar İstisnası. TBB Dergisi, 20(71), 128-145.
  • YUSUFOĞLU, F. (2008). Conditions for Patentability. Doctoral Thesis, Galatasaray University, Istanbul.
  • 21 F. Cas. 554 (Fed. Cir. 1813): https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0021.f.cas/0021. f.cas.0554.pdf, accessed on May 27, 2025. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271, accessed on May 27, 2025.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 8, 478 - 505, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. (1994, April 15). https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • ARSLAN, M. H. (2023). Patent Hakkına İlişkin İstisnalar ve Sınırlamalar. İstanbul.
  • AYİTER, N. (1968). İhtira Hukuku. Ankara.
  • Bayh-Dole Act: https://drexel.edu/research/innovation/bayh-dole-act, accessed on May 28, 2025.
  • BEGALLE, M. (2002). Eliminating the Totality of the Circumstances Test for the Public Use Bar under Section 102(B) of the Patent Act. Chicago Kent Law Review, 77(3), 1359.
  • BIBLE, S. J. (2010). Does the Experimental-Use Defense to Patent Infringement Still Exist. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 13(1), 17-42.
  • BOZBEL, S. (2015). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku. İstanbul.
  • CARUSO, J. A. (2003). The Experimental Use Exception: An Experimentalist's View. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 215-244.
  • CHAPMAN, A. (2023). Approaching Intellectual Property as a Human Right: Obligations Related to Article 15 (1) (c). Copyright Bulletin, 35(3), 4-47.
  • City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126 (1877): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/97/126/, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use, OJ L 311, 28.11.2001: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj/eng, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • COMPETITION AUTHORITY'S PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR REPORT. (2013). Türkiye Beşeri İlaç Sektörünün Mevcut Yapısı ve Mevzuatı İncelenerek Rekabet Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi ve Rekabetin Geliştirilmesi Yönünde Önerilerin Oluşturulması. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/8-rekabet-kurumu-ilac-s, accessed on May 26, 2025.
  • CONTRERAS, J. (2020). Research and Repair: Expanding Exceptions to Patent Infringement in Response to a Pandemic. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), 1-7.
  • CORREA, C. M. (2004). Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Geochemical Products Under Free Trade Agreements. ICTSD-UNCTAD, Dialogue on Moving the Pro-development IP Agenda Forward: Preserving Public Goods in Health, Education and Learning. https://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/Correa_Bellagio4.pdf, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • ÇOLAK, U. (2022). Türk Patent Hukuku. Ankara.
  • DEVLIN, A. (2009). Restricting Experimental Use. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 32(2), 599-652.
  • DEXPATENT. (n.d.). The Ultimate Patent Guide: Your Patent Playbook & Answers to 100+ FAQs. https://dexpatent.com/patent-guide/patents-for-personal-use/, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • EISENBERG, R. S. (1989). Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(3), 1017-1086.
  • EUROPEAN GENERIC MEDICINES ASSOCIATION 13TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE INFORMATION NOTE. (2007). https://uye.ieis.org.tr/ieis/assets/media/images/toplanti/13yil/EGA_BILGI_NOTU_2007.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION. (2020, November). 17th Edition. https://link.epo.org/web/EPC_17th_edition_2020_en.pdf, accessed on May 15, 2025.
  • GÜNEŞ, İ. (2019). Patent ve Faydalı Model Hukuku (2. b.). Ankara.
  • HAGELIN, T. (2023). The Experimental Use Exemptions to Patent Infringement. Nystar Research Report, New York State Science & Technology Law Center, Syracuse University College of Law, New York.
  • IŞIKLI, H. (2005). İlaçlarda Test ve Deney Verilerinin Korunması: Avrupa Birliği'nde Yeni Sistem. Ankara.
  • İNCE, N. M. (2023). Son Dönem Rekabet Kurulu, Avrupa Komisyonu ve Mahkeme Kararları Işığında Orijinal İlaç ve Jenerik İlaç Rekabeti. Uygulamalı Rekabet Hukuku Seminerleri, İstanbul.
