Index Based Spatial Assessment of Heavy Metals in Damsa Dam Lake, Cappadocia/Türkiye

Öz

Damsa Dam Lake is significant value to the Cappadocia/Nevşehir region in terms of recreation, fishing and agricultural irrigation. The study was conducted to assess potential harmful elements (PHEs) in the dam and to examine the distribution eco-toxicological effects by Geographical Information System (GIS). Samples were collected for one year at 12 stations on the dam lake according to standard methods. The results of analysis obtained field studies along the spring mix period in the dam showed that high harmful metal(loid)s content (especially, average of 7.38 µg / L As and 4.94 µg/L Cu). According to the average concentration level in surface water, the order of PHEs was determined as follows: Fe > Zn > As > Mn > Al> Cu > Se > Pb >Cr > Hg > Ni > Cd. The findings obtained from the sampling were evaluated according to the relevant water quality regulations. Index-based spatial distribution maps created with ArcGIS showed that heavy metal-polluted lake water layer may have a significant effect on the ecological balance at some stations in the lake. This situation reveals the necessity of ongoing rehabilitation measures in the lake and the importance of sustainable conservation priority management practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy Metals
• Surface Water Quality
• Spatial Analysis
• Damsa Dam
• Ürgüp

Damsa Baraj Gölü'nde (Kapadokya/Türkiye) Ağır Metallerin İndeks Tabanlı Mekânsal Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Damsa Baraj Gölü, Kapadokya/Nevşehir bölgesi için rekreasyon, balıkçılık ve tarımsal sulama açısından önemli bir değere sahiptir. Çalışma, barajdaki potansiyel zararlı elementleri (PZE) değerlendirmek ve ekotoksikolojik etkilerinin dağılımını Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) ile incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Baraj gölü üzerinde bulunan 12 istasyondan bir yıl boyunca standart yöntemlere göre örnekler toplanmıştır. Barajda ilkbahar karışım döneminde yapılan arazi çalışmalarında elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre yüksek zararlı metal(loid) içeriği (özellikle ortalama 7,38 µg/L As ve 4,94 µg/L Cu) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yüzey sularındaki ortalama konsantrasyon seviyelerine göre PZE'lerin sıralaması şu şekilde belirlenmiştir: Fe > Zn > As > Mn > Al> Cu > Se > Pb > Cr > Hg > Ni > Cd. Örneklemeden elde edilen bulgular ilgili su kalite yönetmeliklerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. ArcGIS ile oluşturulan indeks tabanlı mekansal dağılım haritaları, göldeki bazı istasyonlarda ağır metal yönünden kirlenmiş göl suyu tabakasının ekolojik denge üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu durum, gölde devam eden rehabilitasyon önlemlerinin gerekliliğini ve sürdürülebilir koruma öncelikli yönetim uygulamalarının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağır Metaller
• Yüzey Suyu Kalitesi
• Mekansal Analiz
• Damsa Barajı
• Ürgüp

Kaynakça

1. American Public Health Association. (2007). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (19th ed. Vol.6). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, Water Environment Federation, and American Water Works Association.
2. Aras, S., Yakut, Ş. M., & Dulkadiroğlu, H. (2024). The first study on the detection of microplastic in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio, Capoeta tinca and Barbus anatolicus in the Kızılırmak River (Nevşehir Region), Turkey. Ecohydrology, 17(8), Article e2725. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2725
3. Azhari, H. E., Cherif, E. K., Sarti, O., Azzirgue, E. M., Dakak, H., Yachou, H., ... & Salmoun, F. (2022). Assessment of surface water quality using the water quality index (IWQ), multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and geographic information system (GIS) in Oued Laou Mediterranean Watershed, Morocco. Water, 15(1), Article 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010130
4. Bakan, G., Özkoç, H. B., Tülek, S., & Cüce, H. (2010). Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(4), 453–462.
5. Baki, B., & Baki, O. G. (2023). Sea Cage Aquaculture in Marine Environments Trophic Index (Trix). In B. Doğanlar & Ş. Ellialtioğlu (Eds.), Academic Studies in Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture. Gece Kitaplığı.
6. Bilgin, A. (2018). Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: a case study Coruh River Basin. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190, 1–11.
7. Bilgin, A., & Konanç, M. U. (2016). Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River Basin (Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1–18.
8. Chai, L., Li, H., Yang, Z., Min, X., Liao, Q., Liu, Y., Men, S., Yan, Y., & Xu, J. (2017). Heavy metals and metalloids in the surface sediments of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan, China: distribution, contamination, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(1), 874–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7872-x

9. Chen, Q., Wu, L., Zhou, C., Liu, G., & Yao, L. (2024). A study of environmental pollution and risk of heavy metals in the bottom water and sediment of the Chaohu Lake, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(13), 19658–19673.
