Shiprider Antlaşmaları ve Uluslararası Deniz Suçlarında Yargı Yetkisi (Uyuşturucuyla ve Kaçakçılıkla Mücadeleden Yasa Dışı Balıkçılık, Deniz Haydutluğu Ve Gemilere Karşı Silahlı Soygunla Mücadeleye Geçiş)

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 345 - 414, 24.04.2020

Xxx Ademuni-odeke

Öz

Shiprider Paktı ya da Shiprider Mutabakat Zaptı (Shiprider MZ) olarak da bilinen bir Shiprider Antlaşması (SA), uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı, yasadışı (narkotik) kaçakçılık ve yasadışı, usulsüz ve kaçak balıkçılıkla (YUKB) ilgili tutuklamalar ve kovuşturmalarda yargı yetkisi ihtilaflarını önlemek için son zamanlara kadar taraf devletlerce uygulanan bir deniz hukuku mekanizmasıdır. SA’lar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve özellikle Atlas Okyanusu’nda Karayipler’deki ve Büyük Okyanus’taki ada devletleri arasında ortaya çıkmış ve yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu düzenlemenin amacı saldırı, bayrak devleti ve saldırganı deniz uzamında bir yargı yetkisine bağlamaktır. Bu düzenlemenin çıktısı, antik monarşilerde ölüm pençesinde olan bir hayvana son darbeyi kralın indirmesine benzemektedir. Kökenine bakıldığında, uyuşturucuyla mücadele devriyeleri için daha uygundur ama daha sonra Batı Afrika’yı da içine alacak şekilde birçok bölgedeki yasadışı ticaret ve YUKB eylemleri için uygundur. Ancak, söz konusu sistemi Doğu Afrika’daki (Somali Havzası ve Kuzeybatı Hint Denizi) (‘Somali Haydutluğu’) deniz haydutluğuyla mücadele etmek için uyarlama girişimleri başarılı olmamıştır. Bunun yerine başka uluslararası mekanizmalar kullanılmıştır. Ancak SA’ların üzerinde uzlaşılmış bir tanımı yoktur. Bu makale SA’ları tanımlamaya; tarihini, işlevlerini ve eksikliklerini ele almaya ve özellikle de Somali Haydutluğundan elde edilen deneyimler ışığında uygulanabilir alternatifler sunmaya çalışmaktadır. Makalede kaçakçılık, haydutluk ve gemilere karşı silahlı soygun olmak üzere üç suç ve YUKB ele alınmaktadır. Makale shiprider deneyiminin ABD’nin etki alanları dışında işlemediğini ileri sürmektedir. Ayrıca, bunun nedeninin söz konusu kavramın dünyanın diğer bölgelerine yabancı olup olmadığını ve bunun yerine başka mekanizmaların hayata geçirilip geçirilemeyeceğini de sorgulamaktadır. Makale göz önünde bulundurulması gereken siyasi, ekonomik, diplomatik ve diğer çok yönlü sorunların olduğu ve Kuzey Amerika, Karayipler ve Pasifik bölgesinde uyuşturucu kaçakçılığını engellemek için oluşturulan sistemin farklı bölgelerde (Doğu Afrika ve Kuzey Batı Hint Denizi Bölgesi) diğer deniz suçlarıyla (deniz haydutluğu) mücadeleye kolaylıkla uyarlanamayacağı sonucuna varmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku, Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku, Devlet Yargı Yetkisinin Temeli, Ulusal Yargı, Uluslararası Yargı, Yasa Dışı Uyuşturucu Kaçakçılığı, Deniz Haydutluğu, Denizde Silahlı Soygun, Yasa Dışı ve Kaçak Balıkçılık, İnsan Kaçakçılığı, Yasa Dışı Göç ve Deniz Yetki Alanları.

Shiprider Agreements and Jurisdiction over International Maritime Crimes (Transition From Combatting Drug and Illicit Trafficking to Fighting Illegal Fishing, Maritime Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships)

Öz

A Shiprider Agreement (SA), also known as Shiprider Pact and Shiprider Memorandum of Understanding (Shiprider MOU), is a maritime legal mechanism whereby, until recently, states parties undertake to avoid conflict of jurisdiction over arrests and prosecutions of suspected drug trafficking, illicit (narcotics) traffickers and illegal, unlawful and unreported fishing (IUUF). SAs originated and are prevalent between the United States (US) and especially island countries of the Caribbean in the Atlantic and the Pacific Island countries. The intention of the scheme is to link the offense, the flag state, and the offender to a jurisdiction in the maritime space. The end product is like an ancient monarchical practice of the king performing a Coup de-grace on an animal fatally wounded by his courtiers. In its origin, it was more suited to anti-narcotics patrols and later other illicit trades and IUUF in most regions, including West Africa. However, attempts to transpose the system to deal with piracy in East Africa (the Somali Basin and the Northwest Indian Ocean) (‘Somali Piracy’) were not as successful. Other alternative international mechanisms were employed instead. However, there is no agreed definition of SAs. This article attempts to define SAs, deals with its history, functions, and shortcomings, and provides viable alternatives especially with regard to the experiences of Somali piracy. The article uses the three crimes of illicit traffic, piracy and armed robbery against ships, and IUUF. The article argues that the experiment did not seem to work outside US spheres of influence. It also questions whether this is probably because the concept was alien to that part of the world. Instead, other mechanisms had to be adopted. The article concludes that: there are political, economic, diplomatic, and other interfaced factors to consider; the system developed and practiced in North America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific region to deter drug trafficking could not be easily transitioned to combat other maritime crimes (maritime piracy); and for that matter in a different region (East Africa and the Northwest Indian Ocean Region) of the globe.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International Law of the Sea, Public International Law, Basis of State Jurisdiction, National Jurisdiction, International Jurisdiction, Illicit Traffic, Maritime Piracy, Armed Robbery at Sea, Illegal and Unlawful Fishing, Human Trafficking, Illegal Migration and Maritime Zones

Kaynakça

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• Holger W. Henke, ‘Drugs in the Caribbean: The “Shiprider” Controversy and the Question of Sovereignty’ (1998) 64 European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe https://www.jstor.org/stable/25675778 accessed on 05/12/2019.
• PJJ van der Kruit - 2007 “Bilateral Maritime Drug-Interdiction Treaties”, Chapter 6.
• Cassidy Gale, ‘Shiprider Shadow: Situating US-Caribbean Interdiction Agreements within the Law of the Sea’ 2017 31(1) https://brill.com/view/journals/ocyo/31/1/article-p418_16.xml accessed on 13/12/2019.
• Suzette Haughton, ‘Bilateral Diplomacy: Rethinking the Jamaica-US Shiprider Agreement’ 2008 3(3) The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 3(3) https://brill.com/view/journals/hjd/3/3/article-p253_3.xml?language=en accessed on 01/12/2019.
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• Kathy-Ann Brown, The Shiprider model: an analysis of the U.S. proposed agreement concerning maritime counter-drug operations in its wider legal context (University of the West Indies Faculty of Law 1997).
• US Department of State, Agreement Between the United States of America and the Government of Bahamas Concerning a Cooperative Shiprider And Overflight Drug Interdiction Program (Nassau, 1996).
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• US Department of State, Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago concerning maritime counter-drug operations (Port of Spain, 1996).
• US Department of State, Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Antigua and Barbuda concerning maritime counter-drug operations (St. John’s, 1995).
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