  • KAYA, A. (1997). Türk Hukukunda Patentten Doğan Haklar. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 55(4), 173-200.
  • KAYA, B. (2018). Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Madde 85/3 Hükmü Kapsamında Bolar İstisnasının Uygulanması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 76(2), 417-442.
  • KOSTOLANSKY, K. J., SALGADO, D. (2018). Does the Experimental Use Exception in Patent Law Have a Future?. Colorado Lawyer, 47, 32-41.
  • KÖKER, A. R., YALÇINER, U. G. (2021). Patent-Faydalı Modelden Kaynaklanan Uyuşmazlıklar (2. b.). Ankara.
  • KYLE, M. (2017). Economic Analysis of Supplementary Protection Certificates in Europe. European Commission.
  • LANIER, V. (1995). Medical Device Eligibility for the Statutory Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 17(3), 705-736.
  • LEHMAN, B. (2003). The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System. International Intellectual Property Institute, 1(1), 1-14.
  • MARCINIAK, W. (2014). New Case Law Suggests a Bumpy Ride for Bolar Exemption in Poland. IAM Media, IP Value, 117-119. http://www.iam-media.com/Intelligence/IP-Value/2014/Legal-perspectives-Cross-border/New-case-law-suggests-a-bumpy-ride-for-Bolar-exemption-in-Poland, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • MEITNER, P. (1977). A Commentary on Experimental Commercial Use. The Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 2.
  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996, Washington, D.C.
  • OKAT, T. (2011). The Evaluation of the Patent Right within the Context of the Competition Law. Master’s Thesis, Kadir Has University, İstanbul. (Evaluation).
  • OKAT, T. (2013). Polpharma Davası ve Bolar İstisnasının Sınırlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı (T. MEMİŞ, Düzenleyen). Ankara. (Polpharma).
  • OKKAOĞLU, Ç. G., İNCE, C. (2022). İlaç Sektöründe Rekabeti Kısıtlayıcı Yatay Anlaşmalar. Nurkut İnan'a Armağan (İ. YILMAZ ASLAN, G. AŞÇIOĞLU, K. C. SANLI, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • OWENS, J. L. (2005). Not Quiet Dead Yet: The Near Fatal Wounding of the Experimental Use Exception and Its Impact on Public Universities. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law, 3(2), 453-476.
  • ÖNAY, I. (2010). TRIPs: Patent Korumasının İlaçlara Erişime Etkisi. Prof. Dr. Rona Serozan'a Armağan (Cilt II). (B. İ. ENGİN, B. BAYSAL, T. AYDIN ÜNVER, C. PEKMEZ, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • ÖZCAN BÜYÜKTANIR, B. (2011). İlaç Patenti Hak Sahipliği ve Patent Hakkı Sahibinin İlacın Neden Olduğu Zararlardan Dolayı Sorumluluğu. Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • ÖZKÖK GÖKMEN, B. G. (2020). Patent Hakkının Sınırları ve İstisnalar (Kamu Sağlığı Gerekçesi Özelinde İncelenmesi). Ankara.
  • ÖZTÜRK, Ö. (2008). Türk Hukukunda Patent Verilebilirlik Şartları. Ankara.
  • PATE, G. N. (2002). Analyses of the Experimental Use Exception. North Caroline Journal of Law & Technology, 3(2), 253-272.
  • PATENT DEFENSES. (n.d.). Public Use Bar. https://patentdefenses.com/public-use-bar/, accessed on May 29, 2025.
  • Regulation on Licensing of Human Medicinal Products: https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211211-5.htm, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • Roche Products, Inc., v. Bolar Pharmaceutical Co., Inc, United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit-733 F.2d 858, 23.04.1984: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/733/858/459501/, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • ROWE, E. (2006). The Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement: Do Universities Deserve Special Treatment?. Hasting’s Law Journal, 57, 921-954.
  • SARAÇ, T. (2001). 551 Sayılı KHK’nin 11. Maddesine Göre Patent İstemi Hakkı ve Hakkın Sahibi. Prof. Dr. Hayri Domaniç’e 80. Yaş Günü Armağanı (A. KENDİGELEN, Düzenleyen). İstanbul. (Patent İstemi).
