Determination of some physical and chemical changes of fruits of Edranol, Ettinger and Wurtz avocado varieties during harvest periods

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 96 - 110, 13.12.2018

Süleyman Bayram , Seyla Tepe

https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2018.339252

Cited By: 1

Öz

Avocado
cultivation is becoming widespread every year in the Mediterranean region due
to its high market potential in Turkey. Market value of the avocado is
influenced by harvest maturity of fruit and the ripening process in
post-harvest. Due to climacteric property, determination of maturity criteria
in the different ecological conditions is essential. Therefore, fruit samples
of Edranol, Ettinger and Wurtz varieties, were taken at 15-20 days’ intervals
from october and analyzed during the harvesting and ripening period. In the
describing of the fruit maturity index of each variety, the dry weight and oil
content of the fruit flesh give the most reliable results. In cases where these
index values are inadequate, other postharvest analyzes (taste, fruit firmness
and fruit weight loss) can be used to determine maturity. In the study; early
harvest time was determined as from mid-october to early january for Edranol,
during october for Ettinger and mid-october to mid-january for Wurtz. The
optimum harvest was determined as from the beginning of january to the end of
april for Edranol, from early november to mid-january for Ettinger and from
mid-january to late april for Wurtz. The late harvest was determined for
Edranol throughout May, for Ettinger from mid-January to mid-february, and for
Wurtz from may to early june.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avocado, Cultivars, Harvest, Fruit, Maturity, Index

Edranol, Ettinger ve Wurtz avokado çeşitlerinin hasat dönemleri boyunca meyvelerinin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerinin belirlenmesi

Öz

Türkiye’de avokado yetiştiriciliği, yüksek
pazar potansiyeline sahip olduğu için Akdeniz bölgesinde giderek
yaygınlaşmaktadır. Avokadonun pazar değerini, meyvenin hasat olgunluğu ve hasat
sonrası olgunlaşma süreci etkilemektedir. Avokadonun klimakterik özellik
göstermesi nedeniyle, farklı ekolojik koşullarda olgunluk kriterlerin
belirlenmesinin ticari önemi ve gerekliliği bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle;
ülkemizde yetiştirilen Edranol, Ettinger ve Wurtz çeşitlerinde, ekim ayından
başlamak üzere 15-20 gün aralıklarla meyve örnekleri alınarak, hasat ve
olgunlaşma sürecinde analizleri yapılmıştır. Her bir çeşidin meyve olgunluk
indeksinin tanımlanmasında, meyve etinin kuru ağırlık ve yağ içeriği, hala en
güvenilir sonuçları vermektedir. Bu indeks değerlerinin yetersiz kaldığı
durumlarda ise, diğer hasat sonu analizleri (tat, meyve eti sertliği ve meyve
ağırlık kaybı) olgunluk tespitinde yardımcı olmuştur. Sonuç olarak; erken
hasat, Edranol için ekim ayının ortasından ocak ayının başına kadar, Ettinger
için ekim ayı boyunca, Wurtz için ekim ayı ortasından ocak ayının ortasına
kadar devam eden dönem olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimum hasat, Edranol için ocak
başından nisan sonuna kadar, Ettinger için kasım başından ocak ortasına kadar
ve Wurtz için ocak ortasından nisan sonuna kadar süren dönem olarak
saptanmıştır. Geç hasat ise, Edranol için mayıs ayı boyunca, Ettinger için ocak
ortasından şubat ortasına kadar ve Wurtz için mayıs başından haziran başına
kadar devam eden dönem olarak kararlaştırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avokado, çeşit, hasat, meyve, olgunluk, index

Kaynakça

• Barmore C.R. (1976). Avocado Fruit Maturity. Proceedings of the I. International Tropical Fruit Short Course: The Avocado. Gainesville: Fruit Crops Dept.. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Institute of Food ve Agricultural Sciences University of Florida pp. 103–109.
• Bayram S., & Aşkın, M.A. (2006). Bazı avokado çeşitlerinde hasat zamanının belirlenmesinde yağ ve kuru ağırlık parametrelerinin kullanımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2):38-48.
• Bower, J.P., & Cutting, J.G. (1988). Avocado fruit development and ripening physiology. In: J. Janick (ed.) Horticultural Reviews. Volume 10: pp. 229-271.
• Carvalho, C. P., Velásquez, M. A., & Rooyen, Z. V. (2014). Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia. Agronomía Colombiana, 32(3):399-406.
• Demirkol, A. (1997). Antalya Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Bazı Önemli Avokado Çeşitleri Üzerinde Biyolojik Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya.
• Demirkol, A. (1998). Avocado growing in Turkey. World Avocado Congress III Proceedings. Israel 22-27 October 1995, 451-456.
• Doğrular, H.A., Tuncay, M., & Şengüler, A. (1983). Antalya ve Alanya Koşullarında Avokado Çeşitlerinin Adaptasyonu (Ara Sonuç Raporu). Turunçgil Arastırma Enstitüsü, Antalya.
• Flitsanov, U. Mizrach, A., Liberzon, A., Akerman, M., & Zauberman, G. (2000). Measurement of avocado softening at various temperatures using ultrasound. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20:279-286.
• Gamble, J, Harker, F.R., Jaeger, S.R., White, A., Bava, C., Beresford, M., Stubbings, B., Wohlers, M., Hofman, P.J., Marques, R., & Woolf, A. (2010). The impact of dry matter, ripeness and internal defects on consumer perceptions of avocado quality and intentions to purchase. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 57:35-43.
• Ginsberg, L. (1985). Postharvest Physiological Problems of Avocados. South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook, 8: 8-11. Hatton, T.T.Jr., & Campbell, C.W. (1959). Evaluation of indices for Florida avocado maturity. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 72:349-353.
• Hatton, T.T.Jr., Harding, P.L., & Reeder, W.F. (1964). Seasonal Changes in Florida Avocados. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1310.
• Hofman. P.J., Jobin-Décor, M. & Giles. J. (2000). Percentage of dry matter ve oil content are not reliable indicators of fruit maturity or quality in late-harvested ‘Hass’ avocado. HortScience, 35(4):694-695.
• Hofman, P.J., Fuchs, Y., & Milne D.L. (2002). Harvesting Packing Postharvest Tecnology Transport and Processing. In: A.W. Whiley. B. Schaffer and B.N. Wolstenholme (Eds): The Avocado: Botany Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing, 14:363-390.
• Kassim, A., Workneh, T.S., & Bezuidenhout, C.N. (2013). A review on postharvest handling of avocado fruit. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(21):2385-2402.
• Kikuta, Y. & Erickson, L.C. (1968). Seasonal Changes Of Avocado Lipids During Fruit Development and Storage. California Avocado Society Yearbook 52: pp. 102-108.
• Knight, R.J.Jr. (2002). History Distribution and Uses. In: A.W. Whiley. B.Schaffer and B.N. Wolstenholme (Eds) The Avocado: Botany Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing 1, p. 10.
• Lee, S.K. (1981). Methods for Percent Oil Analysis of Avocado Fruit. California Avocado Society Yearbook 65, 133-141.
• Lee, S.K., & Coggins C.W Jr. (1982). Dry Weight Method for Determination of Avocado Fruit Maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook 66:67–70.
• Lee, S.K., & Young, R.E. (1983). Growth measurement as an indication of avocado maturity. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,108(3):395-397.
• Lee, S.K., Young, R.E., Schiffman, P.M., & Coggins, C.W.Jr. (1983). Maturity studies of avocado fruit based on picking dates and dry weight. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108 (3): 390-394.
• Magwaza, L.S., & Tesfay, S.Z. (2015). A review of destructive and non-destructive methods for determining avocado fruit maturity. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 8(10):1995-2011.
• Martinez Damian, M.T. (1987). Characterization of Eleven Late-Maturing Selections of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.). California Avocado Society Yearbook, 205-222.
• Mizrach, A., Flitsanov, U, El-Batsri, R., & Degani, C. (1999). Determination of avocado maturity by ultrasonic attenuation measurements. Scientia Horticulturae, 80:173-180.
• McOnie, A.J., & Wolstenholme, B.N. (1982). Avocado Fruit Growth and Maturity in Two Natal Locaties. South African Growers’ Association Yearbook. 5: 76-77.
• Olaeta, J.A., Undurraga, P., & Jaque, R. (2007). Effect of size and height of fruit within the tree on content of oil in hass and fuerte avocados (Persea americana Mill.). Proceeding VI World Avocado Congress, p:1-10, Chile.
• Osuna-García, J.A., Doyon, G., Salazar-García, S., Goenaga, R., & González-Durán I. J. L. (2010). Effect of harvest date and ripening degree on quality and shelf life of Hass avocado in Mexico. Fruits, 65: 367-375.
• Osuna-García, J.A., Doyon, G., Salazar-García, S., Goenaga, R. & González-Durán I. J. L. (2011). Relationship between skin color and some fruit quality characteristics of ‘Hass’ avocado. The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 95(1-2):15-23.
• Ozdemir, F., & Topuz, A. (2004) Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period. Food Chemistry, 86:79-83.
• Ozdemir, A. E., Çandır, E.E., Toplu, C., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkeser, T.H., & Yıldız, E. (2009). The effects of physical and chemical changes on the optimum harvest maturity in some avocado cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(9):1878-1886.
• Pak, H.A., Dixon, J., & Cutting, J.G.M. (2003). Influence of early season maturity on fruit quality in New Zealand ‘Hass’ avocados. NZ Avocado Grower’s Association Annual Research Report, 3:54-59.
• Ranney C.A. Gillette, G., Brydon, A., McIntyre, S., Rivers. O., Vasquez. C.A., & Wilson. E. (1992). Physiological maturity and percent dry matter of California avocado. Proceedings of Second World Avocado Congress, p:379-85.
• Requejo-Tapia, L.C., Woolf, A.B., Roughan, G., Schroeder, R., Young, H., & White, A. (1999). Avocado Postharvest Research: 1998/99: Seasonal Changes in Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of 'Hass' Avocados. HortResearch Client Report No. 2000/1 Contract No.5262. pp. 1-27.
• Schroeder, C.A. (1953). Growth and development of the ‘Fuerte’ avocado fruit. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 61:103-109.
• Scora, R.W., Wolstenholme, B.N., & Lavi, U. (2002). Taxonomy ve Botany. In: A. W. