Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3, 1216 - 1225, 13.05.2015
Maryam Tafarrojı
,
Parvin Malekzadeh
Kaynakça
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
- Arefi, M. & Alizadeh, S. (2008). The Effect of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development: A Case of Bilingual Children in Iran. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (H. U. Journal of Education), 34, 12-18.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Carrel, P. L., & Carson, J. G (1997). Extensive and intensive reading in an EAP setting. English for Specific Purpose, 16(1), 47-60.
- Clyne, M., Hunt, C.R., & Isaakidis, T. (2004). Learning a Community Language as a Third Language. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1(1), 33-52.
- Corder, S. P. (1979). Language distance and the magnitude of the learning task. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2, 27-36.
- De La Colina, M.G., Parker, R. I., Hasbrouck, J. E., & Lara-Alecio, R. (2001). Intensive intervention inreading fluency for at-risk beginning Spanish readers. Bilingual Research
- Journal, 25, 503-538.
- Denton, C.A., J. L. Antony, R. Parker & J. Hasbrouck (2004). Effects of two tutoring programs on theEnglish reading development of Spanish-English bilingual students. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 289-305.
- Dijkstra, T., Timmermans. M, & Schriefers, H. (2000b). On being blinded by your other language: effects of task demands on interlingual homograph recognition. J Mem Lang, 42,455– 464.
- Errasti, M. P. S. (2003). Acquiring writing skills in a third language: The positive effects of bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism. 7(1), 27-42.
- Gottardo, A., & Grant, A. (2008). Defining bilingualism. Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp. 1-7). London, ON: Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network.
- http://www.literacyencyclopedia.ca/pdfs/topic.php?topId=236
- Gough, P.and Tunmer, W. (1986). Decoding, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6-10.
- Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language teaching. Cambridge: Pearson Education Limited.
- Hakuta, K. & Diaz, R. (1985). The relationship between the degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion of some longitiudinal data. In K.ENelson (ED), Children”s language (PP. 319-344). Hillsdale, Newjersy: Lawrence. Erlbaum Associates.
- Hernandez, H. (1997). Teaching in multilingual classrooms. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
- Merrill/Prentice Hall.
- Khadivi, A. (2011). Cognitive Theories of Bilingualism and Curriculum Development; in Abstract Book of Bilingual and Education: Challenges, Perspectives, and Solutions Conference. Research Institute for Education, Iran.
- Karimi, A. (2003). PIRLS 2001 Results: The brief report. Institute for Educational Research: Tehran.
- Karimi, A. & Kabiri, M. (2010). Comparing Bilingual and Monolingual Students’ Reading
- Comprehension; According to PIRLS 2006 Results: In abstract Book of Bilingual and
- Education: Challenges, Perspectives, and Solutions Conference. Research Institute for Education, Iran.
- Kassaian, Z. & Esmae’li, S. (2011). The effect of bilinguality on L3 Breadth of vocabulary Knowledge and word Reading Skill. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 1(8), 966-974.
- Kenner, C. (2000). Home Pages: Literacy Links for Bilingual Children. Stoke-on Trent: Trentham Books.
- Keshavarz, M. H. & Astaneh, H. (2004). The impact of bilinguality on the learning of English vocabulary as a foreign language (L3). Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 7(4), 295-302.
- Klinger, J. K., A. J. Artiles & L. M. Barletta (2006). English language learners who struggle with reading: language acquisition of LD? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 108- 128.
- Lambert, W. E., & Tucker, G. R. (1972). The bilingual education of children: The St. Lambert experiment. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Nagy, W. E., Garc ı´a, G. E., Durgunogˇlu, A., & Hancin-Bhatt, B. (1993). Spanish– English bilingual children’s use and recognition of cognates in English reading. Journal of Reading Behavior, 25, 241–259.
- Oller, J.W. (1983). Issues in language testing research. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House. Palmer, H.E. (1964). The Principles of Language-Study. London: Oxford University Press
- Paran, A. (2003). Intensive Reading. English. Teaching Professional, 28, 40-48.
