Duygu Düzenleme ve Bağımlılık

Öz

İnsanoğlunun yaşamında önemli kavramlardan biri duygulardır. Sevinç, umut, iyimserlik ve coşku gibi olumlu duyguların yanı sıra korku, üzüntü, acı ve hayal kırıklığı gibi olumsuz duygular, insan yaşamının bir parçasıdır. Olumlu duyguların veya olumsuz duyguların yaşanması gayet doğaldır. Önemli olan duygusal durumlarda verilen tepkilerin ne kadar sağlıklı olduğudur. Duygular yerinde, zamanında ve ölçülü bir biçimde yaşandığı zaman zararsızdır. Böyle durumlarda duygular sağlıklı bir biçimde düzenlenmiş olur. Ancak duygularla sağlıklı bir biçimde baş edilemediğinde, bireyde birtakım problemler ortaya çıkar. Yapılan çalışmalar, duygu düzenlemede yaşanan güçlüklerin ruhsal bozuklukların etiyolojilerinde önemli roller oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bazı bireyler yaşadıkları duygular karşısında, sahip oldukları becerilerle bu durumun üstesinden gelirken, bazıları bu becerilerden yoksun olduklarından dolayı bu zorlukları daha ağır yaşarlar. Duygu düzenleme güçlükleri kişiyi mevcut durumun altından kalkmak için irrasyonel yollara sevk eder. Bu yollardan biri de bağımlılıktır. Bağımlı kişi, madde kullanarak veya bir davranış sergileyerek olumsuz duygudan kaçmak ister. Ancak, bağımlılık asla bir duygu düzenleme yöntemi olamaz. Bunun aksine bireyin önemli kayıplar yaşamasına yol açar. Bireylerin ruh sağlıklarını güçlendirmek, psikolojik sağlamlıklarını artırmak, psikolojik iyi olmalarını desteklemek ve bağımlılıktan korumak için erken yaşlardan itibaren duygu düzenleme becerileri kazandırmak oldukça önemlidir. Yapılan çalışmalar, duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin bağımlılıklara yol açtığını ve duygu düzenleme beceri eğitimi alan bireylerin bağımlılıklarla daha iyi baş ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu makalenin amacı, bağımlılıkla mücadelede duygu düzenleme becerilerinin önemi konusunda farkındalık oluşturmak ve koruyucu ve önleyici ruh sağlığı hizmetlerine katkıda bulunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• duygu düzenleme
• bağımlılık
• duygu

Emotion Regulation and Addiction

Öz

One of the important concepts in human life is emotions. In addition to positive emotions such as joy, hope, optimism and enthusiasm, negative emotions such as fear, sadness, pain and disappointment are a part of human life. It is quite natural to experience positive or negative emotions. What is important is how healthy the reactions given in emotional situations are. Emotions are harmless when experienced appropriately, on time and in a measured manner. In such cases, emotions are regulated in a healthy way. However, when emotions cannot be dealt with in a healthy way, certain problems arise in the individual. Studies have shown that difficulties in regulating emotions play important roles in the etiology of mental disorders. While some individuals overcome the emotions they experience with the skills they have, others experience these difficulties more severely because they lack these skills. Emotion regulation difficulties lead the person to irrational ways to overcome the current situation. One of these ways is addiction. The addicted person wants to escape from negative emotions by using substances or exhibiting a behavior. However, addiction can never be a method of regulating emotions. On the contrary, it causes the individual to experience significant losses. It is very important to provide individuals with emotion regulation skills from an early age in order to strengthen their mental health, increase their psychological resilience, support their psychological well-being and protect them from addiction. Studies have shown that difficulties in emotion regulation lead to addictions and that individuals who receive emotion regulation skills training cope better with addictions. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness about the importance of emotion regulation skills in the fight against addiction and to contribute to protective and preventive mental health services.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• emotion regulation
• addiction
• emotion

