Evaluating the Effect of Islands on Maritime Delimitation

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 111 - 194, 30.08.2019

Dolunay Özbek

Öz

According to a study conducted in 2009, 39% (approximately 168) of the 427 potential maritime boundaries of the world have been delimited officially. Islands play a role in almost half of the remaining boundaries and 30 to 40 of these boundaries are correlated with sovereignty problems. When international jurisprudence consists of 12 ICJ judgments, 2 ITLOS judgments, 12 arbitratal awards (since 1909 Grisdabarna)including the South China Sea Arbitration, 2 Conciliation Commission decisions, and 1 federal arbitration. However, it becomes difficult to make generalizations about the issue in the title of this study when the political-geographical diversity of the islands is added on top of the variety of situations that require delimitation. Although it is not possible to make mention of absolute rules, it is possible to observe certain tendencies. After a brief assessment of the rules regarding the maritime delimitation below, the effect of island in delimitation will be evaluated from several aspects. First of these the consideration of islands in the event of an "agreement between parties" as it is always given priority by both the treaty law and the customary law. Later, it will be addressed whether islands' maritime entitlement properties are different from the properties of the mainlands. As delimitation can be performed in an area in which two states have competing claims, a difference in this respect would result in the islands having limited ex novo rights, thus having effects. Lastly, the effects of the islands will be tried to be classified with regard to their geographical positions and sizes, and the determining - though not possible to call rules but - tendencies will be tried to be distinguished.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maritime Delimitation, Islands, Delimitation Methods, Special Circumstances, Relevant Circumstances

Deniz Alanlarının Sınırlandırılmasında Adaların Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

2009’daki bir incelemeye göre dünyadaki tahminen 427 potansiyel deniz sınırının yüzde 39’u (yaklaşık 168i) resmen çizilmiştir. Kalanların yaklaşık yarısında ise adaların da rolünün olduğu ve bunların da “30-40 kadarının” aidiyet sorunları ile ilgili olduğu görülmektedir. İçtihada bakıldığındaysa ise 12 UAD, 2 ITLOS, (1909 Grisdabarna’dan beridir) ve Güney Çin Denizi Tahkimini de sayarsak 12 tahkim, 2 Uzlaştırma Komisyonu, 1 federal tahkim kararı bulunmaktadır. Ne var ki sınırlandırmayı icap ettiren durumların çeşitliliğinin üzerine, bir de adaların politik-coğrafi çeşitliliği ve farklılığı eklendiğinde, başlıktaki konuya dair genellemeler yapmak güçleşir. Yine de kesin kurallardan bahsetmek mümkün olmasa da bazı genel eğilimleri gözlemlemek gayet mümkün dür. Aşağıda, deniz alanlarının sınırlandırılması ile ilgili kuralların çok kısa bir tespiti yapıldıktan sonra, sınırlandırmada adaların etkisi birkaç yönden değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bunların ilki, gerek ahdi kuralların gerekse teamül hukukunun daima öncelik verdiği üzere “taraflar arası anlaşma” konusu olduğunda adaların ele alınışı, mahkemelerin ele almasında farklı olup olmadığıdır. Ardından, adaların deniz alanlarına hak kazandırıcı özelliklerinin anakaralardan farklı olup olmadığına değinilecektir. Sınırlandırma, her iki devletin de yarışan şekilde hak iddia ettiği bir alanda yapılabileceğine göre bu yönden bir farklılık, adaların daha baştan kısıtlı haklarının dolayısıyla etkilerinin olmasını sonuçlayacaktır. Son olarak, adaların etkileri, coğrafi konumları ve boyutlarına göre sınıflandırılmaya ve bu etkiyi belirleyen – kural demek mümkün olmasa da – eğilimler ayırdedilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deniz Alanları, Adalar, Sınırlandırma, Özel Durumlar, İlgili Durumlar

Kaynakça

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