Araştırma Makalesi
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Uluslararası Taşımacılık İşçileri Federasyonu'nun Elverişli Bayrak Kavramı Bağlamında Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili'ne İlişkin Kararı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 177 - 204, 13.10.2024

Öz

Elverişli bayrak altında faaliyet gösteren gemilerde çalışan denizciler, özellikle elverişli bayrak kavramının ortaya çıktığı ilk yıllarda oldukça kötü koşullar altında çalışmışlardır. Denizcilerin de içinde olduğu taşıma işçilerinin haklarını korumak için kurulmuş olan Uluslararası Taşımacılık İşçileri Federasyonu bu duruma kayıtsız kalmayarak ‘elverişli bayrak kampanyası’nı başlatmıştır. Bu kampanyanın hedefi elverişli bayrak altında faaliyet gösteren gemilerin ait oldukları devletlerin bayrağına dönmelerini sağlamaktır. Elverişli bayrak uygulamasının hızla yayılması Federasyon’un amacını elverişli bayrak altında çalışan denizcilerin yaşam koşullarının iyileşmesinin sağlanması olarak değiştirmiştir.
Elverişli bayrak kavramına yönelik çalışmalar yapan tek kurum Federasyon değildir, geleneksel denizci uluslar da bu kavramla rekabet edebilmek için ikinci siciller kurmuşlardır. Türkiye de bu amaca yönelik olarak ikinci sicili olan Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili’ni (TUGS) kurmuştur. İkinci siciller her ne kadar elverişli bayrak kavramı ile rekabet etmek için kurulmuşsa da bazı ikinci siciller elverişli bayrağa benzer uygulamalara yer verdikleri için Federasyon tarafından ‘elverişli bayrak’ olarak nitelendirilip ‘elverişli bayrak kampanyası’nın hedefi haline gelmiştir. TUGS’un, Federasyon tarafından ‘elverişli bayrak’ olarak nitelendirilip nitelendirilmediğine ilişkin farklı kaynaklarda birbiri ile çelişen bilgiler mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada çelişen bilgilerin sebep olduğu belirsizliğin giderilebilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, TUGS’un Federasyon tarafından ‘elverişli bayrak’ olarak nitelendirilip nitelendirilmediğine ilişkin kararı, bu kararın gerekçeleri ve sonuçları değerlendirilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ademuni-Odeke, ‘Evolution and Development of Ship Registration’ (1997) III Il Diritto Marittimo 631
  • Ademun-Odeke, ‘An Examination of Bareboat Charter Registries and Flag of Convenience Registries in International Law’ (2005) 36 Ocean Dev & Int’l L 339
  • Didem Algantürk Light, ‘“Deniz İş Sözleşmesi 2006” Hakkında İnceleme ve Değerlendirme’, (2007) XI (1-2) EÜHFD, 269
  • Elizabeth R. DeSombre, ‘Globalization, Competition, and Convergence: Shipping and the Race to the Middle’ (2008) 14 (2) Global Governance 179
  • Erdem Kan, ‘Türk Bayraklı Gemilerin Denizcilik Çalışma Sözleşmesi (MLC) Kapsamında Eksikliklerinin Belirlenmesi Paris Mou Denetim Raporlarının İncelenmesi’, (2023) 3 (78) Çalışma ve Toplum, 2287
  • Filimon M. Manoni, ‘Analysing the International Legal Framework’ (LLM thesis, University of Wollongong 2012)
  • Herbert R. Northrup and Richard L. Rowan, The International Transport Workers Federation and Flag of Convenience Shipping (Philadelphia: Industrial Relations Research Unit, Wharton School, 1983)
  • İsmail Demir, Deniz Ticareti Hukuku Ders Kitabı (1st edn, Yetkin 2011)
  • John Isaac Blanck Jr., ‘Reflections on the Negotiation of the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 at the International Labor Organization’, (2006) 31 (1) Tul Mar LJ, 35
  • Mehmet Nusret Bedük, Deniz İş Sözleşmesi (1st edn, Ekin Basım 2012)
  • Murat İbrahim Çelebi, ‘İkinci Gemi Sicili ve Türkiye ve Avrupa Topluluğunun (Birliğinin) Deniz Ticaret Taşımacılığının Değerlendirilmesi’ (LLM thesis, Ankara University 1995)
  • Rhea Rogers, ‘Ship Registration: A Critical Analysis’ (M.Sc.Dissertation, World Maritime University 2010)
  • Richard Coles and Edward Watt, Ship Registration: Law and Practice (2nd edn, Informa 2009)
  • Rodney P. Carlisle, ‘Second Registers: Maritime Nations Respond to Flags of Convenience, 1984-1998’, (2009) 19 (3) The Northern Mariner 319