- Payne, T. W., Kalibatseva, Z. Jungers, M. K. (2009). Does Domain Experience Compensate for Working Memory Capacity in Second Language Reading Comprehension? Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 119-123.
- Sanders, M., & Meijers, G. (1995). English as L3 in the Elementary School. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 107-108, 59-78.
- Snow, C. E. (1987). Beyond conversation: Second language learners' acquisition of description and explanation. In J. P. Lantolf & A. Labarca (Eds.), Research in second language learning: Focus on the classroom. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
- Thomas, J. (1988). The role played by metalinguistic awareness in second and third language learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9, 235-246.
- Trask, R.L. (1999). The key concept in language and linguistics. New York: Routledgendon.Valencia, J. & Cenoz, J. (1993). Bilingualism and third language acquisition. Document Reproduction Service (ED 364 118).
- Van Gelderen, A., Schoonen, R., de Glopper, K., Hulstijn, J., Snellings, P., Simis, A. & Stevenson, M. (2003). Roles of linguistic knowledge, metacognitive knowledge and processing speed in L3, L2 and L1 reading comprehension. The International Journal of Bilingualism., 7(1), 7-2
- http://cambridgeesol.org/exams/general-english/pet.htmlis
- http://literacynet.org/cnnsf/archives.html
- http://eltc.persianblog.ir/
- http://szsbls3.szsb.uni-saarland.de/slenglish/multchoice.html
- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/studyzone/
The Effect of Bilingualism on the Developing of English Reading Skill
Yıl 2015,
Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3, 1216 - 1225, 13.05.2015
Maryam Tafarrojı
,
Parvin Malekzadeh
Öz
Abstract. Reading skill has gained interest by many of Iranian English teachers and learners due to its' significant role in promoting language competence and understanding authentic materials. Undeniable reality of bilingualism and multilingualism around the world has enforced most of the researchers to investigate the impact of bilingualism in learning English. The aim of this study is to find the effect of bilingualism on learners reading ability. To this end, 60 female students from a secondary school in Kouhdasht, Iran, were selected, and assigned to two homogeneous groups of bilingual (Laki- Persian) and monolingual (Persian). During 12 sixty-minute sessions within eight weeks, both group practiced reading through extensive and intensive reading and summarizing. After treatment the result revealed that reading skill was statistically significant in bilingual students, in comparison with monolingual counterparts. The findings of this study have various implications for language teachers and policy makers to provide bilingual students with optimal teaching and learning opportunities.
Kaynakça
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
- Arefi, M. & Alizadeh, S. (2008). The Effect of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development: A Case of Bilingual Children in Iran. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (H. U. Journal of Education), 34, 12-18.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Carrel, P. L., & Carson, J. G (1997). Extensive and intensive reading in an EAP setting. English for Specific Purpose, 16(1), 47-60.
- Clyne, M., Hunt, C.R., & Isaakidis, T. (2004). Learning a Community Language as a Third Language. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1(1), 33-52.
- Corder, S. P. (1979). Language distance and the magnitude of the learning task. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2, 27-36.
- De La Colina, M.G., Parker, R. I., Hasbrouck, J. E., & Lara-Alecio, R. (2001). Intensive intervention inreading fluency for at-risk beginning Spanish readers. Bilingual Research
- Journal, 25, 503-538.
- Denton, C.A., J. L. Antony, R. Parker & J. Hasbrouck (2004). Effects of two tutoring programs on theEnglish reading development of Spanish-English bilingual students. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 289-305.
- Dijkstra, T., Timmermans. M, & Schriefers, H. (2000b). On being blinded by your other language: effects of task demands on interlingual homograph recognition. J Mem Lang, 42,455– 464.
- Errasti, M. P. S. (2003). Acquiring writing skills in a third language: The positive effects of bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism. 7(1), 27-42.