  • SARAÇ, T. (2003). Patentten Doğan Hakka Tecavüz ve Hakkın Korunması. Ankara. (Hakkın Korunması).
  • SCHLATTMAN, R. H. (1951). Inventor's Experimental Use of His Patentable Invention. Intramural Law Review of Saint Louis University, Missouri.
  • SCHWENTKER, A. R. (2008). Experimenting With the Experimental-Use Exception: Proposals for a Tax Alternative. The George Washington Law Review, 76(2), 426-448.
  • SEZGİN HUYSAL, A. (2009). Pharmaceutical patent. Doctoral Thesis, Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • STRANDBURG, K. J. (2004). What Does the Public Get? Experimental Use and the Patent Bargain. Wisconsin Law Review. https://ssrn.com/abstract=518702, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • SULUK, C. (2014). Türkiye’de İlaçların Patent ve Diğer Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları ile Korunması. Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 9(100), 731-734.
  • SULUK, C., KARASU, R., NAL, T. (2023). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. b.). Ankara.
  • ŞEHİRALİ ÇELİK, F. H. (2006). Patent Sisteminin İşlevleri ve Bu İşlevlerin Etkinliğini Sağlayan Yasal Düzenlemeler. Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi, 23(3), 103-154.
  • ŞEHİRALİ, F. H. (1998). Patent Hakkının Korunması. Ankara.
  • TEKİNALP, Ü. (2012). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. b.). İstanbul.
  • THOMAS, J. R. (2004). Scientific Research and the Experimental Use Privilege in Patent Law (CRS Report No. RL32651), Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/RL32651.pdf, accessed on May 20, 2025. TOPCU, D. (2016). Patent Lisans Sözleşmeleri. Ankara.
  • WESCHLER, C. (2004). The Informal Experimental Use Exception: University Research after Madey V. Duke University. NYU Law Review, 79(4), 1536-1569.
  • WESTED, J., MINSSEN, T. (???). Research- & Bolar Exemptions in the U.S. and Europe: Recent Developments and Possible Scenarios: Report on CeBIL Webinar III in the Webinar Series on "Reinterpreting TRIPS in the Life Sciences". Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
  • WONG, Z. (2000). The Experimental Stage Doctrine: The Quiet Death of an Experimental Use Heresy. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 82.
  • WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Part II — Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_04c_e.htm#5, accessed on May 12, 2025.
  • WOUTERS, O., MCKEE, M., LUYTEN, J. (2020). Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018. JAMA, 323(9), 844-853.
  • YALÇINER, U. G. (2002). İlaç ve Patent: Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Son Gelişmeler. Ankara Barosu Fikri Mülkiyet ve Rekabet Hukuku Dergisi, 2(3), 15-44.
  • YILDIRIM, M. (2007). İlaç Patentleri Yönünden Deney Amaçlı Fiiller ve Ruhsatlandırma; Bolar Hükmü ya da Bolar İstisnası. TBB Dergisi, 20(71), 128-145.
  • YUSUFOĞLU, F. (2008). Conditions for Patentability. Doctoral Thesis, Galatasaray University, Istanbul.
  • 21 F. Cas. 554 (Fed. Cir. 1813): https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0021.f.cas/0021. f.cas.0554.pdf, accessed on May 27, 2025. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271, accessed on May 27, 2025.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 8, 478 - 505, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. (1994, April 15). https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • ARSLAN, M. H. (2023). Patent Hakkına İlişkin İstisnalar ve Sınırlamalar. İstanbul.
  • AYİTER, N. (1968). İhtira Hukuku. Ankara.
  • Bayh-Dole Act: https://drexel.edu/research/innovation/bayh-dole-act, accessed on May 28, 2025.
  • BEGALLE, M. (2002). Eliminating the Totality of the Circumstances Test for the Public Use Bar under Section 102(B) of the Patent Act. Chicago Kent Law Review, 77(3), 1359.
