An Evaluation with Regard to Piracy and Cybersecurity Under the Law of the Sea: Unmanned Ships

Öz

The purpose of this article is to address issues of piracy and cybersecurity on unmanned ships from a legal perspective. In essence, both piracy and cybersecurity dimensions of unmanned ships are quite extensive. Therefore, the aim of this study is to draw up a general framework on the subject in order to raise awareness about the legal problems that unmanned ships can create in these areas. The study examines the issue of piracy, followed by cybersecurity, in terms of the law of the sea, after giving general information about unmanned ships

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The Law of the Sea
• Unmanned Ships
• Piracy
• Cybersecurity
• Industry 4.0

Deniz Haydutluğu ve Siber Güvenlik Bakımından Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme: İnsansız Gemiler

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, hukuki bir bakış açısıyla insansız gemilerde deniz haydutluğu ve siber güvenlik konularını ele almaktır. Esas itibarıyla insansız gemilerin hem deniz haydutluğu hem de siber güvenlik boyutu oldukça geniş kapsamlıdır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, insansız gemilerin bu hususlarda yaratabileceği hukuki problemlere ilişkin farkındalığın artırılması için konu hakkında genel bir çerçeve çizilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, insansız gemiler hakkında genel bir bilgi verildikten sonra, uluslararası deniz hukuku açısından ilk olarak deniz haydutluğu, ardından siber güvenlik konusu incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku
• İnsansız Gemiler
• Deniz Haydutluğu
• Siber Güvenlik
• Endüstri 4.0.

Kaynakça

1. ‘The Production of Unmanned Vessels and Its Legal Implications in the Maritime Industry’ (University of Oslo Faculty of Law 2014 Candidate Number: 557161).
2. AAWA Position Paper, ‘Remote and Autonomous Ship – The Next Steps’ (2016) (et. 27.06.2018).
3. Alan Boyle, ‘Further Development of the Law of the Sea Convention: Mechanisms for Change’ (2005) 54(3) The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 563.
4. Anna Petrig, “The Commission of Maritime Crimes with Unmanned Systems: An Interpretive Challenge for UNCLOS”, Malcolm Evans and Sofia Galani (eds), Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea: Help or Hindrance? [Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., s. 20. (Basım Aşamasında)] Bkz. (et. 12.06.2019).
5. Atalay Keleştemur, Birsen Koldemir ve Murat Yapıcı, ‘Deniz Taşımacılığında Siber Güvenliği Tehdit Eden Unsurlar ve Koruma Önlemleri Üzerine Bir Çalışma’ (et. 09.09.2019).
6. Aydoğan Özman, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (İstanbul Deniz Ticaret Odası, Yayın No. 5, İstanbul 1984).
7. Bureau Veritas, ‘Guidelines for Autonomous Shipping’ (Guidance Note NI 641 DT R01 E, October 2019).
8. Comité Maritime International (CMI), ‘International Working Group Position Paper on Unmanned Ships and the International Regulatory Framework’ (et. 28.03.2018).

9. David Dubay, ‘Why We Will Never See Fully Autonomous Commercial Ships’ (et. 03.07.2019).
10. George K. Walker (ed), Definitions for the Law of the Sea: Terms not Defined by the 1982 Convention (Leiden, Boston 2012).
11. George Reilly and John Jorgensen, ‘Classification Considerations for Cyber Safety and Security in the Smart Ship Era’ Smart Ships Technology, 26-27 January 2016, London (et. 29.06.2019).
12. Irina Buga, ‘Between Stability and Change in the Law of the Sea Con-vention: Subsequent Practice, Treaty Modification, and Regime Interaction’, Donald Rothwell, Alex Oude Elferink, Karen Scott and Tim Stephens (eds): The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea (Oxford 2015).
13. ITLOS, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders - Volume 15, Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) (Request for Advisory Opinion Submitted to the Tribunal) List of Cases: No. 21, Advisory Opinion of 2 April 2015, Separate Opinion of Judge Lucky (Leiden, Boston 2015).
14. James Kraska, ‘Effective Implementation of the 2005 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation’ (2017) 70(1) Naval War College Review 11.
15. Jill Barrett and Richard Barnes (eds), Law of the Sea: UNCLOS as a Living Treaty (Cambridge 2016).
16. Juan Pablo Rodriguez Delgado, “The Legal Challenges of Unmanned Ships in the Private Maritime Law: What Laws would You Change?”, Il Diritto Marittimo – Quaderni 5, Massimiliano Musi (ed): Port, Maritime and Transport Law between Legacies of the Past and Modernization (Bologna 2018).
17. MUNIN, ‘Research in Maritime Autonomous Systems Project Results and Technology Potentials’ (et. 30.11.2018).
18. Oliver Daum and Timo Stellpflug, ‘The Implications of International Law on Unmanned Merchant Vessels’ (2017) 23(5) Journal of International Maritime Law 363.
19. Oliver Daum, ‘Cyber Security in the Maritime Sector’ 50(1) Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 1.
20. Oliver Daum, ‘The Implications of International Law on Unmanned Naval Craft’ 49(1) Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 71.
21. Oliver Dörr, “Article 31: General Rules of Interpretation”, Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach (eds): Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary (2nd edn, Berlin 2018).
22. Paul W. Pritchett, ‘Ghost Ships: Why the Law Should Embrace Unmanned Vessel Technology’ 40(1) Tulane Maritime Law Journal 197.
23. Pol Deketelaere, ‘The Legal Challenges of Unmanned Vessels’ (Master of Science in Maritime Science thesis, Universiteit Gent 2016-2017).
24. Robert Veal, Michael Tsimplis and Andrew Serdy, ‘The Legal Status and Operation of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles’ (2019) 50(1) Ocean Development & International Law 23.
25. Simon Baughen, ‘Who is the Master Now? Regulatory and Contractual Challenges of Unmanned Vessels’, Barış Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn (eds), New Technologies, Artificial Intelligence and Shipping Law in the 21st Century (Oxon 2020).
26. Tina Garmon, ‘International Law of The Sea: Reconciling the Law of Piracy and Terrorism in the wake of September 11th’ 27(1) Tulane Maritime Law Journal 257.
27. Tomotsugu Noma, ‘Existing Conventions and Unmanned Ships – Need for Changes?’ (Master of Science thesis, World Maritime University 2016).
28. (et. 09.11.2019).
29. (et. 28.03.2018).
30. (et. 21.08.2019).
31. (et. 09.11.2019).
32. (et. 21.08.2019).
33. (et. 21.08.2019).
34. (et. 26.09.2019).
35. (et. 09.11.2019).