  • ——, Sovereignty For Sale: The Origins and Evolution of the Panamanian and Liberian Flags of Convenience (1st edn, Naval Institute Press 1981)
  • The First 100 Years of the International Transport Workers’ Federation (1st edn, Pluto Press 1996)
  • Tohomei Chida, ‘On Flags of Convenience Vessels’, (1981) 16 (1-16) Hitotsubashi Journal of Commerce and Management 1
  • Ülkü Halatçı Ulusoy, ‘MLC 2006 (Denizcilik Çalışma Sözleşmesi) ile Değişikliklerinin Önemine ve Türk Hukuku’nda Onay Sürecine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme’, (2020) 5 (2) Çankaya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4191
  • About the FOC Campaign <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/focs/about-the-foc-campaign> accessed 25.10.2022
  • Cleopatra Doumbia Henry, Dominick Devlin and Moira L. McConnell, ‘The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 Consolidates Seafarers’ Labour Instruments’, (2006) 23 (10) ASIL Insights <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/23/maritime-labour-convention-2006-consolidates-seafarers-labour> accessed 04.01.2024
  • Commission Reports of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Period 21 Legislative Year 2) 2, <https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem21/yil01/ss217m.htm> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Cüneyt Süzel, ‘TUGS’a Kayıtlı Gemilerin Tabi Olduğu Hükümler’, İstanbul Gedik University and IMEAK Chamber of Shipping (Org.) 20. Kuruluş Yıldönümünde Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili (Tugs) Ve Yabancı Gemi Sicilleri (Istanbul 19.12.2019) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTdHtS9o-5o> accessed 05.01.2024
  • Current Registries Listed as FOCs, <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/focs/current-registries-listed-as-focs> accessed 25.10.22)
  • Flags of Convenience, <https://www.itfglobal.org/en/sector/seafarers/flags-of-convenience> accessed 25.10.2023
  • History of the ITF, <https://www.itfglobal.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-itf> accessed 25.10.2023
  • ILO, Advantages of the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 <https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/maritime-labour-convention/what-it-does/WCMS_153450/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 05.01.2024
  • ILO, Philippines ratification marks global milestone for decent work for seafarers <https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/maritime-labour-convention/WCMS_187712/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 04.01.2024
  • ILO, Ratifications of MLC, 2006 - Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 <https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO::P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312331> accessed 05.01.2024
  • ITF News, <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/news/seafarer-unpaid-seven-years-while-tanzanian-flag-ducks-its-obligations> accessed on 25.10.2023
  • Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Fleet Statistics (2023) <https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/filo-istatistikleri> accessed 23.02.2024
  • Official website of Departmant of State US, Office of the Historian, <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts#:~:text=On%20August%2031%2C%201935%2C%20Congress,apply%20for%20an%20export%20license.> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Official website of IRI, <https://www.register-iri.com/about-iri/> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Paris MoU, Results first year Maritime Labour Convention <https://parismou.org/results-first-year-maritime-labour-convention> accessed 05.01.2024
  • The UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport Reports < https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Website of UTIKAD <https://www.utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/7864/tugs-kolay-bayrak-kabul-edildi> accessed 25.10.2023

International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 177 - 204, 13.10.2024