  • BIBLE, S. J. (2010). Does the Experimental-Use Defense to Patent Infringement Still Exist. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 13(1), 17-42.
  • BOZBEL, S. (2015). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku. İstanbul.
  • CARUSO, J. A. (2003). The Experimental Use Exception: An Experimentalist's View. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 215-244.
  • CHAPMAN, A. (2023). Approaching Intellectual Property as a Human Right: Obligations Related to Article 15 (1) (c). Copyright Bulletin, 35(3), 4-47.
  • City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126 (1877): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/97/126/, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use, OJ L 311, 28.11.2001: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj/eng, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • COMPETITION AUTHORITY'S PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR REPORT. (2013). Türkiye Beşeri İlaç Sektörünün Mevcut Yapısı ve Mevzuatı İncelenerek Rekabet Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi ve Rekabetin Geliştirilmesi Yönünde Önerilerin Oluşturulması. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/8-rekabet-kurumu-ilac-s, accessed on May 26, 2025.
  • CONTRERAS, J. (2020). Research and Repair: Expanding Exceptions to Patent Infringement in Response to a Pandemic. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), 1-7.
  • CORREA, C. M. (2004). Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Geochemical Products Under Free Trade Agreements. ICTSD-UNCTAD, Dialogue on Moving the Pro-development IP Agenda Forward: Preserving Public Goods in Health, Education and Learning. https://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/Correa_Bellagio4.pdf, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • ÇOLAK, U. (2022). Türk Patent Hukuku. Ankara.
  • DEVLIN, A. (2009). Restricting Experimental Use. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 32(2), 599-652.
  • DEXPATENT. (n.d.). The Ultimate Patent Guide: Your Patent Playbook & Answers to 100+ FAQs. https://dexpatent.com/patent-guide/patents-for-personal-use/, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • EISENBERG, R. S. (1989). Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(3), 1017-1086.
  • EUROPEAN GENERIC MEDICINES ASSOCIATION 13TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE INFORMATION NOTE. (2007). https://uye.ieis.org.tr/ieis/assets/media/images/toplanti/13yil/EGA_BILGI_NOTU_2007.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION. (2020, November). 17th Edition. https://link.epo.org/web/EPC_17th_edition_2020_en.pdf, accessed on May 15, 2025.
  • GÜNEŞ, İ. (2019). Patent ve Faydalı Model Hukuku (2. b.). Ankara.
  • HAGELIN, T. (2023). The Experimental Use Exemptions to Patent Infringement. Nystar Research Report, New York State Science & Technology Law Center, Syracuse University College of Law, New York.
  • IŞIKLI, H. (2005). İlaçlarda Test ve Deney Verilerinin Korunması: Avrupa Birliği'nde Yeni Sistem. Ankara.
  • İNCE, N. M. (2023). Son Dönem Rekabet Kurulu, Avrupa Komisyonu ve Mahkeme Kararları Işığında Orijinal İlaç ve Jenerik İlaç Rekabeti. Uygulamalı Rekabet Hukuku Seminerleri, İstanbul.
  • KAYA, A. (1997). Türk Hukukunda Patentten Doğan Haklar. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 55(4), 173-200.
  • KAYA, B. (2018). Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Madde 85/3 Hükmü Kapsamında Bolar İstisnasının Uygulanması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 76(2), 417-442.
  • KOSTOLANSKY, K. J., SALGADO, D. (2018). Does the Experimental Use Exception in Patent Law Have a Future?. Colorado Lawyer, 47, 32-41.
  • KÖKER, A. R., YALÇINER, U. G. (2021). Patent-Faydalı Modelden Kaynaklanan Uyuşmazlıklar (2. b.). Ankara.
  • KYLE, M. (2017). Economic Analysis of Supplementary Protection Certificates in Europe. European Commission.
  • LANIER, V. (1995). Medical Device Eligibility for the Statutory Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 17(3), 705-736.
  • LEHMAN, B. (2003). The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System. International Intellectual Property Institute, 1(1), 1-14.
