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Resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in tomato: Mi gene and occurrence of virulent populations

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 211 - 224, 28.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.79466

Öz

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important agricultural pests that cause serious yield losses in tomato. Resistant tomato cultivars have commonly been used in both conventional and organic agriculture. In tomato, resistance to three most prevalent species of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, is controlled by the Mi-1 gene. However, there are two major limiting factors for efficiency of Mi-1 gene: High soil temperature and occurrence of resistance-breaking (virulent) populations. These populations can emerge either naturally or after repeated exposure on tomatoes with Mi-1 gene. This review summarizes information on some strategies to prevent the emergence of virulent populations and to preserve the durability of plant resistance to Mi-1 gene.

Kaynakça

  • Abad, P., Favery, B., Rosso, M.N., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2003). Root-knot nematode parasitism and host response: molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4 (4): 217-224.
  • Ammati, M., Thomason, I.J., & McKinney, H.E. (1986). Retention of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Lycopersicon genotypes at high soil temperature. Journal of Nematology, 18(4): 491-495.
  • Araujo, M.T., Bassett, M.J., Augustine, J.J., & Dickson, D.W. (1982). Effect of the temperature and duration of the initial incubation period on the resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Journal of Nematology, 14: 411-413.
  • Bird, D.McK., Williamson, V.M., Abad, P., McCarter, J., Danchin, E.G.J., Castagnone-Sereno, P., & Opperman, C.H. (2009). The genomes of root-knot nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47: 333-351.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2002). Genetic variability of nematodes: a threat to the durability of plant resistance genes. Euphytica, 124: 193-199.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Dalmasso, A. (1992). Differential expression of root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and pepper: evidence with Meloidogyne incognita virulent and avirulent near-isogenic lineages. Annals of Applied Biology, 120 (3): 487-492.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Dalmasso, A. (1993). Stable virulence against the tomato resistance Mi gene in the parthenogenetic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 83: 803-805.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Wajnberg, E. (2007). Selection and parasite evolution: a reproductive fitness cost associated with virulence in the parthenogenetic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Evolutionary Ecology, 21: 259-270.
  • Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Kaloshian, I., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2008). Variability in infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene. Plant Pathology, 57: 1125-1135.
  • Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Andres, M.F., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2009). Response of tomato rootstocks carrying the Mi-resistance gene to populations of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. Javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124: 337-343.
  • Çapanoğlu, E., & Boyacıoğlu, D. (2010). Domatesin gelişimi sırasında antioksidan bileşiklerinde meydana gelen değişimler. Akademik Gıda Dergisi, 8 (1):44-48.
  • Dautova, M., & Gommers, F.J. (2000). Meloidogyne spp. in Macedonia: Distribution and virulence for Mi resistance in tomato. Nematologia Mediterranea, 28: 121-128.
  • Devran, Z., & Elekçioğlu, H. (2004). The screening of F2 plants for the root-knot nematode resistance gene, Mi by PCR in tomato. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28: 253-257.
  • Devran, Z., & Söğüt M.A. (2010). Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38 (3): 245-251.
  • Devran, Z., & Söğüt M.A. (2014). Response of heat-stable tomato genotypes to Mi-1 virulent root-knot nematode populations. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 38(3): 229-238.
  • Devran, Z., Söğüt, M.A., & Mutlu, N. (2010). Response of tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 at different soil temperatures. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 49: 11-17.
  • Devran, Z., Başköylü, B., Taner, A., & Doğan, F. (2013). Comporison of PCR-based molecular markers for identification of Mi gene. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B – Soil and Plant Science, 45: 395-402.
  • Dropkin, V.H. (1969). The necrotic reaction of tomatoes and other hosts resistant to Meloidogyne: Reversal by temperature. Phytopathology, 59: 1632-1637.
  • Eddaoudi, M., Ammati, M., & Rammah, H. (1997). Identification of resistance breaking populations of Meloidogyne on tomatoes in Morocco and their effect on new sources of resistance. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 20: 285-289.