10. Cohen-Addad, V., Kanade, V., Mallmann-Trenn, F., & Mathieu, C. (2019). Hierarchical clustering: Objective functions and algorithms. Journal of the ACM (JACM), 66(4), 1–42.
11. Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoglu, F., Kaynar, I., Baser, V., & Türkmen, M. (2022a). Multivariate statistical methods and GIS based evaluation of the health risk potential and water quality due to arsenic pollution in the Kızılırmak River. International Journal of Sediment Research, 37(6), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2022.06.004
12. Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoglu, F., Dereli, M. A., & Türkmen, A. (2022b). Integrated spatial distribution and multivariate statistical analysis for assessment of ecotoxicological and health risks of sediment metal contamination, Ömerli Dam (Istanbul, Turkey). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(6), Article 199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05670-1
13. Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoglu, F., Baser, V., & Türkmen, M. (2022c). Ecotoxicological health risk analysis of potential toxic elements accumulation in the sediments of Kızılırmak River. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(11), 10759–10772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03869-z
14. Cüce, H., Kalıpcı, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Dereli, M. A., & Türkmen, M. (2022d). Multivariate statistical and spatial assessment of water quality from a dam threatened by drought at the mid-Anatolia. Cappadocia/Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(5), Article 441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09734-8
15. Cüce, H., Kalipci, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Dereli, M. A., Alkaya, S., & Türkmen, A. (2025). Spatial distribution of health risk assessment of a drinking water reservoir exposed to urban agglomeration and industrial lead contamination in Istanbul, Türkiye. Water Environment Research, 97(2), Article e70013. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70013
16. Çiçek, E., Birecikligil, S., Öztürk, S., Seçer, B., & Celepoğlu, Y. (2016). Protection and monitoring program recommendations for fish fauna of Nevşehir Province. Nevşehir Science and Technology Journal, 5(1), 1–9.
17. Din, I. U., Muhammad, S., Rehman, I. U., & Tokatli, C. (2023). Spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements contaminations and risk indices of water and sediments in the Darband and Samana streams, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(11), Article 1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11914-2
18. Edet, A. E., & Offiong, O. E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, lower cross river basin (southeastern Nigeria). Geojournal, 57(4), 295–304.
19. Egbueri, J. C., & Mgbenu, C. N. (2020). Chemometric analysis for pollution source identification and human health risk assessment of water resources in Ojoto province, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10(4), Article 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01180-9
20. Findik, O., Akin, E., & Aras S. (2019). Oligochaeta fauna of Damsa Dam Lake (Nevsehir, Turkey) and its relationship with some physicochemical parameters. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(4), 448–457. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.554425
21. Findik, Ö., & Aras, S. (2023). Application of the metal pollution indices on surface waters for assessment of environmental risk: a case study for Damsa reservoir (Cappadocia, Türkiye). International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(2), 1689–1698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04102-1
22. Gaillardet, J., Viers, J., & Dupré, B. (2003). Trace elements in river waters. Treatise on Geochemistry, 5, 225–272. Goher, M. E., Hassan, A. M., Abdel-Monie, I. A., Fahmy, A. H., & Elsayed, S. M. (2014). Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal indices of Ismailia Canal, Nile River, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 40(3), 225–233.
23. Hossain, M. B., Ahmed, A. S. S., & Sarker, M. S. I. (2018). Human health risks of Hg, As, Mn, and Cr through consumption of fish, Ticto barb (Puntius ticto) from a tropical river, Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(31), 31727–31736.
24. Huang, Z., Liu, C., Zhao, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, B. (2020). Risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment at the drinking water source of the Xiangjiang River in South China. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 1–9.
25. Islam, M., Uddin, M. K., Tareq, S. M., Shammi, M., Kamal, A. K. I., Sugano, T., Kurasaki, M., Saito, T., Tanaka, S., & Kuramitz, H. (2015). Alteration of water pollution level with the seasonal changes in mean daily discharge in three main rivers around Dhaka City. Bangladesh. Environments, 2(3), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2030280
26. Jiang, D., Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Long, Z., Liao, Q., Yang, J., & Fan, J. (2019). Multivariate analyses and human health assessments of heavy metals for surface water quality in the Xiangjiang River Basin, China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 38(8), 1645–1657.
27. Kalipci, E., Cüce, H., & Toprak, S. (2017a). Spatial Analysis of Damsa Dam Nevşehir Surface Water Quality with Geographic Information System. Karaelmas Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(1), 312–319.