  • MARCINIAK, W. (2014). New Case Law Suggests a Bumpy Ride for Bolar Exemption in Poland. IAM Media, IP Value, 117-119. http://www.iam-media.com/Intelligence/IP-Value/2014/Legal-perspectives-Cross-border/New-case-law-suggests-a-bumpy-ride-for-Bolar-exemption-in-Poland, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • MEITNER, P. (1977). A Commentary on Experimental Commercial Use. The Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 2.
  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996, Washington, D.C.
  • OKAT, T. (2011). The Evaluation of the Patent Right within the Context of the Competition Law. Master’s Thesis, Kadir Has University, İstanbul. (Evaluation).
  • OKAT, T. (2013). Polpharma Davası ve Bolar İstisnasının Sınırlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı (T. MEMİŞ, Düzenleyen). Ankara. (Polpharma).
  • OKKAOĞLU, Ç. G., İNCE, C. (2022). İlaç Sektöründe Rekabeti Kısıtlayıcı Yatay Anlaşmalar. Nurkut İnan'a Armağan (İ. YILMAZ ASLAN, G. AŞÇIOĞLU, K. C. SANLI, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • OWENS, J. L. (2005). Not Quiet Dead Yet: The Near Fatal Wounding of the Experimental Use Exception and Its Impact on Public Universities. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law, 3(2), 453-476.
  • ÖNAY, I. (2010). TRIPs: Patent Korumasının İlaçlara Erişime Etkisi. Prof. Dr. Rona Serozan'a Armağan (Cilt II). (B. İ. ENGİN, B. BAYSAL, T. AYDIN ÜNVER, C. PEKMEZ, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • ÖZCAN BÜYÜKTANIR, B. (2011). İlaç Patenti Hak Sahipliği ve Patent Hakkı Sahibinin İlacın Neden Olduğu Zararlardan Dolayı Sorumluluğu. Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • ÖZKÖK GÖKMEN, B. G. (2020). Patent Hakkının Sınırları ve İstisnalar (Kamu Sağlığı Gerekçesi Özelinde İncelenmesi). Ankara.
  • ÖZTÜRK, Ö. (2008). Türk Hukukunda Patent Verilebilirlik Şartları. Ankara.
  • PATE, G. N. (2002). Analyses of the Experimental Use Exception. North Caroline Journal of Law & Technology, 3(2), 253-272.
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  • WOUTERS, O., MCKEE, M., LUYTEN, J. (2020). Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018. JAMA, 323(9), 844-853.
  • YALÇINER, U. G. (2002). İlaç ve Patent: Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Son Gelişmeler. Ankara Barosu Fikri Mülkiyet ve Rekabet Hukuku Dergisi, 2(3), 15-44.
  • YILDIRIM, M. (2007). İlaç Patentleri Yönünden Deney Amaçlı Fiiller ve Ruhsatlandırma; Bolar Hükmü ya da Bolar İstisnası. TBB Dergisi, 20(71), 128-145.
