Göç Yönetişiminde Dijital Dönüşüm: Özerk Yapay Zekânın Potansiyeli, Riskleri ve Eleştirel Perspektifler

Öz

Bu çalışma, dijital dönüşüm bağlamında göç yönetişiminde özerk yapay zekânın (YZ) potansiyelini, fırsatlarını ve risklerini incelemektedir. Küreselleşme, iklim değişikliği ve çatışmalar nedeniyle giderek karmaşıklaşan göç süreçleri, çok aktörlü ve çok düzeyli bir yönetişim anlayışını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Veri entegrasyonu, senaryo simülasyonu ve karar verme kapasitesiyle öne çıkan özerk YZ, göç yönetiminde verimliliği, öngörü kapasitesini ve uluslararası paydaşlar arasındaki koordinasyonu artırarak önemli katkılar sağlayabilir. Ancak, bu sistemlerin özerk karar alma niteliği etik, hukuki ve toplumsal riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Yönetişimsel eksen (çok düzeyli yönetişim ve risk toplumu), eleştirel eksen (biyopolitika, gözetim toplumu ve gözetim kapitalizmi) ve etik–normatif eksen (kozmopolit misafirperverlik ve sorumluluk) kuramsal çerçevelerden yararlanan çalışma, özerk YZ’yi tgöç yönetişiminde karar süreçlerini dönüştüren dijital bir aktör olarak ele almaktadır. Çalışmada, özerk YZ’nin koordinasyon, şeffaflık ve dayanıklılığı güçlendirme potansiyeline sahip olduğu, ancak ayrımcılık, insan denetiminin zayıflaması ve veri istismarı gibi riskler taşıdığı vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışma, göç yönetişiminde özerk YZ’nin etik, şeffaf ve hesap verebilir biçimde konumlandırılmasına yönelik beş aşamalı bir hibrit yönetişim modeli önermektedir. Önerilen model, özerk YZ’nin teknik kapasitesini etik sorumluluk, insan hakları ve yönetişimsel hesap verebilirlik ilkeleriyle uyumlaştırarak; daha dayanıklı, kapsayıcı ve şeffaf bir göç yönetişim sistemi geliştirilmesini hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• göç yönetişimi
• dijital dönüşüm
• özerk yapay zekâ

Kaynakça

1. Acharya, D. B., Kuppan, K., & Divya, B. (2025). Özerk YZ: Autonomous intelligence for complex goals–a comprehensive survey. IEEe Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3532853
2. Ajana, B. (2019). Digital biopolitics, humanitarianism and the datafication of refugees. Refugee imaginaries: Research across the humanities, 463. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474443210-033
3. Aktel, M., & Kaygısız, Ü. (2018). Türkiye’de göç yönetimi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 579-604.
4. Aradau, C., & Tazzioli, M. (2020). Biopolitics multiple: Migration, extraction, subtraction. Millennium, 48(2), 198-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829819889139
5. Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and Judgment. New York: Schocken Books.
6. Artsın, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2025). Charting new horizons: What agentic artificial intelligence (AI) promises in the educational landscape. In EDULEARN25 Proceedings (pp. 2019-2023). IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2025.0585
7. Ateş, H., & Buyruk, G. C. (2018). Bir iyi yönetişim ilkesi olarak katılımcılık ve Türk Kamu Yönetiminde katılımcılığın konumu. Ombudsman Akademik, (1), 81-98.
8. Azizi, S., & Yektansani, K. (2020). Artificial intelligence and predicting illegal immigration to the USA. International Migration, 58(5), 183-193.

9. Banh, L., & Strobel, G. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence. Electronic Markets, 33(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-023-00680-1
10. Banja, J. D., Xie, Y., R. Smith, J., Rana, S., & L. Holder, A. (2025). Mitigating Bias in Machine Learning Models with Ethics-Based Initiatives: The Case of Sepsis. The American Journal of Bioethics, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2025.2497971
11. Beck, U. (1992). From industrial society to the risk society: Questions of survival, social structure and ecological enlightenment. Theory, culture & society, 9(1), 97-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327692009001006
12. Beck, U. (2009). World at risk. Polity Press.
13. Beduschi, A. (2021). International migration management in the age of artificial intelligence. Migration Studies, 9(3), 576-596. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa003
14. Benhabib, S. (2001). Of Guests, Aliens, and Citizens: Rereading Kant’s Cosmopolitan Right. Pluralism and the Pragmatic Turn: Transformations of Critical Theory, 361-187. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5425.003.0019
15. Best, K., Gilligan, J., Baroud, H., Carrico, A., Donato, K., & Mallick, B. (2022). Applying machine learning to social datasets: a study of migration in southwestern Bangladesh using random forests. Regional Environmental Change, 22(2), 52.