28. Kalipci, E., Cüce, H., & Toprak, S. (2017b). Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Mamasın Dam Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Ömer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 6(2), 351–361.
29. Kalipci, E., Cüce, H, Ustaoğlu, F., Dereli, M.A., & Türkmen, M. (2023). Toxicological health risk analysis of hazardous trace elements accumulation in the edible fish species of the Black Sea in Türkiye using multivariate statistical and spatial assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 97, Article 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2022.104028
30. Kalipci, E., Cüce, H., & Dereli, M. A. (2024). Assessment of ecological status of Damsa Dam (Nevşehir, Türkiye) using trophic classification indexes, geospatial and statistical techniques. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 9(4), 768–775.
31. Kalipci, E., Varol, S., & Cüce, H. (2020). Evaluation of water quality and trophic condition of Yuvacık (Kocaeli-Turkey) drinking water dam reservoir. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 6(2), 128–139.
32. Karadavut, S., Delibas, L., Kalipci, E., Ozdemir, C., & Karadavut, I.S. (2012). Evaluation of irrigation water quality of Aksaray region by using geographic information system. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 7(2), 71–182.
33. Karadeniz, S., Ustaoğlu, F., Aydın, H., & Yüksel, B. (2024). Toxicological risk assessment using spring water quality indices in plateaus of Giresun Province/Türkiye: a holistic hydrogeochemical data analysis. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(8), Article 285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02054-8
34. Kormoker, T., Karmoker, R., Uddin, M., Kabir, M. H., Siddique, M. A. B., Khan, R., ... & Idris, A. M. (2024). Toxic elemental abundances in the sediment of the Jamuna River, Bangladesh: pollution status, sources, toxicity, and ecological risks assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 104(17), 5904–5926.
35. Kucukosmanoglu, A. G., & Filazi, A. (2020). Investigation of the metal pollution sources in Lake Mogan, Ankara, Turkey. Biological Trace Element Research, 198(1), 269–282.
36. Mert, R., & Çiçek, E. (2010). Range Expansion of Introduced Tilapia Species (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758, Cichlidae) in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(12), 1753–1756.
37. Mokarram, M., Saber, A., & Sheykhi, V. (2020). Effects of heavy metal contamination on river water quality due to release of industrial effluents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, Article 123380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro
38. Mohan, S. V., Nithila, P., & Reddy, S. J. (1996). Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A, 31(2), 283–289.
39. Muhammad, S., Zeb, A., Ullah, R., Amin, S., Ahmad, A., & Tokatli, C. (2024). Spatial distribution of drinking, irrigation water quality, and health risk indices of high-altitude lakes. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 134, Article 103597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2024.103597
40. Mutlu, E., Yanık, T., & Demir, T. (2013). Monthly changes of water quality characteristics of Horohon Stream (Hafik-Sivas). Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(B), 45–57.
41. Paul, D. (2017). Research on heavy metal pollution of river Ganga: A review. Annals of Agrarian Science, 15(2), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2017.04.001
42. Rakib, M. R. J., Jolly, Y. N., Begum, B. A., Choudhury, T. R., Fatema, K. J., Islam, M. S., ... & Idris, A. M. (2022). Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation. Toxin reviews, 41(2), 420–436.
43. Saleh, H. N., Panahande, M., Yousefi, M., Asghari, F. B., Oliveri, C. G., Talaee, E., & Mohammadi, A. A. (2019). Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research, 190(1), 251–261.
44. Sancer, O., & Tekin-Özan, S. (2016). Seasonal changes of metal accumulation in water, sediment and Phragmites austrialis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel Growing in Lake Kovada (Isparta, Türkiye). Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, 11(2), 45–60.
45. Shetaia, S.A., Nasr, R.A., El Saeed, R.L., Dar, M.A., Al-Mur, B.A., & Zakaly, H. M. (2023). Assessment of heavy metals contamination of sediments and surface waters of Bitter Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt: Ecological risks and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, Article 115096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115096
46. Shukla, K., Kumar, P., Mann, G. S., & Khare, M. (2020). Mapping spatial distribution of particulate matter using kriging and inverse distance weighting at supersites of megacity Delhi. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, Article 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101997
47. Sibal, L. N., & Espino, M. P. B. (2018). Heavy metals in lake water: a review on occurrence and analytical determination. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 98(6), 536–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/030673191481212
48. Sophocleous, M. (2002). Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeology Journal, 10, 52–67.
49. Suresh, G., Ramasamy, V., Meenakshisundaram, V., Venkatachalapathy, R., & Ponnusamy, V. (2011). Influence of mineralogical and heavy metal composition on natural radionuclide concentrations in the river sediments. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(10), 1466–1474.
