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Jeopolitik Güç Mücadelesi: Çin’in Doğu Akdeniz’deki Varlığı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 1 - 22, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.59114/dasad.1201310

Öz

Bu makale Çin’in Doğu Akdeniz bölgesindeki varlığını inceleyerek, Çin dış politikasında yaşanan değişime paralel olarak artan bu etkinin Çin-ABD mücadelesine etkilerini sorgulamaktadır. Çin, dış politikasında her ne kadar farklı bölgeleri önceliklendirmiş olsa da son on yıldır artan şekilde Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde de varlık göstermektedir. Enerji, ulaşım, teknoloji ve telekomünikasyon alanlarına yaptığı yatırımlardan başlayarak, bölgesel işbirliğine yönelik sektörel forumlar ve askeri tatbikatlar aracılığıyla da Çin bölgede nüfuzunu artırmaya çalışmaktadır. 20 ve 21. yüzyıllarda büyük güçlerin çekişme sahnelerinden birini oluşturan Doğu Akdeniz’de Çin’in izlediği politikalar, ABD’nin bölge ülkeleriyle kurduğu ilişkilere alternatifler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, Çin-ABD arasında farklı bölgelerde devam eden jeopolitik güç mücadelesine yeni bir boyut daha eklemektedir. Bu makale, Çin’in Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde izlediği stratejiler ile bölgenin “Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi” açısından önemini Nicholas Spykman’ın Kenar Kuşak (Rimland) teorisi çerçevesinde açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Arab Barometer. 2022. “Public Views Of The U.S.-China Competition In Mena.” Https://Www.Arabbarometer.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/Abvii_Us-China_Report-En.Pdf.
  • Atlantic Council (2022). “China’s Discourse Power Operations In The Global South An Overview Of Chinese Activities In Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, And The Middle East.” Washington, Dc: Atlantic Council. Https://Www.Atlanticcouncil.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/04/Chinas_Discourse_Power_In_The_Global_South.Pdf.
  • AYDIN, Mustafa ve Cihan Dizdaroğlu (2018). “Levantine Challenges On Turkish Foreign Policy,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 15(16), S. 89-103.
  • Bbc News (2021). “China Overtakes Us As Eu’s Biggest Trading Partner.” Bbc News, Şubat 17, 2021. Https://Www.Bbc.Com/News/Business-56093378.
  • BLOUET, Brian W. (2005). “Halford Mackinder And The Pivotal Heartland.” In Global Geostrategy: Mackinder And The Defence Of The West, Brian W. Blouet (Der.), Frank Cass Publishers, Londra.
  • British Petroleum (2019). “Bp Energy Outlook.” Https://Www.Bp.Com/Content/Dam/Bp/Business-Sites/En/Global/Corporate/Pdfs/Energy-Economics/Energy-Outlook/Bp-Energy-Outlook-2019.Pdf.