  • El Mehrach, K.S., Gharsallah Chouchane, S., Mejia, L., Williamson, V.M., Vidavsky, F., Hatimi, A., Salus, M.S., Martin, C.T., & Maxwell, D.P. (2005). PCR based methods for tagging the Mi-1 locus for resistance to root-knot nematode in begomovirus resistant tomato germplasm. Acta Horticulturae, 695: 263-270.
  • Haroon, S.A., Baki, A.A., & Huettel, R.N. (1993). An in vitro test for temperature sensitivity and resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Journal of Nematology, 25 (1): 83-88.
  • Hunt, D.J., & Handoo, Z.,A. (2009). Taxonomy, identification and prencipal species. pp. 55-97. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., & Starr, J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, UK.
  • Hussey, R.S., & Janssen, G.J.W. (2002). Root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne species. pp. 43-70. In: Starr, J.L., Cook, R., & Bridge J., (Ed.), Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
  • Iberkleid, I., Ozalvo, R., Feldman, L., Elbaz, M., Bucki, P., & Brown Horowitz, S. (2014). Responses of tomato genotypes to avirulent and Mi-virulent Meloidogyne javanica isolates occurring in Israel. Phytopathology, 104: 484-496.
  • Jacquet, M., Bongiovanni, M., Martinez, M., Verschave, P., Wajnberg, E., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2005). Variation in resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene. Plant Pathology, 54: 93-99.
  • Jarquin-Barberena H., Dalmasso, A., De Guiran, G., & Cardin, M. C. (1991). Acquired virulence in the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. I. Biological analysis of the phenomenon. Revue de Nématologie, 14: 299-303.
  • Jiang, Y.X., Nombela, G., & Muniz, M. (2001). Analysis by DC-EPG of the resistance to Bemisia tabaci on an Mi-tomato line. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99: 259-302.
  • Kaloshian, I., Williamson, V.M., Miyao, G., Lawn, D., & Westerdahl, B.B. (1996). Resistance-breaking nematodes identified in California tomatoes. California Agriculture, 50: 18-19.
  • Kaloshian, I., Yaghoobi, J., Liharska, T., Hontelez, J., Hanson, D., Hogan, P., Jesse, T, Wijbrandi, J., Simons, G., Vos, P., Zabel, P., & Williamson, V.M. (1998). Genetic and physical localization of the root-knot nematode resistance locus Mi in tomato. Molecular & General Genetics, 257: 376-385.
  • Karajeh, M., Abu-Gharbieh, W., & Masoud, S., (2005). Virulence of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., on tomato bearing the Mi gene for resistance. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 44: 24-28.
  • Kaya, S. (2012). Yerel sofralık domates populasyonlarının organik tarıma uygunlukları ve organik çeşit geliştirme amacıyla kullanım olanakları üzerine araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Lopez-Perez, J.A., Strange, M.L., Kaloshian, I., & Ploeg, A.T. (2006). Differential response of Mi gene-resistant tomato rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Crop Protection, 25: 382-388.
  • Maleita, C.M., Vieira Dos Santos M.C., Curtis, R.H.C., Powers, S.J., & Abrantes, I.M. de O. (2011). Effect of the Mi gene on reproduction of Meloidogyne hispanica on tomato genotypes. Nematology, 13 (8): 939-949.
  • Milligan, S.B., Bodeau, J., Yaghoobi, J., Kaloshian, I., Zabel, P., & Williamson, V.M., (1998). The root-knot resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell, 10: 1307-1319.
  • Mitkowski, N.A., & Abawi, G.S. (2003). Root-knot nematodes. The Plant Health Instructor, DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0917-01.
  • Nombela, G., Beitia, F., & Muniz, M. (2001). A differential interaction study of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype on commercial tomato varieties with or without the Mi resistance gene, and comparative host responses with the B-biotype. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98: 339-344.
  • Nyczepir, A.P., & Thomas, S.H. (2009). Current and future management strategies in intensive crop production systems. pp. 412-443. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., Starr, J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, UK.
  • Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., & Sorribas F. J., (2001). A population of Meloidogyne javanica from Spain virulent to the Mi resistance gene in tomato. Plant Disease, 85: 271-276.
  • Özarslandan, A., Ekbiç, E., & Elekçioğlu, İ.H. (2010). Domateste kök-ur nematodu (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood)’na dayanıklılık sağlayan Mi-1.2 geninin Mi23 SCAR markırı ile belirlenmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (4): 677-686.
  • Prot, J.C. (1984). A naturally occuring resistance beaking biotype of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato: Reproduction and pathogenicity on tomato cultivars Roma et Rossol. Revue Nematology, 7: 23-28.
  • Riggs, R.D., & Winstead, N.N. (1959). Studies on resistance in tomato to root-knot nematodes and occurence of the pathogenic biotypes. Phytopathology, 49: 716-724.
  • Roberts, P.A. (1995). Conceptual and practial aspects of variability in root-knot nematodes related to host plant resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33: 199-221.
  • Roberts, P.A. (2002). Concepts and consequences of resistance. pp. 23-41. In: Starr, J.L., Cook, R., Bridge, J. (Ed.), Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes, CAB International, Oxon, UK.
  • Roberts, P.A., & Thomason, I.J. (1986). Variability in reproduction of isolates of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on resistant tomato genotypes. Plant Disease, 70: 547-551.
  • Roberts, P.A., Matthews, W.C., & Veremis, J.C. (1998). Genetic mechanisms of host plant resistance to nematodes. pp. 209-238. In: Barker, K.R., Pederson, G.A., Windham, G.L. (Ed.), Plant-Nematode Interactions, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Rossi, M., Goggin, F.L., Milligan, S.B., Kaloshian, I., Ullman, D.E., & Williamson, V.M. (1998). The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95: 9750-9754.
  • Seah, S., Telleen, A.C., & Williamson, V.M. (2007a). Introgressed and endogenous Mi-1 gene clusters in tomato differ by complex rearrangements in flanking sequences and show sequence exchange and diversifying selection among homologs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 114: 1289-1302.
  • Seah, S., Williamson, V.M., Garcia, B.E., Mejia, L., Salus, M.S., Martin, C.T., & Maxwell, D.P. (2007b). Evaluation of a co-dominant SCAR marker for detection of the Mİ-1 locus for resistance to root-knot nematode in tomato germplasm. Report of the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, 57: 37-40.
  • Sekin, Y., Bağdatlıoğlu, N., & Kırdinli, Ö. (2005). Domates konservesi üretiminde çeşitli faktörlerin likopen niceliğine etkisi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1): 7-13.
  • Semblat, J.P., Bongiovanni, M., Wajnberg, E., Dalmasso, A., Abad, P., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2000). Virulence and molecular diversity of parthenogenic root-knot nematodes. Heredity, 1: 81-89.
  • Smith, P.G. (1944). Embryo culture of a tomato species hybrid. Proceedings of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences, 44: 413-416.
  • Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., Galeano, M., & Valero, J. (2005). Effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 111: 29-38.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Trudgill, D.L., & Phillips, S. (1998). Evidence for a dosage effect of the Mi gene on partially virulent isolates of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 30: 76-80.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Blok, V.C., Phillips, M.S., & Trudgill, D.L. (1999). Variation in root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Crete in relation to control with resistant tomato and pepper. Nematology, 1 (5): 499-506.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Adam, M.A.M., Blok, V.C., Paraskevopoulos, C., & Bourtzis, K. (2005). Occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes on tomato in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113: 101-105.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., & Blok, V.C. (2007). Differentiation in two populations of Meloidogyne incognita from Greece in relation to reproduction on resistant tomato and pepper. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 114 (6): 276-277.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., & Ornat, C. (2009). Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions. Plant Pathology, 58: 990-998.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., Blanco, M., Cortada, L., & Sorribas, F.J. (2013). Resistance of tomato rootstocks to Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne javanica under intermittent elevated soil temperatures above 28 °C. Crop Protection, 46: 57-62.
