The Future of Water Resources Management, Water Security and Emerging Problems

Öz

International agreements on the need for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) have led to important political initiatives and studies in many countries. IWRM is widely accepted by international organizations. IWRM is defined as a process that supports the coordinated development and management of water, land and other related resources to maximize economic and social well-being fairly, without compromising the sustainability of living ecosystems. International concerns about the increasing crisis in global water security have been growing in recent years. Here, water security means providing water in sufficient quantity and quality for drinking, food production, energy, ecosystem, etc. In this study, the future of water resources management, water security, emerging challenges and their connection with water resources management, water security and climate change, water security in the context of water management, political decisions and water security, financing, infrastructure and engineering for water security, irrigation for sustainable water-efficient agriculture issues were examined, evaluated and some conclusions were drawn.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Water Resources Management
• Water Security
• Climate Change
• Water Structures and Climate Change
• Irrigation

Su Kaynakları Yönetiminin Geleceği, Su Güvenliği ve Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar

Öz

Entegre Su Kaynakları Yönetimi (ESKY) gereksinimine ilişkin uluslararası anlaşmalar birçok ülkede önemli politik girişimlere ve çalışmalara neden olmuştur. ESKY, uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından geniş çapta kabul görmektedir. ESKY, canlı ekosistemlerin sürdürülebilirliğinden ödün vermeksizin ekonomik ve sosyal refahı adil bir şekilde en üst düzeye çıkarmak için su, toprak ve ilgili diğer kaynakların koordineli gelişimini ve yönetimini destekleyen bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda küresel su güvenliğinde artan krize ilişkin uluslararası kaygılar giderek artmaktadır. Burada güvenlik, içme, gıda üretimi, enerji, ekosistem vb. için yeterli miktar ve kalitede suyun temin edilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada; su kaynakları yönetiminin geleceği, su güvenliği, ortaya çıkan zorluklar ve su kaynakları yönetimi ile bağlantısı, su güvenliği ve iklim değişikliği, su yönetimi bağlamında su güvenliği, politik kararlar ve su güvenliği, su güvenliği için finansman, altyapı ve mühendislik, sürdürülebilir su tasarruflu tarım için sulama konuları incelenmiş, değerlendirilmiş ve bazı sonuçlar çıkarılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Su Kaynakları Yönetimi
• Su Güvenliği
• İklim Değişikliği
• Su Yapıları ve İklim Değişikliği
• Sulama

Kaynakça

1. Akhtar, N., Geyer, B., Rockel, B., Sommer, P.S., & Schrum, C. (2021). Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 11826. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3
2. Alamanos, A., & Koundouri, P. (2022). Emerging challenges and the future of water resources management. Athens University of Economics and Business. http://wpa.deos.aueb.gr/docs/2022.WATER.RESOURCES.MANAGEMENT.pdf
3. Alamanos, A., Koundouri, P., Papadaki, L., Pliakou, T., & Toli, E. (2022). Water for tomorrow: a living lab on the creation of the science-policy-stakeholder interface. Water, 14(18), Article 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182879
4. Blöschl, G., Hall, J., Viglione; A., Perdigão, R. A. P., Parajka, J., Merz, B., Lun, D., … Živković, N. (2019). Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature, 573, 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6
5. Borden, C., Goodwin, P., & Swanson, D. (2017). Integrated hydro-environment assessment with latitude (IHEAL): A framework for conceptualizing and quantifying water use sustainability. In A. A. Ghani (Ed.). E-proceedings of the 37th IAHR World Congress (pp. 1–13). IAHR & USAINS HOLDING SDN BHD.
6. Bossaerts, P., Yadav, N., & Murawski, C. (2019). Uncertainty and computational complexity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1766), Article 20180138. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0138
7. Conforti, P. (2011). Looking ahead in world food and agriculture. Perspectives to 2050. Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/3/i2280e/i2280e.pdf
8. D’Odorico, P., Carr, J., Dalin, C., Dell'Angelo, J., Konar, M., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L.,et al. (2019). Global virtual water trade and the hydrolo- gical cycle: patterns, drivers and socio-environment impacts. Environmental Research Letters, 14(5), Article 053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab05f4

