Çin’in Kalkınmasındaki Kilit Rol: Dünya Ticaretine Entegrasyonu

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 10, 65 - 80, 30.06.2022

Mehmet Akif Gündoğdu

Öz

1950-1970'lerde geleneksel ithal ikame stratejisinin başarısızlığa uğramasından sonra, birçok gelişmekte olan ekonomi, uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından savunulan "Washington Consensus- Washington Consensus (WC)" olarak adlandırılan piyasa odaklı bir ticaret serbestleştirme stratejisine dönüşmüştür. Türkiye dahil çoğu gelişmekte olan ülke, tüm gelişmekte olan ülkelere aynı ticaret politikası rejimini izlemelerini öneren bir kalkınma reçetesi olan bu mutabakatı benimsemiştir. Buna karşılık Çin, Washington Mutabakatı'na teslim olmadan bazı bilim insanları tarafından “Pekin Mutabakatı” olarak adlandırılan yeni bir yol ile küresel pazara entegre olmuştur. Ayrıca, Çin'in muhteşem ekonomik gelişimi, Washington Mutabakatı'nı benimseyen birçok gelişmekte olan ülkenin etkileyici olmayan deneyimiyle belirgin bir tezat oluşturmaktadır. Bu durum, Çin’in deneyimlediği yaklaşımın başarıya ulaşmasının sebeplerinin ne olduğu ve diğer gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir örnek teşkil edip edemeyeceği tartışmalarını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çin’in yaklaşımını nasıl farklılaştığı tartışılmış ve bu farklılığın ekonomik yansımaları bazı ekonomik göstergeler çerçevesinde ortaya konulmuştur. Bu hususta Çin’in ticaret serbestisi reformunu kendi yerel dinamiklerini gözeterek bir sentez oluşturduğu ve bunun sonucunda ekonomik kalkınmada ticaret serbestisi politikasının oldukça başarılı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu başarı, uluslararası finans kuruluşları ve gelişmiş ekonomilerin önerdiği kalkınma reçetelerinin sorgulanmasına ve hatta Çin’in yaklaşımının gelişmekte olan ülkeler için daha iyi sonuçlar vereceği tartışmasını alevlendirmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, kalkınma, gelişmekte olan ülkeler, dünya ekonomisi, uluslararası ekonomi

Key Role in China's Development: Integration into World Trade

Öz

After the failure of the traditional import substitution strategy in the 1950s-1970s, many developing economies have turned to a market-oriented trade liberalization strategy called the "Washington Consensus (WC)" advocated by international organizations. Most developing countries, including Turkey, have adopted this strategy, a development prescription that recommends all developing countries follow the same trade policy regime. In contrast, China has integrated into the global market in a new way without surrendering to the Washington Consensus which is called the “Beijing Consensus” by some scholars. Also, China's spectacular economic development stands in marked contrast to the unimpressive experience of many developing countries that have embraced the Washington Consensus. This situation brings to the fore the debates on the reasons for the success of the approach experienced by China and whether it can set an example for other developing countries. In this study, it is discussed how China differs in its approach and the economic reflections of this difference are presented within the framework of some economic indicators. In this regard, it has been revealed that China's trade liberalization reform has created a synthesis by considering its own local dynamics in the integration of the world, and as a result, the trade liberalization policy has been quite successful in economic development. This success has sparked the questioning of the development prescriptions proposed by international financial institutions and developed economies, and even the argument that China's approach will yield better results for developing countries.

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