  • BROWN, Carl L. (2003). Imparatorluk Mirasi, Iletişim Yayinlari, Istanbul.
  • China State Council. 2022. “China’s Arab Policy Paper.” The State Council Of The People’s Republic Of China. Http://English.Www.Gov.Cn/Archive/Publications/2016/01/13/Content_281475271412746.Htm.
  • Cnbc. (2021). “Another Attempt To Clear Ship Blocking Suez Canal Fails As Economic Impact Mounts.” Cnbc, Mart 26, 2021. Https://Www.Cnbc.Com/2021/03/26/Ship-Blocking-Suez-Canal-Is-Beginning-To-Affect-The-Global-Economy.Html.
  • COHEN, Saul Bernard (2009). Geopolitics: The Geography Of International Relations, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham & Boulder & New York.
  • Dünya (2015). “Kumport Limani, Cosco Pacific’e Satildi.” Dünya, Eylül 2015. Https://Www.Dunya.Com/Sirketler/Kumport-Limani-Cosco-Pacific039e-Satildi-Haberi-292370.
  • Dw (2015). “China, Russia To Hold First Med Joint Drills.” Dw, Nisan 30, 2015. Https://Www.Dw.Com/En/China-Russia-To-Hold-Joint-Naval-Drills-In-The-Mediterranean/A-18422183.
  • Economist (2018). “Chinese Investment, And Influence, In Europe Is Growing.” Economist, Ekim 4, 2018. Https://Www.Economist.Com/Briefing/2018/10/04/Chinese-Investment-And-Influence-In-Europe-Is-Growing.
  • Economy, Elizabeth (2022). “Xi Jinping’s New World Order.” Foreign Affairs, Ocak/Şubat 2022. Https://Www.Foreignaffairs.Com/China/Xi-Jinpings-New-World-Order#Author-Info.
  • EDIGER, Volkan Ş., Balkan Devlen, And Deniz Mcdonald (2012). “Levant’ta Büyük Oyun: Doğu Akdeniz’in Enerji Jeopolitiği,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 9(33), S. 73–92.
  • EKMAN, Alice (2018). “China In The Mediterranean: An Emerging Presence,” French Institute Of International Relations (Ifri), Fransa.
  • ELIGÜR, Banu (2022). “Chinese-Israeli Relations: Between Opportunities And Constraints,” Doğu Asya Çalişmalari 5(10), S. 1–25.
  • ERGENÇ, Ceren (2021). “Çin’in Ortadoğu’daki Yeni Rolü.” Fikir Turu. Haziran 2021. Https://Fikirturu.Com/Jeo-Strateji/Cinin-Ortadogudaki-Yeni-Rolu/.
  • FELDMAN, Noah (2015). “What Is China’s Navy Doing In Mediterranean?” Bloomberg, Mayis 2, 2015. Https://Www.Bloomberg.Com/Opinion/Articles/2015-05-01/What-Is-China-S-Navy-Doing-In-Mediterranean-.
  • Fudan University (2022). “Green Finance & Development Center.” Https://Greenfdc.Org/Countries-Of-The-Belt-And-Road-Initiative-Bri/.
  • HABIBI, Nader (2022). “The Belt And Road Initiative In The Eastern Mediterranean: China’s Relations With Egypt, Turkey, And Israel.” Middle East Brief, No. 146, S. 1–9.
  • HAZOU, Elias (2014). “China Oil In Talks To Buy Part Of Aphrodite Field.” Cyprus Mail, Haziran 19, 2014. Http://Cyprus-Mail.Com/2014/06/19/China-Oil-In-Talks-To-Buy-Part-Of-Aphrodite-Field/.