  • Veremis, J.C. & Roberts, P.A. (2000). Diversity of heat-stable resistance to Meloidogyne in Maranon races of Lycopersicon perivianum complex. Euphytica, 111: 9-16.
  • Williamson, V.M., Ho, J.-Y., Wu, F.F., Miller, N., & Kaloshian, I. (1994). A PCR-based marker tightly linked to the nematode resistance gene, Mi, in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 87: 757-763.
  • Williamson, V.M. (1998). Root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and their potential for future use. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 36: 277-293.
  • Williamson, V.M., & Kumar, A. (2006). Nematode resistance in plants: the battle underground. Trends in Genetics, 22: 396-403.
  • Williamson, V.M., & Roberts, P.A. (2009). Mechanisms and genetics of resistance. pp. 301-325. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., & Starr J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
  • Xu, J., Narabu, T., Mizukubo, T., & Hibi, T., (2001). A molecular marker correlated with selected virulence against the tomato resistance gene Mi in Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. Phytopathology, 91: 377-382.

Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 211 - 224, 28.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.79466

Öz

Kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.) domateste ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan en önemli tarımsal zararlılardan biridir. Dayanıklı domates çeşitleri hem geleneksel hem de organik tarımda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Domateste, kök-ur nematodunun en  yaygın 3 türüne (Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica) dayanıklılık Mi-1 geni tarafından kontrol edilmektedir.  Bununla birlikte, Mi-1 geninin etkinliğini sınırlandıran başlıca iki faktör bulunmaktadır: yüksek toprak sıcaklığı ve dayanıklılığı kıran (virulent) popülasyonların görülmesi. Bu popülasyonlar ya doğal olarak ya da Mi-1 geni taşıyan domates çeşitlerinin uzun süre yetiştirilmesiyle seleksiyon sonucunda ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, Mi-1 geni ve virulent popülasyon oluşumu yanı sıra dayanıklılığın sürekliliğini sağlamak ve virulent popülasyon oluşumunu engellenmek için gerekli bazı stratejiler hakkındaki bilgiler özetlenerek verilmiştir.  

Kaynakça

  • Abad, P., Favery, B., Rosso, M.N., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2003). Root-knot nematode parasitism and host response: molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4 (4): 217-224.
  • Ammati, M., Thomason, I.J., & McKinney, H.E. (1986). Retention of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Lycopersicon genotypes at high soil temperature. Journal of Nematology, 18(4): 491-495.
  • Araujo, M.T., Bassett, M.J., Augustine, J.J., & Dickson, D.W. (1982). Effect of the temperature and duration of the initial incubation period on the resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Journal of Nematology, 14: 411-413.
  • Bird, D.McK., Williamson, V.M., Abad, P., McCarter, J., Danchin, E.G.J., Castagnone-Sereno, P., & Opperman, C.H. (2009). The genomes of root-knot nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47: 333-351.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2002). Genetic variability of nematodes: a threat to the durability of plant resistance genes. Euphytica, 124: 193-199.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Dalmasso, A. (1992). Differential expression of root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and pepper: evidence with Meloidogyne incognita virulent and avirulent near-isogenic lineages. Annals of Applied Biology, 120 (3): 487-492.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Dalmasso, A. (1993). Stable virulence against the tomato resistance Mi gene in the parthenogenetic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 83: 803-805.
  • Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M., & Wajnberg, E. (2007). Selection and parasite evolution: a reproductive fitness cost associated with virulence in the parthenogenetic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Evolutionary Ecology, 21: 259-270.
  • Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Kaloshian, I., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2008). Variability in infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene. Plant Pathology, 57: 1125-1135.
  • Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Andres, M.F., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2009). Response of tomato rootstocks carrying the Mi-resistance gene to populations of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. Javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124: 337-343.
  • Çapanoğlu, E., & Boyacıoğlu, D. (2010). Domatesin gelişimi sırasında antioksidan bileşiklerinde meydana gelen değişimler. Akademik Gıda Dergisi, 8 (1):44-48.