50. Şeker, E., Özmen, H., & Aksoy, Ş. (1998). Investigation of heavy metal accumulations in Capoeta capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) caught from Elazıg Hazar Lake, Fırat University, Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences, 10(2), 13–20.
51. Taş, B., & Şişman, H. E. (2020). Assessment of algal diversity and hydrobiological preliminary results in a high-mountain lake (Karagöl Lake, Giresun Mountains, Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 13(1-2), 11–38.
52. T.C. Resmi Gazete. (2015). Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik (Resmi Gazete Tarih: 15.04.2015, Sayı: 29327). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150415-18.htm
53. T.C. Resmi Gazete. (2019). İçme Suyu Temin Edilen Suların Kalitesi ve Arıtılması Hakkında Yönetmelik (Resmi Gazete Tarih: 06.07.2019, Sayı: 30823). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/07/20190706-8.htm
54. Tercan, E., Dengiz, O., Özkan, B., Dereli, M.A., & Öztekin, Y.B. (2022). Geographic information system–assisted site quality assessment for hazelnut cultivation using multi-criteria decision analysis in the Black Sea region, Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 35908–35933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18127-5
55. Tepe, Y., Ateş, A., Mutlu, E., & Töre, Y. (2006). Water quality of Hasan stream (Erzin-Hatay) and its montly variations. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1/1), 149–154.
56. Tirink, S. (2021). Environmental effects and diffuse pollutant load calculation of animal wastes in Iğdır province and its districts. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 4(2), 43–50.
57. Tirink, S., & Özkoç, H. B. (2021). Effects of toxic heavy metals on the environment and human health. In A.B. Özçınar (Ed.), Highly Interconnected & Endless Puzzle: Agriculture (pp.99–127). Iksad Publishing House.
58. Treer, T., Varga, B., Safner, R., Aničić, I., Piria, M., & Odak, T. (2003). Growth of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) introduced into the Mediterranean Vransko Lake. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(6), 383–386.
59. Turkish Standards Institute. (2005). Sular - İnsanî tüketim amaçlı sular (TS, 266). https://intweb.tse.org.tr/standard/standard/ StandardAra.aspx.
60. Türkmen, M., & Aydin, T. (2021). Seasonal and spatial accumulation of heavy metals in Cystoseira barbata C. Agardh 1820 from Northeastern Black Sea coast. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, 50(04), 339–342.
61. Türkmen, M., Mutlu, E., Zebel, S., & Türkmen, A. (2018). Evaluation of heavy metal accumulation in some fish species distributed in Batlama Creek in the Eastern Black Sea Coast. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(7), 858–862.
62. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS), Vol. 1: Human health evaluation manual (part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment) interim. Washington, DC.
63. Ustaoglu, F., Islam, M. S., & Tokatli, C. (2022). Ecological and probabilistic human health hazard assessment of heavy metals in Sera Lake Nature Park sediments (Trabzon, Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(7), Article 597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09838-1
64. Ustaoglu, F., & Aydin, H. (2020). Health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in surface water in a subtropical rivers basin system of Giresun (north-eastern Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 194, 222–234.
65. Üstün-Odabaşı, S., & Ceylan Z. (2023). Water quality and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in water of Samsun Rivers of the Mid-Black Sea, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 82(21), Article 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11189-3
66. Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L., & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004–2012.
67. Varol, M. (2013). Dissolved heavy metal concentrations of the Kralkızı, Dicle and Batman dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, Turkey. Chemosphere, 93(6), 954–962.
68. Varol, M. (2020). Environmental, ecological and health risks of trace metals in sediments of a large reservoir on the Euphrates River (Turkey). Environmental Research, 187, Article 109664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109664
69. Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., ... & Davies, P. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467(7315), 555–561.
70. Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P. K. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 421–431.
71. World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed., Vol. 38). World Health Organization.
72. Yilmaz, F. (2004). Physicochemical properties of Mumcular Dam (Mugla-Bodrum). Ecology, 13(50), 10–17.
73. Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., & Arıca, E. (2021). Impacts of a garbage disposal facility on the water quality of Çavuşlu stream in Giresun, Turkey: A health risk assessment study by a validated ICP-MS assay. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(4), 181–192.
74. Yüksel, B., Ustaoglu, F., Aydın, H., Tokatli, C., Topaldemir, H., Islam, M. S., & Muhammad, S. (2024). Appraisal of metallic accumulation in the surface sediment of a fish breeding dam in Türkiye: A stochastical approach to ecotoxicological risk assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 203, Article 116488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116488