Öz

Seafarers working on ships operating under the flag of convenience (FOC) worked under very poor conditions, especially in the first years when the FOC concept emerged. The International Transport Workers’ Federation, established to protect the rights of transport workers, including seafarers, was not ignorant to this situation and launched the ‘FOC campaign’. The aim of this campaign was to ensure that ships operating under the FOC return to the flags of the states to which they originally belonged. The rapid spread of the FOC practice changed the aim of the Federation to the improvement of the living conditions of seafarers working under the FOC.
The Federation is not the only organisation working towards the concept of the FOC; traditional maritime nations have also established second registries in order to compete with this concept. Türkiye has also established a second registry, the Turkish International Ship Registry (TISR), for this purpose. Although second registries were established to compete with the FOC concept, some second registries have been qualified as ‘FOC’ by the Federation and have become the target of the ‘FOC campaign’ since they include practices similar to the FOC. There is conflicting information in different sources regarding whether TISR is considered as a ‘FOC’ by the Federation. This study aims to eliminate uncertainty caused by conflicting information by evaluating the Federation’s decision to qualify TISR as a ‘FOC’, the rationale for that decision and its outcomes.

Kaynakça

  • Ademuni-Odeke, ‘Evolution and Development of Ship Registration’ (1997) III Il Diritto Marittimo 631
  • Ademun-Odeke, ‘An Examination of Bareboat Charter Registries and Flag of Convenience Registries in International Law’ (2005) 36 Ocean Dev & Int’l L 339
  • Didem Algantürk Light, ‘“Deniz İş Sözleşmesi 2006” Hakkında İnceleme ve Değerlendirme’, (2007) XI (1-2) EÜHFD, 269
  • Elizabeth R. DeSombre, ‘Globalization, Competition, and Convergence: Shipping and the Race to the Middle’ (2008) 14 (2) Global Governance 179
  • Erdem Kan, ‘Türk Bayraklı Gemilerin Denizcilik Çalışma Sözleşmesi (MLC) Kapsamında Eksikliklerinin Belirlenmesi Paris Mou Denetim Raporlarının İncelenmesi’, (2023) 3 (78) Çalışma ve Toplum, 2287
  • Filimon M. Manoni, ‘Analysing the International Legal Framework’ (LLM thesis, University of Wollongong 2012)
  • Herbert R. Northrup and Richard L. Rowan, The International Transport Workers Federation and Flag of Convenience Shipping (Philadelphia: Industrial Relations Research Unit, Wharton School, 1983)
  • İsmail Demir, Deniz Ticareti Hukuku Ders Kitabı (1st edn, Yetkin 2011)
  • John Isaac Blanck Jr., ‘Reflections on the Negotiation of the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 at the International Labor Organization’, (2006) 31 (1) Tul Mar LJ, 35
  • Mehmet Nusret Bedük, Deniz İş Sözleşmesi (1st edn, Ekin Basım 2012)
  • Murat İbrahim Çelebi, ‘İkinci Gemi Sicili ve Türkiye ve Avrupa Topluluğunun (Birliğinin) Deniz Ticaret Taşımacılığının Değerlendirilmesi’ (LLM thesis, Ankara University 1995)
  • Rhea Rogers, ‘Ship Registration: A Critical Analysis’ (M.Sc.Dissertation, World Maritime University 2010)
  • Richard Coles and Edward Watt, Ship Registration: Law and Practice (2nd edn, Informa 2009)
  • Rodney P. Carlisle, ‘Second Registers: Maritime Nations Respond to Flags of Convenience, 1984-1998’, (2009) 19 (3) The Northern Mariner 319
  • ——, Sovereignty For Sale: The Origins and Evolution of the Panamanian and Liberian Flags of Convenience (1st edn, Naval Institute Press 1981)
  • The First 100 Years of the International Transport Workers’ Federation (1st edn, Pluto Press 1996)
  • Tohomei Chida, ‘On Flags of Convenience Vessels’, (1981) 16 (1-16) Hitotsubashi Journal of Commerce and Management 1
  • Ülkü Halatçı Ulusoy, ‘MLC 2006 (Denizcilik Çalışma Sözleşmesi) ile Değişikliklerinin Önemine ve Türk Hukuku’nda Onay Sürecine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme’, (2020) 5 (2) Çankaya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4191
  • About the FOC Campaign <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/focs/about-the-foc-campaign> accessed 25.10.2022
  • Cleopatra Doumbia Henry, Dominick Devlin and Moira L. McConnell, ‘The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 Consolidates Seafarers’ Labour Instruments’, (2006) 23 (10) ASIL Insights <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/23/maritime-labour-convention-2006-consolidates-seafarers-labour> accessed 04.01.2024