  • Dautova, M., & Gommers, F.J. (2000). Meloidogyne spp. in Macedonia: Distribution and virulence for Mi resistance in tomato. Nematologia Mediterranea, 28: 121-128.
  • Devran, Z., & Elekçioğlu, H. (2004). The screening of F2 plants for the root-knot nematode resistance gene, Mi by PCR in tomato. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28: 253-257.
  • Devran, Z., & Söğüt M.A. (2010). Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38 (3): 245-251.
  • Devran, Z., & Söğüt M.A. (2014). Response of heat-stable tomato genotypes to Mi-1 virulent root-knot nematode populations. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 38(3): 229-238.
  • Devran, Z., Söğüt, M.A., & Mutlu, N. (2010). Response of tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 at different soil temperatures. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 49: 11-17.
  • Devran, Z., Başköylü, B., Taner, A., & Doğan, F. (2013). Comporison of PCR-based molecular markers for identification of Mi gene. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B – Soil and Plant Science, 45: 395-402.
  • Dropkin, V.H. (1969). The necrotic reaction of tomatoes and other hosts resistant to Meloidogyne: Reversal by temperature. Phytopathology, 59: 1632-1637.
  • Eddaoudi, M., Ammati, M., & Rammah, H. (1997). Identification of resistance breaking populations of Meloidogyne on tomatoes in Morocco and their effect on new sources of resistance. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 20: 285-289.
  • El Mehrach, K.S., Gharsallah Chouchane, S., Mejia, L., Williamson, V.M., Vidavsky, F., Hatimi, A., Salus, M.S., Martin, C.T., & Maxwell, D.P. (2005). PCR based methods for tagging the Mi-1 locus for resistance to root-knot nematode in begomovirus resistant tomato germplasm. Acta Horticulturae, 695: 263-270.
  • Haroon, S.A., Baki, A.A., & Huettel, R.N. (1993). An in vitro test for temperature sensitivity and resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Journal of Nematology, 25 (1): 83-88.
  • Hunt, D.J., & Handoo, Z.,A. (2009). Taxonomy, identification and prencipal species. pp. 55-97. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., & Starr, J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, UK.
  • Hussey, R.S., & Janssen, G.J.W. (2002). Root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne species. pp. 43-70. In: Starr, J.L., Cook, R., & Bridge J., (Ed.), Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
  • Iberkleid, I., Ozalvo, R., Feldman, L., Elbaz, M., Bucki, P., & Brown Horowitz, S. (2014). Responses of tomato genotypes to avirulent and Mi-virulent Meloidogyne javanica isolates occurring in Israel. Phytopathology, 104: 484-496.
  • Jacquet, M., Bongiovanni, M., Martinez, M., Verschave, P., Wajnberg, E., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2005). Variation in resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene. Plant Pathology, 54: 93-99.
  • Jarquin-Barberena H., Dalmasso, A., De Guiran, G., & Cardin, M. C. (1991). Acquired virulence in the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. I. Biological analysis of the phenomenon. Revue de Nématologie, 14: 299-303.
  • Jiang, Y.X., Nombela, G., & Muniz, M. (2001). Analysis by DC-EPG of the resistance to Bemisia tabaci on an Mi-tomato line. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99: 259-302.
  • Kaloshian, I., Williamson, V.M., Miyao, G., Lawn, D., & Westerdahl, B.B. (1996). Resistance-breaking nematodes identified in California tomatoes. California Agriculture, 50: 18-19.
  • Kaloshian, I., Yaghoobi, J., Liharska, T., Hontelez, J., Hanson, D., Hogan, P., Jesse, T, Wijbrandi, J., Simons, G., Vos, P., Zabel, P., & Williamson, V.M. (1998). Genetic and physical localization of the root-knot nematode resistance locus Mi in tomato. Molecular & General Genetics, 257: 376-385.
  • Karajeh, M., Abu-Gharbieh, W., & Masoud, S., (2005). Virulence of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., on tomato bearing the Mi gene for resistance. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 44: 24-28.