9. Falconer, R & Mynett, A. (2022). Introduction to Global Water Security. International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). https://www.iahr.org/library/infor?pid=20699
10. FAO. (1999). The FAO field programme and agricultural development in Asia and the Pacific (RAP Publication 1999/28). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/AC621E/ac621e00.htm
11. FAO. (2018). World Food and Agriculture - Statistical Pocketbook 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/ca1796en/ca1796en.pdf
12. FAO. (2022). FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/
13. Findikasis, A. N., & Soo, T. (2022). The link between policy and water security. International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11970/109565
14. Goodwin, P., & Wagner, D. (2022). Water Security: Climate change and the great unknowns. International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11970/109564
15. High-Level Panel on Water. (2018). Making every drop count, an agenda for water action. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/17825HLPW_Outcome.pdf
16. Hydro Politic Academy. (2019). Akıllı kentlerde yenilikçi su yönetimi yol haritası (Rapor No: 2019-3). Su Politikaları Derneği.
17. Klotz, L., Weber, E., Johnson, E., Shealy, T., Hernandez, M., & Gordon, B. (2018). Beyond rationality in engineering design for sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 1, 225–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0054-8
18. Koç, C. (2007). Assessing the financial performance of water user associations: a case study at Great Menderes Basin, Turkey. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 21(2), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-006-9015-x
19. Koç, C. (2008). The environmental effects of salinity load in Great Menderes Basin Irrigation Schemes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 146(1-3), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0478-0
20. Koç, C. (2011). A study on construction costs per unit area of ırrigation schemes. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 25(4), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-011-9120-3
21. Koç, C. (2013). A study on some parameters which can affect the project irrigation efficiency in irrigation networks. Irrigation and Drainage, 62(5), 586–591. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1754
22. Koç, C. (2015). A study on the role and importance of irrigation management in integrated river basin management. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 18(8), Article 488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4647-7
23. Koç, C. (2017a). Assessment of drinking water quality in Bodrum Peninsula-Tourism Region, Turkey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 37(4), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12801
24. Koç, C. (2017b). A study on importance and role of irrigation and hydropower plant operation in integrated river basin management. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4236/cweee.2017.61001
25. Koç, C. (2018a, 22–24 Mart). Integrated management of water resources at river basin level: a case study in Büyük Menderes Basin [Bildiri sunumu]. International Water and Environment Congress, Bursa, Türkiye.
26. Koç, C. (2018b, 14–16 Kasım). Past and future of ıntegrated river basin management studies in Turkey and other countries [Bildiri sunumu]. International Congress on Engineering and Architecture, Alanya-Antalya, Türkiye.
27. Koç, C., & Bayazıt, Y. (2015). A study on assessment financing of irrigation schemes. Irrigation and Drainage, 64(4), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1925
28. Li, C., Turmunkh, U., & Wakker, P.P. (2019). Trust as a decision under ambiguity. Experimental Economics, 22(1), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-018-9582-3
29. Martínez-García, A.N. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Complex Socio-Technical-Economic Ecosystems. Computation, 10(6), Article 3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10060095
30. Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M. I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., & Waterfield, T. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
31. NASA. (2018). GRACE-FO: Tracking Earth's Mass in Motion. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). https://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ GRACE_FO%20Mission%20Brochure_508.pdf.
32. OECD. (2013). Water security for better lives, a summary for policymakers. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264202405-en
33. Paleologos, E., & Mertikas, S. (2013). Evidence and implications of extensive groundwater overdraft-induced land subsidence in Greece. European Water, 43, 3–11.
34. Pande, S., Roobavannan, M., Kandasamy, J., Sivapalan, M., Hombing, D., Lyu, H., & Rietveld, L. (2020). A socio-hydrological perspective on the economics of water resources development and management. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.657
35. Perera, D., Smakhtin, V., Williams, S., North, T., & Curry, A. (2021). Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk (UNU-INWEH Report Series 11). Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH). https://inweh.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Ageing-Water-Storage-Infrastructure-An-Emerging-Global-Risk.pdf
36. Quitzow, R., Bersalli, G., Eicke, L., Jahn, J., Lilliestam, J., Lira, F., Marian, A., Süsser, D., Thapar, S., Weko, S., Williams, S., & Xue, B. (2021). The COVID-19 crisis deepens the gulf between leaders and laggards in the global energy transition. Energy Research & Social Science, 74, Article 101981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101981
37. Ranzi, R. (2020). Climate change adaptation in water engineering (IAHR White Paper Series 1). IAHR.
38. Sadoff, C.W., Hall, J. W., Grey, D., Aerts, J. C. J. H., Ait-Kadi, M., Brown, C., Cox, A., Dadson, S., Garrick, D., Kelman, J., McCornick, P., Ringler, C., Rosegrant, M., Whittington, D., & Wiberg, D. (2015). Securing water, sustaining growth: report of the GWP/OECD task force on water security and sustainable growth. University of Oxford. http://www.gwp.org/Global/About%20GWP/Publications/The%20Global%20Dialogue/SECURING%20WATER%20SUSTAINING%20GROWTH.PDF
39. Shukla, A., Garg, S., Mehta, M., Kumar, V., & Shukla, U. K. (2020). Temporal inventory of glaciers in the Suru sub-basin, western Himalaya: impacts of regional climate variability. Earth System Science Data, 12, 1245–1265. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1245–2020
40. Su, L., Miao, C., Kong, D., Duan, Q., Lei, X., & Hou, Q. (2018). Long-term trends in global river flow and the causal relationships between river flow and ocean signals. Journal of Hydrology, 563, 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.058
41. Trindade, B. C., Reed, P. M., & Characklis, G. W. (2019). Deeply uncertain pathways: Integrated multi-city regional water supply infrastructure investment and portfolio management. Advances in Water Resources, 134, Article 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.103442
42. United Nations. (2021). What Are the Sustainable Development Goals? https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals
43. UN-Water. (2013). What is water security? https://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2017/05/unwater_poster_Oct2013.pdf
44. World Bank. (2023). The World Bank, Urban Development. 3 Haziran 2023’te https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ urbandevelopment/ adresinden alındı.
45. Water Policy Group. (2021). Global Water Policy Report, Listening to National Water Leaders. Global Water Institute. https://waterpolicygroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2021-Global-Water-Policy-Report-4-Feb-2022.pdf
46. Yung, L., Louder, E., Gallagher, L.A., Jones, K., & Wyborn, C. (2019). How methods for navigating uncertainty connect science and policy at the water-energy-food nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7, Article 37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00037