  • Commission Reports of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Period 21 Legislative Year 2) 2, <https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem21/yil01/ss217m.htm> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Cüneyt Süzel, ‘TUGS’a Kayıtlı Gemilerin Tabi Olduğu Hükümler’, İstanbul Gedik University and IMEAK Chamber of Shipping (Org.) 20. Kuruluş Yıldönümünde Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili (Tugs) Ve Yabancı Gemi Sicilleri (Istanbul 19.12.2019) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTdHtS9o-5o> accessed 05.01.2024
  • Current Registries Listed as FOCs, <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/focs/current-registries-listed-as-focs> accessed 25.10.22)
  • Flags of Convenience, <https://www.itfglobal.org/en/sector/seafarers/flags-of-convenience> accessed 25.10.2023
  • History of the ITF, <https://www.itfglobal.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-itf> accessed 25.10.2023
  • ILO, Advantages of the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 <https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/maritime-labour-convention/what-it-does/WCMS_153450/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 05.01.2024
  • ILO, Philippines ratification marks global milestone for decent work for seafarers <https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/maritime-labour-convention/WCMS_187712/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 04.01.2024
  • ILO, Ratifications of MLC, 2006 - Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 <https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO::P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312331> accessed 05.01.2024
  • ITF News, <https://www.itfseafarers.org/en/news/seafarer-unpaid-seven-years-while-tanzanian-flag-ducks-its-obligations> accessed on 25.10.2023
  • Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Fleet Statistics (2023) <https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/filo-istatistikleri> accessed 23.02.2024
  • Official website of Departmant of State US, Office of the Historian, <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts#:~:text=On%20August%2031%2C%201935%2C%20Congress,apply%20for%20an%20export%20license.> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Official website of IRI, <https://www.register-iri.com/about-iri/> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Paris MoU, Results first year Maritime Labour Convention <https://parismou.org/results-first-year-maritime-labour-convention> accessed 05.01.2024
  • The UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport Reports < https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport> accessed 25.10.2023
  • Website of UTIKAD <https://www.utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/7864/tugs-kolay-bayrak-kabul-edildi> accessed 25.10.2023
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uzay, Denizcilik ve Havacılık Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Havva Okudan Soytürk 0000-0002-3012-697X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Okudan Soytürk, H. (2024). International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law, 6(2), 177-204.
AMA Okudan Soytürk H. International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept. DEHUKAMDER. Ekim 2024;6(2):177-204.
Chicago Okudan Soytürk, Havva. “International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 6, sy. 2 (Ekim 2024): 177-204.
EndNote Okudan Soytürk H (01 Ekim 2024) International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 6 2 177–204.
IEEE H. Okudan Soytürk, “International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept”, DEHUKAMDER, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 177–204, 2024.
ISNAD Okudan Soytürk, Havva. “International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law 6/2 (Ekim 2024), 177-204.
JAMA Okudan Soytürk H. International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept. DEHUKAMDER. 2024;6:177–204.
MLA Okudan Soytürk, Havva. “International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept”. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law, c. 6, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 177-04.
Vancouver Okudan Soytürk H. International Transport Workers’ Federation’s Decision on the Turkish International Ship Registry in the Context of the Flag of Convenience Concept. DEHUKAMDER. 2024;6(2):177-204.