Influence of Various Media Sources on the Fear of Terrorism: A Comparative Study of Japan And Taiwan

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 1 - 18

Ahmet Yiğitalp Tulga

https://doi.org/10.59114/dasad.1553272

Öz

This study examines the relationship between media consumption and fear of terrorism in Japan and Taiwan, two countries that experience low exposure to terrorism yet exhibit high levels of fear regarding terrorism. The analysis investigates the effects of active media sources (such as newspapers and the internet) and passive media sources (such as television, radio, and social media) on fear of terrorism, using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey. Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis was conducted on data from 1,273 participants in Japan and 1,221 participants in Taiwan. The findings indicate that active media sources do not have a statistically significant effect on fear of terrorism in either country. In contrast, passive media sources are positively associated with increased fear of terrorism, with this effect being statistically stronger in Japan than in Taiwan. Additionally, demographic factors such as gender, age, and education influence fear of terrorism. In both countries, women report higher levels of fear regarding terrorism than men. In Japan, younger individuals exhibit lower levels of fear regarding terrorism. Education level significantly impacts fear of terrorism in Taiwan, where lower education levels are associated with higher fear regarding terrorism. These findings provide valuable insights into how media consumption and demographic factors influence perceptions and fears of terrorism in low-risk countries such as Taiwan and Japan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fear of Terrorism, Japan, Taiwan, Active Media Sources, Passive Media Sources

Destekleyen Kurum

The article was prepared within the scope of the project titled "Comparative Analysis and Explanation of the Fear of Terrorism in Taiwan and Turkey" and is funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK).

Proje Numarası

Grant number: 1059B192301644

Çeşitli Medya Kaynaklarının Terörizm Korkusu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Japonya ve Tayvan Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışma, terörizme düşük düzeyde maruz kalmalarına karşın yüksek düzeyde terörizm korkusu görülen iki ülke olan Japonya ve Tayvan'da farklı medya türlerinin tüketimi ile terörizm korkusu arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Analiz, Dünya Değerler Anketi'nin yedinci dalgasından elde edilen verileri kullanarak aktif medya kaynaklarının (gazeteler ve internet gibi) ve pasif medya kaynaklarının (televizyon, radyo ve sosyal medya gibi) terörizm korkusu üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Japonya'daki 1.273 ve Tayvan'daki 1.221 katılımcının verilerini analiz etmek için Sıralı Lojistik Regresyon (OLR) analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, aktif medya kaynaklarının her iki ülkede de terörizm korkusu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, pasif medya kaynakları artan terörizm korkusu ile pozitif ilişkilidir ve bu etki istatistiksel olarak Japonya'da, Tayvan'dan daha güçlüdür. Ek olarak, cinsiyet, yaş ve eğitim gibi demografik faktörler terörizm korkusunu etkilemektedir. Her iki ülkedeki kadınlar erkeklerden daha fazla terörizmden korktuklarını belirtmektedir. Japonya'da, genç bireyler daha düşük terörizm kaynaklı korku düzeyi göstermektedir. Eğitim düzeyi, Tayvan'da terörizm korkusunu önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Düşük eğitim düzeyinin daha yüksek terörizm korkusu ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgular, Tayvan ve Japonya gibi düşük riskli ülkelerde medya tüketimi ve demografik faktörlerin terörizm algılarını ve korkularını nasıl etkilediğine dair değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terörizm Korkusu, Japonya, Tayvan, Aktif Medya Kaynakları, Pasif Medya Kaynakları

Destekleyen Kurum

The article was prepared within the scope of the project titled "Comparative Analysis and Explanation of the Fear of Terrorism in Taiwan and Turkey" and is funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK).

