Psikografik Bir Pazar Bölümlendirme Değişkeni Olarak Cinsiyet Kimliği: Tüketim Araştirmalarinda Cinsiyet Kimliği Kavraminin İncelenmesi
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 27 - 40, 29.12.2013
Prof.dr. Serap Çabuk
Arş.gör. Selin Köksal Araç
Öz
Sex is an important variable of market segmentation to explain consumer behaviour and the effect of sex on attributes attitudes and behaviours of consumers is examined in many of the researches of marketing literature Sex that examined as a demographic variable in consumer behaviour researches means biological sex The other concept “consumer identity” that had appeared in psychology literature since 1930s and had taken effect on consumer researches since 1960s means psychological sex Psychological sex is self assessment of a person depending on femininity and masculinity dimensions The changing gender roles of women and men affect degree of their gender identities As for the changing gender identities of the individuals affect mainly information processing and many other consumer factors The main aim of this paper is to generate a conceptual framework to specify the importance of “gender identity” for consumer researches Keywords: Gender identity masculinity femininity consumer behaviour consumption researches
Kaynakça
- Aiken, L. R. (1963). The relationships of dress to selected measures of personality in undergraduate women. The Journal of Social Psychology, 59(1): 119-128.
- Allison, N. K., Golden, L. L., Mullet, G.M. & Coogan, D. (1980). Sex-typed product images: the effects of sex, sex role self-concept and measurement implications. Advances in Consumer Research, 7(1):604-609.
- Ashcraft A. M., Belgrave F. Z. (2005). Gender Identity Development In Urban African American Girls”, Gender Roles, Editor: Janice W. Lee, Nova Biomedical Books, Newyork, 1-31.
- Barak, B., Stern, B. (1986), Sex-linked trait indexes amaong baby-boomers and preboomers:a research note, Advances in Consumer Research, 13(1):204-209.
- Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Psychology, 42(2): 155-162.
- Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4): 354-364.
- Coughlin, M. O’Connor, J. (1985). Gender role portrayals in advertising: an individiual differences analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 12: s.238-241.
- Deaux, K. (1985). Sex and gender, Annual Review of Psychcology. 36: 49-81.
- Debevec, K., Iyer, E. (1986). Sex roles and consumer perceptions, products and self:what do we know and where should we be headed, Advances in Consumer Reserach, 13 (1): 210-214.
- Dökmen Z. Y. (1999). Bem cinsiyet rolü envanteri kadınsılık ve erkeksilik ölçekleri Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. Kriz Dergisi, 7(1): 27-40.
- Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2): 209-230.
- Feiereisen S., Broderick, A., Douglas S. P. (2009). The effect and moderation of gender identity congruity: utilizing “real women” advertising images, Pscychology&Marketing, 26(9):813-843.
- Fischer, E., Arnold S. J. (1990). More than a labor of love:gender roles and christmas gift shopping. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(3): 333-345.
- Fry, J. N. (1971). Personality variables and cigarette brand choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 8: 298-304.
- Gentry, J.W, Doering M. (1977). Masculinity-femininity related to consumer choice. Contemporary Marketing Thought. 1977 Educators' Proceedings. American Marketing Association, 423-427.
- Hogg, M.K., Garrow J (2003). Gender, identity and the consumption of advertising, Qualitative Market Research, 6(3): 160-174.
- Hupfer, M. (2002). Communicating with the agentic woman and the communal man: are stereotypic advertising appeals stil relevant? Acamedy of Marketing Science Review, 2002 (3):1-15.
- Jaffe, L.Y. (1994). The unique predictive ability of sex-role identity in explaining women’s response to advertising, Psychology&Marketing, 11(5):467-482.
- Jaffe, L.Y., Berger P. D. (1988). Impact on purchase intent of sex-role identity and product positioning. Psychology&Marketing, 5(3): 259-271.
- Kavuncu, N. (1987). Bem Cinsiyet Rolü Envanteri'nin Türk Toplumuna Uyarlama Çalışması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, H. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Knoll, S., Eisend, M. & Steinhagen J. (2011). Gender roles in advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 30(5): 867-888.
- Martin, B.A.S, Gnoth, J. (2009). Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identiy and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models. Market Lett, 20: 353-367.
- Özkan, T., Lajunen T. (2005). Masculinity, femininity and the Bem sex role inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2):103-110.