  • IŞCAN, Ismail Hakki (2004). “Uluslararasi Ilişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler Ve Çağdaş Yansimalari,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 1(2), S. 47–79.
  • KARACA, R. Kutay (2012). “Çin’in Değişen Enerji Stratejisinin Diş Politikasina Etkileri (1990-2010),” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 9(33), S. 93–118.
  • KARLUK, Abdürreşit Celil (2018). “Çinlilerin Millet Düşüncesinin Kökenleri Ve Ötekilere Bakişi,” Doğu Asya Araştirmalari Dergisi 1(1), S. 30-54.
  • LUTTERBECK, Derek, And Georgij Engelbrecht (2009). “The West And Russia In The Mediterranean: Towards A Renewed Rivalry?,” Mediterranean Politics 14(3), S. 385–406.
  • MACKINDER, Halford (1919). Democratic Ideals And Reality, Constable And Company, Londra.
  • Military Times (2017). “Chinese Navy Ships Conduct Live-Fire Drills In Mediterranean,” Temmuz 12, 2017. Https://Www.Militarytimes.Com/News/Pentagon-Congress/2017/07/12/Chinese-Navy-Ships-Conduct-Live-Fire-Drills-In-Mediterranean/.
  • NOVO, Andrew R. (2021). “The Eastern Mediterranean — Time For The U.S. To Get Serious.” Https://Cepa.Org/Article/The-Eastern-Mediterranean-Time-For-The-U-S-To-Get-Serious/.
  • ORION, Assaf, And Shira Efron (2022). “China Below The Radar: Israel-Us Strategic Dialogue On Technology.” The Washington Institute For Near East Policy. Https://Www.Washingtoninstitute.Org/Policy-Analysis/China-Below-Radar-Israel-Us-Strategic-Dialogue-Technology.
  • SPYKMAN, Nicholas (1944). The Geography Of The Peace, Harcourt, Brace And Co., New York.
  • Statista (2022). “Main Suppliers Of Crude Oil To China In 2020 And 2021,” Statista. 2022. Https://Www.Statista.Com/Statistics/1310953/Oil-Imports-By-Country-China/.
  • The National Interest (2021). “Russia And China: A Budding Alliance In The Mediterranean?” The National Interest, Mart 29, 2021. Https://Nationalinterest.Org/Blog/Buzz/Russia-And-China-Budding-Alliance-Mediterranean-181283.
  • VAN DER Putten, Frans Paul (2016). “Infrastructure And Geopolitics: China’s Emerging Presence In The Eastern Mediterranean,” Journal Of Balkan And Near Eastern Studies 18(4), S. 337–51.
  • VEGO, M. (2000). “Soviet And Russian Strategy In The Mediterranean Since 1945.” In Naval Strategy And Policy In The Mediterranean: Past, Present And Future, John B. Hattendorf (Der.), Frank Cass Publishers, Londra.
  • VOA Amerika (2020). “Pompeo’dan Türkiye’ye Huawei Uyarisi.” Voa Amerika, Eylül 2020. Https://Www.Voaturkce.Com/A/Pompeodan-Turkiyeye-Huawei-Uyarisi/5594981.Html.
  • Wishnick, Elizabeth (2015). “Russia And China Go Sailing: Superpower On Display In The Eastern Mediterranean.” Foreign Affairs. Https://Www.Foreignaffairs.Com/Articles/China/2015-05-26/Russia-And-China-Go-Sailing.