Proje Numarası

Grant number: 1059B192301644

Kaynakça

• AGERBERG, Mattias and SOHLBERG, Jacob (2021), “Personal Proximity and Reactions to Terrorism”, Comparative Political Studies 54, No. 14, p. 2512-2545.
• ALEXANDER, Yonah (1978), "Terrorism, the Media and the Police", Journal of International Affairs 5, No. 19, p. 101-113.
• ALSAWALQA, Rula Odeh (2021), "Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: the impact of COVID-19 on students from East and Southeast Asia at the University of Jordan", Heliyon 7, No. 4, p. 1-21. (2021).
• BARNHURST, Kevin (1991), "The Literature from Terrorism", Media Coverage of Terrorism, Methods of Diffusion 5, No. 1, p. 112-137.
• BENNETT, Derrick (2001), “How Can I Deal with Missing Data in My Study?”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25, No. 5, p. 464-469.
• BOATENG, Akwasi Bosompem (2019), "African Regional Organisations in Rebuilding Conflict Nations in West Africa", International Affairs and Global Strategy 75, No. 1, p. 10-22.
• BÖHMELT, Tobias, BOYE, Vincenzo and GLEDITSCH, Kristian Skrede (2019), “Blame the Victims? Refugees, State Capacity, and Non-State Actor Violence”, Journal of Peace Research 56, No. 1, p. 73-87.
• BRÜCK, Tilman, and MÜLLER, Cathérine (2010), "Comparing the determinants of concern about terrorism and crime", Global Crime 11, No. 1, p. 1-15.
• CAMPHUIJSEN, Marjolein and VISSERS, Esther (2012), “Terrorism and the Mass Media: A Symbiotic Relationship?”, Social Cosmos 3, No. 1, p. 14-24.
• CERON, Andrea, CURINI, Luigi and IACUS, Stefano (2019), “ISIS at Its Apogee: The Arabic Discourse on Twitter and What We Can Learn From That About ISIS Support and Foreign Fighters”, SAGE 9, No. 1, p. 2158244018789229.
• COOPER, Roger and TANG, Tang (2009), "Predicting audience exposure to television in today's media environment: An empirical integration of active-audience and structural theories", Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53, No. 3, p. 400-418.
• ÇINĞI, Tuba Gün and SUĞUR, Nadir (2020), "Fear, Sense of Unresponsiveness and Oppositional Reading: Terror in Media through the Eyes of Victims of Terrorism", Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62, p. 47-63.
• FERRARO, Tristan (1995), "International Humanitarian Law, Principled Humanitarian Action, Counterterrorism and Sanctions: Some Perspectives on Selected Issues", International Review of the Red Cross 103, p. 109-155.
• FINSERAAS, Henning and LISTHAUG, Ola (2013), “It Can Happen Here: The Impact of the Mumbai Terror Attacks on Public Opinion in Western Europe”, Public Choice 156, No. 1, p. 213-228.
• FREY, Bruno S., LUECHINGER, Simon and STUTZER, Alois (2009), “The Life Satisfaction Approach to Valuing Public Goods: The Case of Terrorism”, Public Choice 138, No. 3, p. 317-345.
• GODEFROIDT, Amélie and LANGER, Arnim (2018), “How Fear Drives Us Apart: Explaining the Relationship between Terrorism and Social Trust”, Terrorism and Political Violence 32, No. 7, p. 1482-1505.
• GOODWIN, Robin, KANIASTY, Krzysztof, SUN, Shaojing and BEN-EZRA, Menachem (2017), “Psychological Distress and Prejudice Following Terror Attacks in France”, Journal of Psychiatric Research 91, No. 1, p. 111-115.
• HOFFMAN, Yaakov (2017), “Who is Afraid of ISIS? ISIS Anxiety and Its Correlates”, Stress and Health 34, No. 1, p. 84-92.
• HOFFMAN, Yaakov and SHRIRA, Amit (2017), “Shadows of the Past and Threats of the Future: ISIS Anxiety Among Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors”, Psychiatry Research 253, p. 220-225.
• IQBAL, Muhammad Zubair (2015), “The Media–Terrorism Symbiosis: A Case Study of Mumbai Attacks, 2008”, Asian Journal of Communication 25, No. 2, p. 197-212.
• JETTER, Michael (2017), “The Effect of Media Attention on Terrorism”, Journal of Public Economics 153, p. 32-48.
• LEGEWIE, Joscha (2013), “Terrorist Events and Attitudes toward Immigrants: A Natural Experiment”, American Journal of Sociology 118, No. 5, p. 1199-1245.