- Palan K.M (2001). Gender identity in consumer behavior reserach: a literature review and research agenda. Academy of Marketing Science, 2001(10): 1-24.
- Palan, K.M., Areni, C.S., Kiecker, P. (2001). Gender role incongruency and memorable gift exchange experiences. Advances in Consumer Research, 28: 51-57.
- Prakash, V. (1992). Sex roles and advertising preferences, Journal of Advertising Research, May/June:43-52.
- Putrevu, S. (2004). Communicating with sexes: male and female responses to print advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 51-62.
- Schertzer, S. M. B., Laufer, D., Silvera D. H. & McBride, J. B. (2008). A cross-cultural validation of a gender role identity scale in marketing, International Marketing Review, 25(3): 312-323.
- Qualls, W. (1987). Household Decision Behavior: The Impact of Husbands’ and Wives’ Sex Role Orientation, Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2): 264-279.
- Schmitt, B. H., Leclerc, F. & Dube-Rioux., L. (1988). Sex typing and consumer behavior, Journal of Consumer Research, 15:122-128.
- Spence, J. T. (1993). Gender-related traits and gender ideology: evidence for a multifactorial theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4):624-635. Spence J.T, Helmrich R.L. & Stapp J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relations to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 29-39.
- Stern, B. B. (1988). Sex-Role Self-Concept Measures and Marketing: A Research Note. Psychology& Marketing, 5(1): 85-99.
- Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta analysis, Sex Roles, 36(5-6):305-325.
- Wolin, L. D. (2003). Gender issues in advertising, Journal of Advertising Reserach, 43:111-129.
- Worth, L.T., Smith, J. & Mackie, D. M. (1992). Gender schematicity and preference for gender typed products. Psychology& Marketing, 9(1):17-30.
- Yağcı, M. İ., İlarslan N. (2010). Reklamların ve cinsiyet kimliği rolünün tüketicilerin satın alma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(1):13815
Psikografik Bir Pazar Bölümlendirme Değişkeni Olarak Cinsiyet Kimliği: Tüketim Araştirmalarinda Cinsiyet Kimliği Kavraminin İncelenmesi
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 27 - 40, 29.12.2013
Prof.dr. Serap Çabuk
Arş.gör. Selin Köksal Araç
Öz
Cinsiyet tüketici davranışlarını açıklamada önemli bir pazar bölümlendirme değişkenidir ve pazarlama yazınındaki araştırmaların çoğunda tüketicilerin özellik tutum ve davranışlarında cinsiyetin etkisi incelenmektedir Tüketim araştırmalarında demografik bir faktör olarak incelenen cinsiyet biyolojik cinsiyeti sex temsil etmektedir 1930’lardan itibaren psikoloji yazınına giren ve 1960’larden itibaren tüketim araştırmalarına da etkisi yansıyan “cinsiyet kimliği” gender identity ise psikolojik cinsiyeti ifade etmektedir Psikolojik cinsiyet kişinin maskülenlik erkeksilik ve feminenlik kadınsılık boyutlarına göre kendisini nasıl tanımladığıdır Kadın ve erkeğin toplumsal rollerinin değişmesi maskülenlik erkeksilik ve feminenlik kadınsılık seviyelerini de etkilemektedir Bireylerin cinsiyet kimliklerindeki değişimler başta bilgi işleme süreci olmak üzere birçok faktörü etkilemektedir Bu çalışmada tüketim araştırmaları açısından “cinsiyet kimliği”nin önemini belirlemeye yönelik kavramsal bir çerçeve oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsiyet kimliği maskülenlik feminenlik tüketici davranışları tüketim araştırmaları
Kaynakça
- Aiken, L. R. (1963). The relationships of dress to selected measures of personality in undergraduate women. The Journal of Social Psychology, 59(1): 119-128.
- Allison, N. K., Golden, L. L., Mullet, G.M. & Coogan, D. (1980). Sex-typed product images: the effects of sex, sex role self-concept and measurement implications. Advances in Consumer Research, 7(1):604-609.
- Ashcraft A. M., Belgrave F. Z. (2005). Gender Identity Development In Urban African American Girls”, Gender Roles, Editor: Janice W. Lee, Nova Biomedical Books, Newyork, 1-31.
- Barak, B., Stern, B. (1986), Sex-linked trait indexes amaong baby-boomers and preboomers:a research note, Advances in Consumer Research, 13(1):204-209.
- Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Psychology, 42(2): 155-162.
- Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4): 354-364.
- Coughlin, M. O’Connor, J. (1985). Gender role portrayals in advertising: an individiual differences analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 12: s.238-241.
- Deaux, K. (1985). Sex and gender, Annual Review of Psychcology. 36: 49-81.
- Debevec, K., Iyer, E. (1986). Sex roles and consumer perceptions, products and self:what do we know and where should we be headed, Advances in Consumer Reserach, 13 (1): 210-214.
- Dökmen Z. Y. (1999). Bem cinsiyet rolü envanteri kadınsılık ve erkeksilik ölçekleri Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. Kriz Dergisi, 7(1): 27-40.
- Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2): 209-230.
- Feiereisen S., Broderick, A., Douglas S. P. (2009). The effect and moderation of gender identity congruity: utilizing “real women” advertising images, Pscychology&Marketing, 26(9):813-843.
- Fischer, E., Arnold S. J. (1990). More than a labor of love:gender roles and christmas gift shopping. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(3): 333-345.
- Fry, J. N. (1971). Personality variables and cigarette brand choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 8: 298-304.
- Gentry, J.W, Doering M. (1977). Masculinity-femininity related to consumer choice. Contemporary Marketing Thought. 1977 Educators' Proceedings. American Marketing Association, 423-427.
- Hogg, M.K., Garrow J (2003). Gender, identity and the consumption of advertising, Qualitative Market Research, 6(3): 160-174.
- Hupfer, M. (2002). Communicating with the agentic woman and the communal man: are stereotypic advertising appeals stil relevant? Acamedy of Marketing Science Review, 2002 (3):1-15.
- Jaffe, L.Y. (1994). The unique predictive ability of sex-role identity in explaining women’s response to advertising, Psychology&Marketing, 11(5):467-482.
- Jaffe, L.Y., Berger P. D. (1988). Impact on purchase intent of sex-role identity and product positioning. Psychology&Marketing, 5(3): 259-271.
- Kavuncu, N. (1987). Bem Cinsiyet Rolü Envanteri'nin Türk Toplumuna Uyarlama Çalışması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, H. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Knoll, S., Eisend, M. & Steinhagen J. (2011). Gender roles in advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 30(5): 867-888.
- Martin, B.A.S, Gnoth, J. (2009). Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identiy and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models. Market Lett, 20: 353-367.
- Özkan, T., Lajunen T. (2005). Masculinity, femininity and the Bem sex role inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2):103-110.
- Palan K.M (2001). Gender identity in consumer behavior reserach: a literature review and research agenda. Academy of Marketing Science, 2001(10): 1-24.
- Palan, K.M., Areni, C.S., Kiecker, P. (2001). Gender role incongruency and memorable gift exchange experiences. Advances in Consumer Research, 28: 51-57.
- Prakash, V. (1992). Sex roles and advertising preferences, Journal of Advertising Research, May/June:43-52.
- Putrevu, S. (2004). Communicating with sexes: male and female responses to print advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 51-62.
- Schertzer, S. M. B., Laufer, D., Silvera D. H. & McBride, J. B. (2008). A cross-cultural validation of a gender role identity scale in marketing, International Marketing Review, 25(3): 312-323.
- Qualls, W. (1987). Household Decision Behavior: The Impact of Husbands’ and Wives’ Sex Role Orientation, Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2): 264-279.
- Schmitt, B. H., Leclerc, F. & Dube-Rioux., L. (1988). Sex typing and consumer behavior, Journal of Consumer Research, 15:122-128.
- Spence, J. T. (1993). Gender-related traits and gender ideology: evidence for a multifactorial theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4):624-635. Spence J.T, Helmrich R.L. & Stapp J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relations to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 29-39.
- Stern, B. B. (1988). Sex-Role Self-Concept Measures and Marketing: A Research Note. Psychology& Marketing, 5(1): 85-99.
- Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta analysis, Sex Roles, 36(5-6):305-325.
- Wolin, L. D. (2003). Gender issues in advertising, Journal of Advertising Reserach, 43:111-129.
- Worth, L.T., Smith, J. & Mackie, D. M. (1992). Gender schematicity and preference for gender typed products. Psychology& Marketing, 9(1):17-30.
- Yağcı, M. İ., İlarslan N. (2010). Reklamların ve cinsiyet kimliği rolünün tüketicilerin satın alma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(1):13815