  • Kaya, S. (2012). Yerel sofralık domates populasyonlarının organik tarıma uygunlukları ve organik çeşit geliştirme amacıyla kullanım olanakları üzerine araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Lopez-Perez, J.A., Strange, M.L., Kaloshian, I., & Ploeg, A.T. (2006). Differential response of Mi gene-resistant tomato rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Crop Protection, 25: 382-388.
  • Maleita, C.M., Vieira Dos Santos M.C., Curtis, R.H.C., Powers, S.J., & Abrantes, I.M. de O. (2011). Effect of the Mi gene on reproduction of Meloidogyne hispanica on tomato genotypes. Nematology, 13 (8): 939-949.
  • Milligan, S.B., Bodeau, J., Yaghoobi, J., Kaloshian, I., Zabel, P., & Williamson, V.M., (1998). The root-knot resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell, 10: 1307-1319.
  • Mitkowski, N.A., & Abawi, G.S. (2003). Root-knot nematodes. The Plant Health Instructor, DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0917-01.
  • Nombela, G., Beitia, F., & Muniz, M. (2001). A differential interaction study of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype on commercial tomato varieties with or without the Mi resistance gene, and comparative host responses with the B-biotype. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98: 339-344.
  • Nyczepir, A.P., & Thomas, S.H. (2009). Current and future management strategies in intensive crop production systems. pp. 412-443. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., Starr, J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, UK.
  • Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., & Sorribas F. J., (2001). A population of Meloidogyne javanica from Spain virulent to the Mi resistance gene in tomato. Plant Disease, 85: 271-276.
  • Özarslandan, A., Ekbiç, E., & Elekçioğlu, İ.H. (2010). Domateste kök-ur nematodu (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood)’na dayanıklılık sağlayan Mi-1.2 geninin Mi23 SCAR markırı ile belirlenmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (4): 677-686.
  • Prot, J.C. (1984). A naturally occuring resistance beaking biotype of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato: Reproduction and pathogenicity on tomato cultivars Roma et Rossol. Revue Nematology, 7: 23-28.
  • Riggs, R.D., & Winstead, N.N. (1959). Studies on resistance in tomato to root-knot nematodes and occurence of the pathogenic biotypes. Phytopathology, 49: 716-724.
  • Roberts, P.A. (1995). Conceptual and practial aspects of variability in root-knot nematodes related to host plant resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33: 199-221.
  • Roberts, P.A. (2002). Concepts and consequences of resistance. pp. 23-41. In: Starr, J.L., Cook, R., Bridge, J. (Ed.), Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes, CAB International, Oxon, UK.
  • Roberts, P.A., & Thomason, I.J. (1986). Variability in reproduction of isolates of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on resistant tomato genotypes. Plant Disease, 70: 547-551.
  • Roberts, P.A., Matthews, W.C., & Veremis, J.C. (1998). Genetic mechanisms of host plant resistance to nematodes. pp. 209-238. In: Barker, K.R., Pederson, G.A., Windham, G.L. (Ed.), Plant-Nematode Interactions, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Rossi, M., Goggin, F.L., Milligan, S.B., Kaloshian, I., Ullman, D.E., & Williamson, V.M. (1998). The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95: 9750-9754.
  • Seah, S., Telleen, A.C., & Williamson, V.M. (2007a). Introgressed and endogenous Mi-1 gene clusters in tomato differ by complex rearrangements in flanking sequences and show sequence exchange and diversifying selection among homologs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 114: 1289-1302.
  • Seah, S., Williamson, V.M., Garcia, B.E., Mejia, L., Salus, M.S., Martin, C.T., & Maxwell, D.P. (2007b). Evaluation of a co-dominant SCAR marker for detection of the Mİ-1 locus for resistance to root-knot nematode in tomato germplasm. Report of the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, 57: 37-40.
  • Sekin, Y., Bağdatlıoğlu, N., & Kırdinli, Ö. (2005). Domates konservesi üretiminde çeşitli faktörlerin likopen niceliğine etkisi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1): 7-13.