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Patent Hakkının Sınırları: Özel ve Deneme Amaçlı Fiiller ile Bolar İstisnası

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 8, 478 - 505, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762

Öz

Patent hakkı, başvuru tarihinden itibaren 20 yıllık süre kapsamında hakkın sahibine buluşun kullanımı, üretimi, ticari pazarda dolaşımı ve buluştan doğan maddi ve manevi haklardan faydalanılması noktasında inhisari bir yetki tanır. Patent hakkından doğan bu tekel hakkı niteliğindeki yetkiye, kamu yararının güdülebilmesi ve buluşçunun menfaati ile toplumun menfaati arasında dengenin korunabilmesi maksadıyla ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatla birtakım sınırlamalar getirilmiştir. Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 85. maddesi, özel amaçlı kullanım, deneysel kullanım ve ilaçların ruhsatlandırılması ve bunun için gerekli olan deneyler dahil olmak üzere deneme amaçlı fiilleri patent hakkının koruma kapsamının dışında tutarak, bu dengeyi sağlamaya hizmet etmektedir. Özel ve deneme amaçlı fiiller temelde ticari fayda sağlanılmaksızın yapılan ve kişisel amaçlara hizmet eden, aynı zamanda tekniğin bilinen durumunun ilerlemesine katkı sağlayacak çalışmaları kapsamına alan istisnalar olarak tanımlanabilir. İlaçların ruhsatlandırılmasına ilişkin deneme amaçlı kullanımlar ise uygulamada ve doktrinde bolar istisnası terminolojisiyle anılır. Bolar istisnasının kullanımının temel amacı jenerik ilaçların piyasaya en hızlı şekilde girebilmesini sağlayarak kamu sağlığını yakından ilgilendiren ilaca erişimi kolaylaştırıp toplumun sağlığı ile ilaç üreticileri arasındaki menfaat dengesini kurabilmektir. Çalışmanın amacı, patent hakkının kapsamına ilişkin getirilen sınırlamaların ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde nasıl uygulandığını detaylandırarak, istisnaların kapsamına hakka konu buluşa ait sınırlamaların hangi kriterlere dayanılarak yapılabileceğini tartışmaktır. Buluşçu menfaati ile toplumsal çıkarlar arasındaki dengenin sağlanabilmesi için getirilmesi gereken birtakım objektif kriterler olması gerekmektedir. Zira, yeknesak bir uygulamanın oluşabilmesi her somut olayda hareket edilebilecek belli başlı kriterlerin varlığı halinde mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. (1994, April 15). https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
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  • BIBLE, S. J. (2010). Does the Experimental-Use Defense to Patent Infringement Still Exist. SMU Science and Technology Law Review, 13(1), 17-42.
  • BOZBEL, S. (2015). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku. İstanbul.
  • CARUSO, J. A. (2003). The Experimental Use Exception: An Experimentalist's View. Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 215-244.
  • CHAPMAN, A. (2023). Approaching Intellectual Property as a Human Right: Obligations Related to Article 15 (1) (c). Copyright Bulletin, 35(3), 4-47.
  • City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126 (1877): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/97/126/, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use, OJ L 311, 28.11.2001: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj/eng, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • COMPETITION AUTHORITY'S PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR REPORT. (2013). Türkiye Beşeri İlaç Sektörünün Mevcut Yapısı ve Mevzuatı İncelenerek Rekabet Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi ve Rekabetin Geliştirilmesi Yönünde Önerilerin Oluşturulması. https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/Dosya/sektor-raporlari/8-rekabet-kurumu-ilac-s, accessed on May 26, 2025.
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  • CORREA, C. M. (2004). Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Geochemical Products Under Free Trade Agreements. ICTSD-UNCTAD, Dialogue on Moving the Pro-development IP Agenda Forward: Preserving Public Goods in Health, Education and Learning. https://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/bellagio/docs/Correa_Bellagio4.pdf, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • ÇOLAK, U. (2022). Türk Patent Hukuku. Ankara.
  • DEVLIN, A. (2009). Restricting Experimental Use. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 32(2), 599-652.
  • DEXPATENT. (n.d.). The Ultimate Patent Guide: Your Patent Playbook & Answers to 100+ FAQs. https://dexpatent.com/patent-guide/patents-for-personal-use/, accessed on May 21, 2025.
  • EISENBERG, R. S. (1989). Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(3), 1017-1086.
  • EUROPEAN GENERIC MEDICINES ASSOCIATION 13TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE INFORMATION NOTE. (2007). https://uye.ieis.org.tr/ieis/assets/media/images/toplanti/13yil/EGA_BILGI_NOTU_2007.pdf, accessed on May 30, 2025.
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  • GÜNEŞ, İ. (2019). Patent ve Faydalı Model Hukuku (2. b.). Ankara.
  • HAGELIN, T. (2023). The Experimental Use Exemptions to Patent Infringement. Nystar Research Report, New York State Science & Technology Law Center, Syracuse University College of Law, New York.
  • IŞIKLI, H. (2005). İlaçlarda Test ve Deney Verilerinin Korunması: Avrupa Birliği'nde Yeni Sistem. Ankara.