Jeopolitical Power Rivalry: China’s Presence in the Eastern Mediterranean

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 1 - 22, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.59114/dasad.1201310

Öz

This article examines China’s presence in the Easter Mediterranean, and questions the impacts of China’s rising influence –in parallel with changes in its foreign policy– over the Sino-US rivalry. Even though China has prioritized different regions in its foreign policy, it has been increasing its presence in the Eastern Mediterranean. Starting from its investments in different sectors including energy, transportation, technology and telecommunication, China has been trying to increase its influence through sectoral cooperation forums in the region and military exercises. China’s policy towards the Eastern Mediterranean, which has been one of the scenes for the great power rivalry in the 20th and 21st centuries, has provided alternatives for the US’ relationship with the regional countries. Moreover, it has added a new layer to the ongoing Sino-US geopolitical power rivalry in different regions. This article aims to explain the China’s strategies in the region and the importance of the region for the One Belt, One Road initiative by using Nicholas Spykman’s Rimland theory.

Kaynakça

  • Arab Barometer. 2022. “Public Views Of The U.S.-China Competition In Mena.” Https://Www.Arabbarometer.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/Abvii_Us-China_Report-En.Pdf.
  • Atlantic Council (2022). “China’s Discourse Power Operations In The Global South An Overview Of Chinese Activities In Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, And The Middle East.” Washington, Dc: Atlantic Council. Https://Www.Atlanticcouncil.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/04/Chinas_Discourse_Power_In_The_Global_South.Pdf.
  • AYDIN, Mustafa ve Cihan Dizdaroğlu (2018). “Levantine Challenges On Turkish Foreign Policy,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 15(16), S. 89-103.
  • Bbc News (2021). “China Overtakes Us As Eu’s Biggest Trading Partner.” Bbc News, Şubat 17, 2021. Https://Www.Bbc.Com/News/Business-56093378.
  • BLOUET, Brian W. (2005). “Halford Mackinder And The Pivotal Heartland.” In Global Geostrategy: Mackinder And The Defence Of The West, Brian W. Blouet (Der.), Frank Cass Publishers, Londra.
  • British Petroleum (2019). “Bp Energy Outlook.” Https://Www.Bp.Com/Content/Dam/Bp/Business-Sites/En/Global/Corporate/Pdfs/Energy-Economics/Energy-Outlook/Bp-Energy-Outlook-2019.Pdf.
  • BROWN, Carl L. (2003). Imparatorluk Mirasi, Iletişim Yayinlari, Istanbul.
  • China State Council. 2022. “China’s Arab Policy Paper.” The State Council Of The People’s Republic Of China. Http://English.Www.Gov.Cn/Archive/Publications/2016/01/13/Content_281475271412746.Htm.
  • Cnbc. (2021). “Another Attempt To Clear Ship Blocking Suez Canal Fails As Economic Impact Mounts.” Cnbc, Mart 26, 2021. Https://Www.Cnbc.Com/2021/03/26/Ship-Blocking-Suez-Canal-Is-Beginning-To-Affect-The-Global-Economy.Html.
  • COHEN, Saul Bernard (2009). Geopolitics: The Geography Of International Relations, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham & Boulder & New York.
  • Dünya (2015). “Kumport Limani, Cosco Pacific’e Satildi.” Dünya, Eylül 2015. Https://Www.Dunya.Com/Sirketler/Kumport-Limani-Cosco-Pacific039e-Satildi-Haberi-292370.
  • Dw (2015). “China, Russia To Hold First Med Joint Drills.” Dw, Nisan 30, 2015. Https://Www.Dw.Com/En/China-Russia-To-Hold-Joint-Naval-Drills-In-The-Mediterranean/A-18422183.
  • Economist (2018). “Chinese Investment, And Influence, In Europe Is Growing.” Economist, Ekim 4, 2018. Https://Www.Economist.Com/Briefing/2018/10/04/Chinese-Investment-And-Influence-In-Europe-Is-Growing.
  • Economy, Elizabeth (2022). “Xi Jinping’s New World Order.” Foreign Affairs, Ocak/Şubat 2022. Https://Www.Foreignaffairs.Com/China/Xi-Jinpings-New-World-Order#Author-Info.
  • EDIGER, Volkan Ş., Balkan Devlen, And Deniz Mcdonald (2012). “Levant’ta Büyük Oyun: Doğu Akdeniz’in Enerji Jeopolitiği,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 9(33), S. 73–92.
  • EKMAN, Alice (2018). “China In The Mediterranean: An Emerging Presence,” French Institute Of International Relations (Ifri), Fransa.