• LEMYRE, Louise, CORNEIL, Wayne, CRAIG, Lorraine, CLARKE, Robert and KREWSKI, Daniel (2005), “A Psychosocial Risk Assessment and Management Framework to Enhance Response to CBRN Terrorism Threats and Attacks”, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 3, No. 4, p. 316-330.
• LOWE, David (2015), "The Threat Islamist Groups Pose to the Security of European Union Member States: Time to Consider Re-Introducing the EU’s Directive on the Use of Passenger Name Record Data", International Journal of Terrorism & Political Hot Spots 10, No. 3, p. 1-15.
• MAHAT-SHAMIR, Michal, HOFFMAN, Yaakov, LAVENDA, Osnat, RING, Lia and ELLENBERG, Eytan (2018), “Truck Attack: Fear of ISIS and Reminder of Truck Attacks in Europe as Associated with Psychological Distress and PTSD Symptoms”, Psychiatry Research 267, No. 1, p. 306-312.
• MENKHAUS, Ken (2014), “State Failure, State-Building, and Prospects for a Functional Failed State in Somalia”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 656, No. 1, p. 154-172.
• NACOS, Brigitte L. (2000), “Accomplice or Witness? The Media's Role in Terrorism”, Current History 99, No. 636, p. 174-178.
• NASI, Matti, TANSKANEN, Maiju, KIVIVUORI, Janne, HAARA, Paula and REUNANEN, Esa (2020), “Crime News Consumption and Fear of Violence: The Role of Traditional Media, Social Media, and Alternative Information Sources”, Crime & Delinquency 67, No. 4, p. 574-600.
• NELLIS, Ashley Marie (2009), “Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 25, No. 3, p. 322-340.
• NELLIS, Ashley Marie and SAVAGE, Joanne (2012), “Does Watching the News Affect Fear of Terrorism? The Importance of Media Exposure on Terrorism Fear”, Crime & Delinquency 58, No. 5, p. 748-768.
• OKSANEN, Atte, KAAKINEN, Markus, MINKKINEN, Jaana, RASANEN, Pekka, ENJOLRAS, Bernard and KARI, Steen-Johnsen (2020), “Perceived Societal Fear and Cyberhate After the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks”, Terrorism and Political Violence 32, No. 5, p. 1047-1066.
• POWER, Paul, KUBEY, Roberti and KIOUSIS, Spiro (2002), "Audience activity and passivity: An historical taxonomy", Annals of the International Communication Association 26, No. 1, p. 116-159.
• RUBIN, Alan (1993), "The effect of locus of control on communication motivation, anxiety, and satisfaction", Communication Quarterly 41, No. 2, p. 161-171.
• RUIGROK, Nel and VAN ATTEVELDT, Wouter (2007), “Global Angling with a Local Angle: How US, British, and Dutch Newspapers Frame Global and Local Terrorist Attacks”, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 12, No. 1, p. 68-90.
• SCHAFER, Joseph (1999), “Multiple Imputation: A Primer”, Statistical Methods in Medical Research 8, No. 1, p. 3-15.
• SCHMID, Alex (2005), “Terrorism as Psychological Warfare”, Democracy and Security 1, No. 2, p. 137-146.
• SMELSER, Neil (2007), “Philip Rieff: The Mind of a Dualist”, Social Psychology Quarterly 70, No. 3, p. 221-229.
• SOMER, Eli, RUVIO, Ayalla, SOREF, Erez and ILANA Sever (2005), “Terrorism, Distress and Coping: High Versus Low Impact Regions and Direct Versus Indirect Civilian Exposure”, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 18, No. 3, p. 165-182.
• SUI, Mingxiao, DUNAWAY, Johanna, SOBEK, David, ABAD, Andrew, GOODMAN, Lauren and SAHA, Paromita (2017), “US News Coverage of Global Terrorist Incidents”, Mass Communication and Society 20, No. 6, p. 895-908.
• TAVAKOL, Mohsen and DENNOCK, Reg (2011), “Making Sense of Cronbach’s Alpha”, International Journal of Medical Education 2, No. 1, p. 53.
• TULGA, Ahmet Yiğitalp (2022), "The Impact of the Soft Terrorism Concept on Koreans and Japanese", Journal of Global and Area Studies (JGA) 6, No. 1, p. 175-192.
• WEINBERG, Leonard (2009), "Turning to Terror: The Conditions Under which Political Parties turn to Terrorist Activities", Comparative politics 23, No. 4, p. 423-438.
• WILKINSON, Paul (1997), “The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment”, Terrorism and Political Violence 9, No. 2, p. 51-64.
• WILLIAMSON, Harley, FAY, Suzanna and MILES-JOHNSON, Toby (2019), "Fear of terrorism: Media exposure and subjective fear of attack", Global Crime 20, No. 1, p. 1-25.