  • İNCE, N. M. (2023). Son Dönem Rekabet Kurulu, Avrupa Komisyonu ve Mahkeme Kararları Işığında Orijinal İlaç ve Jenerik İlaç Rekabeti. Uygulamalı Rekabet Hukuku Seminerleri, İstanbul.
  • KAYA, A. (1997). Türk Hukukunda Patentten Doğan Haklar. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 55(4), 173-200.
  • KAYA, B. (2018). Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Madde 85/3 Hükmü Kapsamında Bolar İstisnasının Uygulanması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 76(2), 417-442.
  • KOSTOLANSKY, K. J., SALGADO, D. (2018). Does the Experimental Use Exception in Patent Law Have a Future?. Colorado Lawyer, 47, 32-41.
  • KÖKER, A. R., YALÇINER, U. G. (2021). Patent-Faydalı Modelden Kaynaklanan Uyuşmazlıklar (2. b.). Ankara.
  • KYLE, M. (2017). Economic Analysis of Supplementary Protection Certificates in Europe. European Commission.
  • LANIER, V. (1995). Medical Device Eligibility for the Statutory Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 17(3), 705-736.
  • LEHMAN, B. (2003). The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System. International Intellectual Property Institute, 1(1), 1-14.
  • MARCINIAK, W. (2014). New Case Law Suggests a Bumpy Ride for Bolar Exemption in Poland. IAM Media, IP Value, 117-119. http://www.iam-media.com/Intelligence/IP-Value/2014/Legal-perspectives-Cross-border/New-case-law-suggests-a-bumpy-ride-for-Bolar-exemption-in-Poland, accessed on May 30, 2025.
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  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996, Washington, D.C.
  • OKAT, T. (2011). The Evaluation of the Patent Right within the Context of the Competition Law. Master’s Thesis, Kadir Has University, İstanbul. (Evaluation).
  • OKAT, T. (2013). Polpharma Davası ve Bolar İstisnasının Sınırlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı (T. MEMİŞ, Düzenleyen). Ankara. (Polpharma).
  • OKKAOĞLU, Ç. G., İNCE, C. (2022). İlaç Sektöründe Rekabeti Kısıtlayıcı Yatay Anlaşmalar. Nurkut İnan'a Armağan (İ. YILMAZ ASLAN, G. AŞÇIOĞLU, K. C. SANLI, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • OWENS, J. L. (2005). Not Quiet Dead Yet: The Near Fatal Wounding of the Experimental Use Exception and Its Impact on Public Universities. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law, 3(2), 453-476.
  • ÖNAY, I. (2010). TRIPs: Patent Korumasının İlaçlara Erişime Etkisi. Prof. Dr. Rona Serozan'a Armağan (Cilt II). (B. İ. ENGİN, B. BAYSAL, T. AYDIN ÜNVER, C. PEKMEZ, Düzenleyenler). İstanbul.
  • ÖZCAN BÜYÜKTANIR, B. (2011). İlaç Patenti Hak Sahipliği ve Patent Hakkı Sahibinin İlacın Neden Olduğu Zararlardan Dolayı Sorumluluğu. Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • ÖZKÖK GÖKMEN, B. G. (2020). Patent Hakkının Sınırları ve İstisnalar (Kamu Sağlığı Gerekçesi Özelinde İncelenmesi). Ankara.
  • ÖZTÜRK, Ö. (2008). Türk Hukukunda Patent Verilebilirlik Şartları. Ankara.
  • PATE, G. N. (2002). Analyses of the Experimental Use Exception. North Caroline Journal of Law & Technology, 3(2), 253-272.
  • PATENT DEFENSES. (n.d.). Public Use Bar. https://patentdefenses.com/public-use-bar/, accessed on May 29, 2025.
  • Regulation on Licensing of Human Medicinal Products: https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211211-5.htm, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • Roche Products, Inc., v. Bolar Pharmaceutical Co., Inc, United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit-733 F.2d 858, 23.04.1984: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/733/858/459501/, accessed on May 27, 2025.
  • ROWE, E. (2006). The Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement: Do Universities Deserve Special Treatment?. Hasting’s Law Journal, 57, 921-954.