  • ELIGÜR, Banu (2022). “Chinese-Israeli Relations: Between Opportunities And Constraints,” Doğu Asya Çalişmalari 5(10), S. 1–25.
  • ERGENÇ, Ceren (2021). “Çin’in Ortadoğu’daki Yeni Rolü.” Fikir Turu. Haziran 2021. Https://Fikirturu.Com/Jeo-Strateji/Cinin-Ortadogudaki-Yeni-Rolu/.
  • FELDMAN, Noah (2015). “What Is China’s Navy Doing In Mediterranean?” Bloomberg, Mayis 2, 2015. Https://Www.Bloomberg.Com/Opinion/Articles/2015-05-01/What-Is-China-S-Navy-Doing-In-Mediterranean-.
  • Fudan University (2022). “Green Finance & Development Center.” Https://Greenfdc.Org/Countries-Of-The-Belt-And-Road-Initiative-Bri/.
  • HABIBI, Nader (2022). “The Belt And Road Initiative In The Eastern Mediterranean: China’s Relations With Egypt, Turkey, And Israel.” Middle East Brief, No. 146, S. 1–9.
  • HAZOU, Elias (2014). “China Oil In Talks To Buy Part Of Aphrodite Field.” Cyprus Mail, Haziran 19, 2014. Http://Cyprus-Mail.Com/2014/06/19/China-Oil-In-Talks-To-Buy-Part-Of-Aphrodite-Field/.
  • IŞCAN, Ismail Hakki (2004). “Uluslararasi Ilişkilerde Klasik Jeopolitik Teoriler Ve Çağdaş Yansimalari,” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 1(2), S. 47–79.
  • KARACA, R. Kutay (2012). “Çin’in Değişen Enerji Stratejisinin Diş Politikasina Etkileri (1990-2010),” Uluslararasi Ilişkiler 9(33), S. 93–118.
  • KARLUK, Abdürreşit Celil (2018). “Çinlilerin Millet Düşüncesinin Kökenleri Ve Ötekilere Bakişi,” Doğu Asya Araştirmalari Dergisi 1(1), S. 30-54.
  • LUTTERBECK, Derek, And Georgij Engelbrecht (2009). “The West And Russia In The Mediterranean: Towards A Renewed Rivalry?,” Mediterranean Politics 14(3), S. 385–406.
  • MACKINDER, Halford (1919). Democratic Ideals And Reality, Constable And Company, Londra.
  • Military Times (2017). “Chinese Navy Ships Conduct Live-Fire Drills In Mediterranean,” Temmuz 12, 2017. Https://Www.Militarytimes.Com/News/Pentagon-Congress/2017/07/12/Chinese-Navy-Ships-Conduct-Live-Fire-Drills-In-Mediterranean/.
  • NOVO, Andrew R. (2021). “The Eastern Mediterranean — Time For The U.S. To Get Serious.” Https://Cepa.Org/Article/The-Eastern-Mediterranean-Time-For-The-U-S-To-Get-Serious/.
  • ORION, Assaf, And Shira Efron (2022). “China Below The Radar: Israel-Us Strategic Dialogue On Technology.” The Washington Institute For Near East Policy. Https://Www.Washingtoninstitute.Org/Policy-Analysis/China-Below-Radar-Israel-Us-Strategic-Dialogue-Technology.
  • SPYKMAN, Nicholas (1944). The Geography Of The Peace, Harcourt, Brace And Co., New York.
  • Statista (2022). “Main Suppliers Of Crude Oil To China In 2020 And 2021,” Statista. 2022. Https://Www.Statista.Com/Statistics/1310953/Oil-Imports-By-Country-China/.
  • The National Interest (2021). “Russia And China: A Budding Alliance In The Mediterranean?” The National Interest, Mart 29, 2021. Https://Nationalinterest.Org/Blog/Buzz/Russia-And-China-Budding-Alliance-Mediterranean-181283.
  • VAN DER Putten, Frans Paul (2016). “Infrastructure And Geopolitics: China’s Emerging Presence In The Eastern Mediterranean,” Journal Of Balkan And Near Eastern Studies 18(4), S. 337–51.
  • VEGO, M. (2000). “Soviet And Russian Strategy In The Mediterranean Since 1945.” In Naval Strategy And Policy In The Mediterranean: Past, Present And Future, John B. Hattendorf (Der.), Frank Cass Publishers, Londra.
  • VOA Amerika (2020). “Pompeo’dan Türkiye’ye Huawei Uyarisi.” Voa Amerika, Eylül 2020. Https://Www.Voaturkce.Com/A/Pompeodan-Turkiyeye-Huawei-Uyarisi/5594981.Html.
  • Wishnick, Elizabeth (2015). “Russia And China Go Sailing: Superpower On Display In The Eastern Mediterranean.” Foreign Affairs. Https://Www.Foreignaffairs.Com/Articles/China/2015-05-26/Russia-And-China-Go-Sailing.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cihan Dizdaroğlu 0000-0001-8613-8585

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Dizdaroğlu, C. (2023). Jeopolitik Güç Mücadelesi: Çin’in Doğu Akdeniz’deki Varlığı. Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(11), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.59114/dasad.1201310

Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi (DAAD) I 2021 I abdurresit.karluk@hbv.edu.tr I

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-Gayri Ticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) International License.