A Morphometric Approach to Bozkurt (Kastamonu-Türkiye) Flood

Öz

This study aims to analyze the flood disaster that occurred in Kastamonu-Bozkurt in 2021 through the morphometric parameters of the basin. In the study, the Basin of Ezine Stream, which is the flood experienced most effectively, was analyzed together with the neighboring basins. Bozkurt flood is one of the most destructive floods in the history of Türkiye. As a result of the floods that occurred in Kastamonu and neighboring provinces on 10th - 12th August 2021, 82 people lost their lives. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was created with a cell size of 10*10 m using topography maps, and the boundaries of the basins to be analyzed with the ArcGIS-Archydro Module were determined. 30 indices were applied to these basins within the scope of shape (geometric), areal and relief morphometric features of the basins. The relationship between morphometric parameters was determined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. When the analysis results are evaluated for the Basin of Ezine Stream, it is the basin with the largest area, and the largest value of basin relief, relative relief and ruggedness. As a result, erosional activities and the risk of flood are high. When all basins are evaluated in general, it has been revealed that the shape of basins are more elongated, and the features of relief morphometry facilitate the formation of floods. Basin relief, relative relief, dissection degree, slope values, and average slope values are high for all basins; and both the amount of water added to the overland flow and the speed of the overland flow increased. This situation also increased the amount of material carried during the flood. Constructions built close to the stream bed increased the effect of the flood. Depending on the global climate change, the study area corresponds to the area where the change in daily maximum precipitation varies between 5-10%. Therefore, floods are likely to continue. For this reason, it is recommended to consider geometric, areal and relief morphometric features of the basins along with the climatic features of the basins while taking the necessary precautions. According to CORINE land cover data, urban areas in the Ezine Stream Basin increased by over 100% between 1990 and 2018, which is also affected by disastrous floods and overflows. Conservation and strengthening of natural vegetation in the study area will reduce the damage level of floods and overflows.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Basin of Ezine Stream
• Bozkurt
• Kastamonu
• Flood
• Morphometry

Bozkurt (Kastamonu-Türkiye) Taşkınına Morfometrik Yaklaşım

Öz

Bu çalışmada 2021 yılında Kastamonu-Bozkurt’ta meydana gelen taşkın afetinin havza morfometrik parametreleriyle değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada taşkın etkilerinin en fazla olduğu Ezine Çayı Havzası, komşu havzalarla birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Bozkurt taşkını, Türkiye tarihinde en fazla yıkıma neden olan taşkınlardan biridir. 10-12 Ağustos 2021 tarihlerinde Kastamonu ve komşu illerde meydana gelen taşkınlar sonucu 82 kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir. Çalışma alanına ait Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) topoğrafya haritaları kullanılarak 10*10 m hücre boyutunda oluşturulmuş, ArcGIS-Archydro Modülü ile analize tabi tutulacak havzaların sınırları belirlenmiştir. Bu havzaların; şekil (geometrik), alan ve rölyef morfometrik özellikleri (30 indices) hesaplanmıştır. Morfometrik parametreler arasındaki ilişki, Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ile bulunmuştur. Analiz sonuçları Ezine Çayı Havzası için değerlendirildiğinde; alanı en büyük, havza rölyefi, rölatif rölyef, engebelilik değeri en büyük olan havzadır. Buna bağlı olarak erozyonel faaliyetler fazla ve taşkın tehlikesi yüksektir. Tüm havzalar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde; havzaların daha çok uzunlamasına bir şekle sahip olduğu, rölyef morfometrisi özelliklerinin taşkın oluşumunu kolaylaştırdığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Tüm havzalar için havza rölyefi, rölatif rölyef, yarılma derecesi, eğim ve ortalama eğim değerleri yüksek olup, hem yüzeysel akışa geçen su miktarı artmış hem de yüzeysel akışın hızı artmıştır. Bu durum taşkın sırasında taşınan malzeme miktarını da artırmıştır. Dere yatağına yakın yapılaşmalar taşkının etki derecesini büyütmüştür. Küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak çalışma alanı günlük maksimum yağışlardaki değişimin % 5-10 arasında olduğu alana tekabül etmektedir. Bu nedenle taşkınların yaşanmaya devam etmesi olasıdır. Bu nedenle gerekli tedbirler alınırken havzaların iklim özellikleri ile birlikte geometrik (şekil), alansal ve rölyef morfometrik özelliklerinin dikkate alınması önerilmektedir. CORINE arazi örtüsü verisine göre Ezine Çayı Havzası’nda 1990-2018 yılları arasında kentsel alanlar %100’ün üzerinde artmıştır. Sel ve taşkınların afet boyutuna dönüşmesinde bu durumun da etkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışma alanında doğal bitki örtüsünün korunması ve güçlendirilmesi sel ve taşkınların zarar derecesini azaltacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ezine Çayı Havzası
• Bozkurt
• Kastamonu
• Taşkın
• Morfometri

Kaynakça

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