  • Semblat, J.P., Bongiovanni, M., Wajnberg, E., Dalmasso, A., Abad, P., & Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2000). Virulence and molecular diversity of parthenogenic root-knot nematodes. Heredity, 1: 81-89.
  • Smith, P.G. (1944). Embryo culture of a tomato species hybrid. Proceedings of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences, 44: 413-416.
  • Sorribas, F.J., Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., Galeano, M., & Valero, J. (2005). Effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 111: 29-38.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Trudgill, D.L., & Phillips, S. (1998). Evidence for a dosage effect of the Mi gene on partially virulent isolates of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 30: 76-80.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Blok, V.C., Phillips, M.S., & Trudgill, D.L. (1999). Variation in root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Crete in relation to control with resistant tomato and pepper. Nematology, 1 (5): 499-506.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., Adam, M.A.M., Blok, V.C., Paraskevopoulos, C., & Bourtzis, K. (2005). Occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes on tomato in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113: 101-105.
  • Tzortzakakis, E.A., & Blok, V.C. (2007). Differentiation in two populations of Meloidogyne incognita from Greece in relation to reproduction on resistant tomato and pepper. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 114 (6): 276-277.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., Cortada, L., Sorribas, F.J., & Ornat, C. (2009). Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions. Plant Pathology, 58: 990-998.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., Blanco, M., Cortada, L., & Sorribas, F.J. (2013). Resistance of tomato rootstocks to Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne javanica under intermittent elevated soil temperatures above 28 °C. Crop Protection, 46: 57-62.
  • Veremis, J.C. & Roberts, P.A. (2000). Diversity of heat-stable resistance to Meloidogyne in Maranon races of Lycopersicon perivianum complex. Euphytica, 111: 9-16.
  • Williamson, V.M., Ho, J.-Y., Wu, F.F., Miller, N., & Kaloshian, I. (1994). A PCR-based marker tightly linked to the nematode resistance gene, Mi, in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 87: 757-763.
  • Williamson, V.M. (1998). Root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and their potential for future use. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 36: 277-293.
  • Williamson, V.M., & Kumar, A. (2006). Nematode resistance in plants: the battle underground. Trends in Genetics, 22: 396-403.
  • Williamson, V.M., & Roberts, P.A. (2009). Mechanisms and genetics of resistance. pp. 301-325. In: Pery, R.N., Moens, M., & Starr J.L. (Ed.), Root-Knot Nematodes, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
  • Xu, J., Narabu, T., Mizukubo, T., & Hibi, T., (2001). A molecular marker correlated with selected virulence against the tomato resistance gene Mi in Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. Phytopathology, 91: 377-382.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Aydınlı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydınlı, G. (2015). Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu. Derim, 32(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.79466
AMA Aydınlı G. Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu. DERİM. Aralık 2015;32(2):211-224. doi:10.16882/derim.2015.79466
Chicago Aydınlı, Gökhan. “Domateste kök-Ur Nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi Geni Ve virülent Populasyon oluşumu”. Derim 32, sy. 2 (Aralık 2015): 211-24. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.79466.
EndNote Aydınlı G (01 Aralık 2015) Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu. Derim 32 2 211–224.
IEEE G. Aydınlı, “Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu”, DERİM, c. 32, sy. 2, ss. 211–224, 2015, doi: 10.16882/derim.2015.79466.
ISNAD Aydınlı, Gökhan. “Domateste kök-Ur Nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi Geni Ve virülent Populasyon oluşumu”. Derim 32/2 (Aralık 2015), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.79466.
JAMA Aydınlı G. Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu. DERİM. 2015;32:211–224.
MLA Aydınlı, Gökhan. “Domateste kök-Ur Nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi Geni Ve virülent Populasyon oluşumu”. Derim, c. 32, sy. 2, 2015, ss. 211-24, doi:10.16882/derim.2015.79466.
Vancouver Aydınlı G. Domateste kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’na dayanıklılık: Mi geni ve virülent populasyon oluşumu. DERİM. 2015;32(2):211-24.

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