Kaynakça

1. Amendola, S., Spensieri, V., Guidetti, V., & Cerutti, R. (2019). The relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and dysfunctional technology use among adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology, 25(1), 10-17.
2. APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
3. Azizi, A., Borjali, A., & Golzari, M. (2010). The effectiveness of emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy on the emotional and addictional problems of substance abusers. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 60-65.
4. Barata, P.C., Oliveira, C.F.P., de Castro, S.L., & da Mota, A.R. (2019). A systematic review on substance addiction: Medical diagnosis or morality flaw?. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 33(4), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2019.07.001
5. Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1230-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005
6. Blackledge, J.T., & Hayes, S.C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2%3C243::AID-JCLP9%3E3.0.CO;2-X
7. Carlson, L., Steward, T., Agüera, Z., Mestre‐Bach, G., Magaña, P., Granero, R., ... & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2018). Associations of food addiction and nonsuicidal self‐injury among women with an eating disorder: A common strategy for regulating emotions?. European Eating Disorders Review, 26(6), 629-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2646
8. Cashwell, C.S., Giordano, A.L., King, K., Lankford, C., & Henson, R.K. (2017). Emotion regulation and sex addiction among college students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9646-6

9. Cavicchioli, M., Ramella, P., Vassena, G., Simone, G., Prudenziati, F., Sirtori, F., ... & Maffei, C. (2020). Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for the treatment of addictive behaviours among individuals with alcohol use disorder: The effect of emotion regulation and experiential avoidance. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 46(3), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2020.1712411
10. Choopan, H., Kalantarkousheh, S.M., Aazami, Y., Doostian, Y., Farhoudian, A., & Massah, O. (2016). Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on the reduction of craving in drug abusers. Addiction & Health, 8(2), 68-75.
11. Chrétien, S., Giroux, I., Smith, I., Jacques, C., Ferland, F., Sévigny, S., & Bouchard, S. (2025). Emotional regulation in substance-related and addictive disorders treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 41, 353-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10366-8
12. Dadomo, H., Grecucci, A., Giardini, I., Ugolini, E., Carmelita, A., & Panzeri, M. (2016). Schema therapy for emotional dysregulation: Theoretical implication and clinical applications. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01987
13. Dineen, J., & Dinc, L. (2024). Love addiction: Trait impulsivity, emotional dysregulation and attachment style. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2024.100255
14. Dvorak, R.D., Sargent, E.M., Kilwein, T.M., Stevenson, B.L., Kuvaas, N.J., & Williams, T.J. (2014). Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotion regulation difficulties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(2), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.877920
15. Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M.D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 534-544. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.086
16. Fassbinder, E., Schweiger, U., Martius, D., Brand-de Wilde, O., & Arntz, A. (2016). Emotion regulation in schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01373
17. Fluyau, D., Hashmi, M.F., Charlton, T.E. (2024). Drug addiction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
18. Fu, L., Wang, P., Zhao, M., Xie, X., Chen, Y., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2020). Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104660
19. Garland, E.L. (2021). Mindful positive emotion regulation as a treatment for addiction: From hedonic pleasure to self-transcendent meaning. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 39, 168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.019
20. Gioia, F., Rega, V., & Boursier, V. (2021). Problematic internet use and emotional dysregulation among young people: A literature review. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 18(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210104
21. González-Roz, A., Castaño, Y., Krotter, A., Salazar-Cedillo, A., & Gervilla, E. (2024). Emotional dysregulation in relation to substance use and behavioral addictions: Findings from five separate meta-analyses. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 24(3), 100502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100502
22. Gratz, K.L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
23. Gross, J.J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
24. Hormes, J.M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C.A. (2014). Craving F acebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109(12), 2079-2088. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12713
25. Horwood, S., & Anglim, J. (2021). Emotion regulation difficulties, personality, and problematic smartphone use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0328
26. Mansueto, G., Marino, C., Palmieri, S., Offredi, A., Sarracino, D., Sassaroli, S., ... & Caselli, G. (2022). Difficulties in emotion regulation: The role of repetitive negative thinking and metacognitive beliefs. Journal of Affective Disorders, 308, 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.086
27. Marchica, L.A., Mills, D.J., Derevensky, J.L., & Montreuil, T.C. (2019). The role of emotion regulation in video gaming and gambling disorder: A systematic review. Canadian Journal of Addiction, 10(4), 19-29. DOI: 10.1097/CXA.0000000000000070
28. McRae, K., Gross, J.J. (2020). Emotion regulation. Emotion, 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05659-8
29. Moskow, D.M., Barthel, A.L., Hayes, S.C., & Hofmann, S.G. (2022). A process-based approach to cognitive behavioral therapy. In: Comprehensive Clinical Psychology (Second Edition) (Ed: Gordon J.G. Asmundson), Volume 6, pp.16-33.
30. Naeim, M., Rezaeisharif, A., & Kamran, A. (2021). The role of impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation in the tendency toward addiction in male students. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 20(4), 278-287. DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000243
31. Nikmanesh, Z., Kazemi, Y., & Khosravy, M. (2014). Study role of different dimensions of emotional self-regulation on addiction potential. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 8(2), 69-72.
32. Ottonello, M., Fiabane, E., Pistarini, C., Spigno, P., & Torselli, E. (2019). Difficulties in emotion regulation during rehabilitation for alcohol addiction: Correlations with metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use and relapse risk. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2917-2925. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S214268
33. Parolin, M., Simonelli, A., Cristofalo, P., Sacco, M., Bacciardi, S., Maremmani, A.G., ... & Cerniglia, L. (2017). Drug addiction and emotional dysregulation in young adults. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems, 19(3), 37-48.
34. Paulus, F.W., Ohmann, S., Möhler, E., Plener, P., & Popow, C. (2021). Emotional dysregulation in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 628252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628252
35. Pettorruso, M., Valle, S., Cavic, E., Martinotti, G., di Giannantonio, M., & Grant, J.E. (2020). Problematic internet use (PIU), personality profiles and emotion dysregulation in a cohort of young adults: Trajectories from risky behaviors to addiction. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113036
36. Shahbazirad, A., & Azizi, M. (2018). Effectiveness of teaching emotion regulation strategies in improving cognitive-emotional regulation among female students in addiction-stricken areas of Kermanshah City. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 12(4), 204-209.
37. Shahzadi, M., Jabeen, M., ud Din, I., & Mazhar, R. (2023). Exploring the relationship between emotion regulation and addiction severity among adolescent patients with substance use disorder (SUD): Insights from a rehabilitation center study. Review of Education, Administration & Law, 6(2), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v6i2.336
38. Sideli, L., Lo Coco, G., Albano, A., Gullo, S., Rollo, D., Aas, M., ... & Musetti, A. (2023). Substance addictive behaviors and their relationship with interpersonal trauma, emotion dysregulation, and psychopathological symptoms: A correlation network approach. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01150-7
39. Stellern, J., Xiao, K.B., Grennell, E., Sanches, M., Gowin, J.L., & Sloan, M.E. (2023). Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 118(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16001
40. Thompson, R.A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 25-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137
41. Tonnaer, F., van Zutphen, L., Raine, A., & Cima, M. (2023). Amygdala connectivity and aggression. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 197, pp.87-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821375-9.00002-5
42. Topino, E., Pallaoro, N., Moyano, M., Casale, S., & Gori, A. (2024). The mediating role of affect dysregulation and dissociation in the relationship between attachment and compulsive online shopping: A path analysis model. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 21(3), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240307
43. Weiss, N.H., Kiefer, R., Goncharenko, S., Raudales, A.M., Forkus, S.R., Schick, M.R., & Contractor, A.A. (2022). Emotion regulation and substance use: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 230, 109131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131
44. Wolff, J.C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S.A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A.H., Ransford, B., ... & Liu, R.T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004