  • SARAÇ, T. (2001). 551 Sayılı KHK’nin 11. Maddesine Göre Patent İstemi Hakkı ve Hakkın Sahibi. Prof. Dr. Hayri Domaniç’e 80. Yaş Günü Armağanı (A. KENDİGELEN, Düzenleyen). İstanbul. (Patent İstemi).
  • SARAÇ, T. (2003). Patentten Doğan Hakka Tecavüz ve Hakkın Korunması. Ankara. (Hakkın Korunması).
  • SCHLATTMAN, R. H. (1951). Inventor's Experimental Use of His Patentable Invention. Intramural Law Review of Saint Louis University, Missouri.
  • SCHWENTKER, A. R. (2008). Experimenting With the Experimental-Use Exception: Proposals for a Tax Alternative. The George Washington Law Review, 76(2), 426-448.
  • SEZGİN HUYSAL, A. (2009). Pharmaceutical patent. Doctoral Thesis, Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • STRANDBURG, K. J. (2004). What Does the Public Get? Experimental Use and the Patent Bargain. Wisconsin Law Review. https://ssrn.com/abstract=518702, accessed on May 30, 2025.
  • SULUK, C. (2014). Türkiye’de İlaçların Patent ve Diğer Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları ile Korunması. Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 9(100), 731-734.
  • SULUK, C., KARASU, R., NAL, T. (2023). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (7. b.). Ankara.
  • ŞEHİRALİ ÇELİK, F. H. (2006). Patent Sisteminin İşlevleri ve Bu İşlevlerin Etkinliğini Sağlayan Yasal Düzenlemeler. Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Dergisi, 23(3), 103-154.
  • ŞEHİRALİ, F. H. (1998). Patent Hakkının Korunması. Ankara.
  • TEKİNALP, Ü. (2012). Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku (5. b.). İstanbul.
  • THOMAS, J. R. (2004). Scientific Research and the Experimental Use Privilege in Patent Law (CRS Report No. RL32651), Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/RL32651.pdf, accessed on May 20, 2025. TOPCU, D. (2016). Patent Lisans Sözleşmeleri. Ankara.
  • WESCHLER, C. (2004). The Informal Experimental Use Exception: University Research after Madey V. Duke University. NYU Law Review, 79(4), 1536-1569.
  • WESTED, J., MINSSEN, T. (???). Research- & Bolar Exemptions in the U.S. and Europe: Recent Developments and Possible Scenarios: Report on CeBIL Webinar III in the Webinar Series on "Reinterpreting TRIPS in the Life Sciences". Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
  • WONG, Z. (2000). The Experimental Stage Doctrine: The Quiet Death of an Experimental Use Heresy. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 82.
  • WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Part II — Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_04c_e.htm#5, accessed on May 12, 2025.
  • WOUTERS, O., MCKEE, M., LUYTEN, J. (2020). Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018. JAMA, 323(9), 844-853.
  • YALÇINER, U. G. (2002). İlaç ve Patent: Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Son Gelişmeler. Ankara Barosu Fikri Mülkiyet ve Rekabet Hukuku Dergisi, 2(3), 15-44.
  • YILDIRIM, M. (2007). İlaç Patentleri Yönünden Deney Amaçlı Fiiller ve Ruhsatlandırma; Bolar Hükmü ya da Bolar İstisnası. TBB Dergisi, 20(71), 128-145.
  • YUSUFOĞLU, F. (2008). Conditions for Patentability. Doctoral Thesis, Galatasaray University, Istanbul.
  • 21 F. Cas. 554 (Fed. Cir. 1813): https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0021.f.cas/0021. f.cas.0554.pdf, accessed on May 27, 2025. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271, accessed on May 27, 2025.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Aybike Karahan 0000-0001-8276-0529

Özge Nur Çalık Sönmez 0009-0009-8617-1540

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Karahan, A., & Çalık Sönmez, Ö. N. (2025). Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption. Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi(8), 478-505. https://doi.org/10.59399/cuhad.1824762