- Gottardo, A., & Grant, A. (2008). Defining bilingualism. Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp. 1-7). London, ON: Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network.
- http://www.literacyencyclopedia.ca/pdfs/topic.php?topId=236
- Gough, P.and Tunmer, W. (1986). Decoding, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6-10.
- Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language teaching. Cambridge: Pearson Education Limited.
- Hakuta, K. & Diaz, R. (1985). The relationship between the degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion of some longitiudinal data. In K.ENelson (ED), Children”s language (PP. 319-344). Hillsdale, Newjersy: Lawrence. Erlbaum Associates.
- Hernandez, H. (1997). Teaching in multilingual classrooms. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
- Merrill/Prentice Hall.
- Khadivi, A. (2011). Cognitive Theories of Bilingualism and Curriculum Development; in Abstract Book of Bilingual and Education: Challenges, Perspectives, and Solutions Conference. Research Institute for Education, Iran.
- Karimi, A. (2003). PIRLS 2001 Results: The brief report. Institute for Educational Research: Tehran.
- Karimi, A. & Kabiri, M. (2010). Comparing Bilingual and Monolingual Students’ Reading
- Comprehension; According to PIRLS 2006 Results: In abstract Book of Bilingual and
- Education: Challenges, Perspectives, and Solutions Conference. Research Institute for Education, Iran.
- Kassaian, Z. & Esmae’li, S. (2011). The effect of bilinguality on L3 Breadth of vocabulary Knowledge and word Reading Skill. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 1(8), 966-974.
- Kenner, C. (2000). Home Pages: Literacy Links for Bilingual Children. Stoke-on Trent: Trentham Books.
- Keshavarz, M. H. & Astaneh, H. (2004). The impact of bilinguality on the learning of English vocabulary as a foreign language (L3). Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 7(4), 295-302.
- Klinger, J. K., A. J. Artiles & L. M. Barletta (2006). English language learners who struggle with reading: language acquisition of LD? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 108- 128.
- Lambert, W. E., & Tucker, G. R. (1972). The bilingual education of children: The St. Lambert experiment. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Nagy, W. E., Garc ı´a, G. E., Durgunogˇlu, A., & Hancin-Bhatt, B. (1993). Spanish– English bilingual children’s use and recognition of cognates in English reading. Journal of Reading Behavior, 25, 241–259.
- Oller, J.W. (1983). Issues in language testing research. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House. Palmer, H.E. (1964). The Principles of Language-Study. London: Oxford University Press
- Paran, A. (2003). Intensive Reading. English. Teaching Professional, 28, 40-48.
- Payne, T. W., Kalibatseva, Z. Jungers, M. K. (2009). Does Domain Experience Compensate for Working Memory Capacity in Second Language Reading Comprehension? Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 119-123.
- Sanders, M., & Meijers, G. (1995). English as L3 in the Elementary School. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 107-108, 59-78.
- Snow, C. E. (1987). Beyond conversation: Second language learners' acquisition of description and explanation. In J. P. Lantolf & A. Labarca (Eds.), Research in second language learning: Focus on the classroom. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
- Thomas, J. (1988). The role played by metalinguistic awareness in second and third language learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9, 235-246.
- Trask, R.L. (1999). The key concept in language and linguistics. New York: Routledgendon.Valencia, J. & Cenoz, J. (1993). Bilingualism and third language acquisition. Document Reproduction Service (ED 364 118).
- Van Gelderen, A., Schoonen, R., de Glopper, K., Hulstijn, J., Snellings, P., Simis, A. & Stevenson, M. (2003). Roles of linguistic knowledge, metacognitive knowledge and processing speed in L3, L2 and L1 reading comprehension. The International Journal of Bilingualism., 7(1), 7-2
- http://cambridgeesol.org/exams/general-english/pet.htmlis
- http://literacynet.org/cnnsf/archives.html
- http://eltc.persianblog.ir/
- http://szsbls3.szsb.uni-saarland.de/slenglish/multchoice.html
- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/studyzone/