16. Bircan, T., & Ceylan, D. (2024). Machine discriminating: Automated speech recognition biases in refugee interviews. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1-16.
17. Bircan, T., & Korkmaz, E. E. (2021). Big data for whose sake? Governing migration through artificial intelligence. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00910-x
18. Bradby, H., Liabo, K., Ingold, A., & Roberts, H. (2019). Visibility, resilience, vulnerability in young migrants. Health, 23(5), 533-550. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459317739441
19. Brown, C. (2025). Leveraging Generative AI and System Dynamics for Enhanced Immigration Policy Analysis (Doctoral dissertation, Worcester Polytechnic Institute).
20. Carabantes, M. (2020). Black-box artificial intelligence: an epistemological and critical analysis. AI & society, 35(2), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00888-w
21. Chang, I. Y., Jackson, S. J., & Sam, M. P. (2017). Risk society, anxiety and exit: A case study of South Korean migration decision-making. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 26(3), 328-351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196817727800
22. Chelioudakis, E. (2024). Unpacking AI-enabled border management technologies in Greece: To what extent their development and deployment are transparent and respect data protection rules?. Computer Law & Security Review, 53, 105967.
23. Chen, C., Cheong, C. W., Li, J., Cheung, W. K., & Tsang, I. (2025). Position: Can Özerk YZ Make Gig Economy More Fair?. Coşkun, A. (2022). Göç yönetiminden göç yönetişimine: Türkiye için bir model önerisi. İlke Politika Notu, 45, 1-16.
24. Council of Europe. (2023). Algorithms and human rights: Addressing discrimination risks in migration management systems. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publications.
25. Czaika, M., & Reinprecht, C. (2022). Migration drivers: Why do people migrate. In Introduction to migration studies: An interactive guide to the literatures on migration and diversity (Peter Scholten Editor), 49-82. IMISCOE Research Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_3
26. Dasgupta, S., & Shankar, H. (2025). AI Agents-as-Judge: Automated Assessment of Accuracy, Consistency, Completeness and Clarity for Enterprise Documents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.22485.
27. Derave, C., Genicot, N., & Hetmanska, N. (2022). The risks of trustworthy artificial intelligence: the case of the European Travel Information and Authorisation System. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 13(3), 389-420.
28. DHS, (2024). The Department of Homeland Security Artificial Intelligence Use Case Inventory. https://www.dhs.gov/archive/data/AI_inventory
29. Dönmez, B. B. (2025). UNHCR bets on AI to ease refugee case backlogs, identify processing delays. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/interview-unhcr-bets-on-ai-to-ease-refugee-case-backlogs-identify-processing-delays/3654235
30. Ekici, S., & Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve insan. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.20493/bt.71783
31. EU-LISA Smart Borders System (2025). https://www.eulisa.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/smart-borders-europe-building-secure-and-seamless-future-travel-and-security
32. Finkelstein, L. S. (1995). What is global governance?. Global governance, 1, 367. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-001-03-90000007
33. Foucault, M. (2000). Governmentality. In: Faubion J D (ed) Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984: Power. New York: New York Press.
34. Frontex. (2020). Artificial intelligence-based capabilities for the European Border and Coast Guard: Final report. Frontex Research & Innovation Unit. https://www.frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Research/Frontex_AI_Research_Study_2020_final_report.pdf
35. Gani, J. K. (2017). The erasure of race: Cosmopolitanism and the illusion of Kantian hospitality. Millennium, 45(3), 425-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829817714064
36. Geddes, A. (2021). Governing migration beyond the state: Europe, North America, South America, and Southeast Asia in a global context. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842750.001.0001
37. Geddes, A. (2022). Migration governance. In Introduction to migration studies: An interactive guide to the literatures on migration and diversity (Peter Scholten Editor), 311-323. IMISCOE Research Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_20
38. Geddes, A., Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Black, R., & Thomas, D. S. (2012). Migration, environmental change, and the ‘challenges of governance’. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(6), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1068/c3006ed
39. Geddes, A., Espinoza, M. V., Abdou, L. H., & Brumat, L. (2019). Introduction: The dynamics of regional migration governance. The dynamics of regional migration governance, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119948.00006
40. Geiger, M., & Pécoud, A. (2010). The politics of international migration management. In The politics of international migration management (pp. 1-20). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294882
41. Grzybowski, A., Pawlikowska–Łagód, K., & Lambert, W. C. (2024). A history of artificial intelligence. Clinics in dermatology, 42(3), 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.016
42. Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT press.
43. Helliwell, C., & Hindess, B. (2015). Kantian cosmopolitanism and its limits. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 18(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2014.995499
44. Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2001). Multi-level governance and European integration. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.302786
45. Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2020). A postfunctionalist theory of multilevel governance. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(4), 820-826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120935303
46. Hosseini, S., & Seilani, H. (2025). The role of agentic AI in shaping a smart future: A systematic review. Array, 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2025.100399
47. Huddleston, T., & Scholten, P. (2022). The governance of migration-related diversity. Introduction to Migration Studies, 325. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_21
48. Jacobsen, C. M., & Karlsen, M. A. (2025). Vulnerability as a Globally Mobile Policy Concept in Migration Governance: A Comparative Study. International Migration Review, 01979183251323605. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183251323605
49. Karabacak, H., Köse, Y., & Bozkurt, M. A. (2024). Migration Governance from an Institutional Perspective: An Index for “Good” Migration Governance. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 11(4), 1285-1302.
50. Karsu, O., Kara, B. Y., & Selvi, B. (2019). The refugee camp management: a general framework and a unifying decision-making model. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 9(2), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-01-2018-0007
51. Kerimovs, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) model development framework for the protection of state borders, with a focus on analyzing behavioral patterns. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology: Interdisciplinary, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.34257/GJCSTGVOL24IS1PG1
52. Khan, R., Sarkar, S., Mahata, S. K., & Jose, E. (2024). Security threats in agentic ai system. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.14728. Khatun, M. (2024). The Role of Philosophy in Combating Social Inequality in the Digital Era: Ethical Perspectives and Practical Implications. Journal of Advance and Future Research, 2(10), 20-26.
53. Kjaer, A. M. (2023). Governance. John Wiley & Sons. Korkmaz, E. E. (2022). Understanding surveillance capitalism from the viewpoint of migration. International Migration, 60(2), 256-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12985
54. Korkmaz, E. E. (2023). Migration and (Surveillance) Capitalism. In Smart Borders, Digital Identity and Big Data (pp. 16-45). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529233520.ch001
55. Krasteva, A. (2013). Integrating the most vulnerable. Migrants and refugees equitable education for displaced populations, 3-27.
56. Kurnaz, S. Ç. (2024). Kamu politikalarında yapay zekâ uygulamaları: Kanada göçmenlik sistemi örneği. Ombudsman Akademik, (21), 209-241.
57. Liu, Q., Li, P., Zhao, W., Cai, W., Yu, S., & Leung, V. C. (2018). A survey on security threats and defensive techniques of machine learning: A data driven view. IEEE access, 6, 12103-12117.
58. Lyon, D. (2018). The culture of surveillance: Watching as a way of life. John Wiley & Sons.
59. Malmusi, D., Borrell, C., & Benach, J. (2010). Migration-related health inequalities: showing the complex interactions between gender, social class and place of origin. Social science & medicine, 71(9), 1610-1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.043 McCarthy,
60. J. (2007). What is artificial intelligence. Engineering Materials and Design, 32(3), 1–14.
61. Montenegro, A. B., & Villamar, M. D. C. V. (2025). Migration Governance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.882
62. Mukherjee, A., & Chang, H. H. (2025). Agentic AI: Autonomy, Accountability, and the Algorithmic Society. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00289. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5123621
63. Nadesan, M. H. (2010). Governmentality, biopower, and everyday life. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203894620
64. Nordregio. (2023). FUME: Future Migration Scenarios for Europe. https://nordregio.org/research/fume-future-migration-scenarios-for-europe
65. Ogbu, D. (2023). Agentic ai in computer vision domain-recent advances and prospects. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(12), 5102-5120.
66. Özer, M. A. (2006). Yönetişim üzerine notlar. Sayıştay Dergisi, (63), 59-89. Pécoud, A. (2024). Mapping Global Migration Governance. International Migration Institute network (IMI). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802204155.00062
67. Peña Gangadharan, S., & Niklas, J. (2019). Decentering technology in discourse on discrimination. Information, Communication & Society, 22(7), 882-899. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1593484
68. Phillips, J. (2004). From radical to banal evil: Hannah Arendt against the justification of the unjustifiable. International journal of philosophical studies, 12(2), 129-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672550410001679828
69. Piattoni, S. (2009). Multi‐level governance: a historical and conceptual analysis. European integration, 31(2), 163-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330802642755
70. Potdar, A., & Mahadik, S. D. (2025). A Multi-Agent Approach to Stock Market Prediction and Risk Management. The Voice of Creative Research, 7(2), 203-211.
71. Raheem, T., & Hossain, G. (2025, May). Özerk YZ Systems: Opportunities, Challenges, and Trustworthiness. In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (eIT) (pp. 618-624). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/eIT64391.2025.11103638
72. Rakowski, R., & Kowaliková, P. (2024). The political and social contradictions of the human and online environment in the context of artificial intelligence applications. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02725-y
73. Rönsch, A. (2024). The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Migration Management-A Systematic Literature Review. Available at SSRN 4953245.
74. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson. Sahin-Mencutek, Z. (2022). Voluntary and forced return migration under a pandemic crisis. Migration and pandemics: Spaces of solidarity and spaces of exception, 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_10
75. Sahin-Mencutek, Z., Barthoma, S., Gökalp-Aras, N. E., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2022). A crisis mode in migration governance: comparative and analytical insights. Comparative Migration Studies, 10(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-022-00284-2
76. Sapkota, R., Roumeliotis, K. I., & Karkee, M. (2025). UAVs Meet Özerk YZ: A Multidomain Survey of Autonomous Aerial Intelligence and Agentic UAVs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08045.
77. Schneider, J. (2025). Generative to özerk YZ: Survey, conceptualization, and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.18875.
78. Sharmin, S. (2025). Refugee Resettlement & AI-Powered Resource Allocation Optimizing social services for displaced populations. Journal of Public Administration Research, 2(1), 13-36.
79. Shilpashree, N., Jadhav, G., & Mitra, A. (2024, Aralık). Neuromorphic-Driven Agentic AI for Autonomous Decision-Making Systems. In 2024 4th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
80. Sözer, H. (2021). Categories that blind us, categories that bind them: The deployment of the notion of vulnerability for Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(3), 2775-2803. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez020
81. Stein, M. (2008). When technology fails: A manual for self-reliance, sustainability, and surviving the long emergency. Chelsea Green Publishing.
82. Stielike, L. (2022). Migration multiple? Big data, knowledge practices and the governability of migration. Research methodologies and ethical challenges in digital migration studies, 113-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81226-3_5
83. Tängh Wrangel, C. (2024). The biopolitics of algorithmic governmentality: How the US military imagines war in the age of neurobiology and artificial intelligence. Security Dialogue, 55(4), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106241226622
84. Triandafyllidou, A. (2025). De-centring migration governance: the role of narratives. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2025.2544077
85. Tsourdi, E., & Zardo, F. (2025). Migration Governance Through Funding: Theoretical, Normative, and Empirical Perspectives. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 23(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2024.2407584
86. Vohra, A. (2023). Social order in the age of artificial intelligence: The use of technology in migration governance and decision-making (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
87. Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2012). Migration, risk, and uncertainty: Theoretical perspectives. Population, Space and Place, 18(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.663
88. Witteborn, S. (2022). Digitalization, digitization and datafication: the" three D" transformation of forced migration management. Communication, Culture and Critique, 15(2), 157-175.
89. Yam, J., & Skorburg, J. A. (2021). From human resources to human rights: Impact assessments for hiring algorithms. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(4), 611-623.
90. Yıldız, A., & Açar, D. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Migration Governance: Navigating Cooperation and Complexity in EU-Turkey Relations. Middle East Technical University Studies in Development, 51(2), 191-209.
91. Zuboff, S. (2019, January). Surveillance capitalism and the challenge of collective action. In New labor forum (Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 10-29). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1095796018819461
92. Zuboff, S. (2023). The age of surveillance capitalism. In Social theory re-wired (pp. 203-213). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003320609-27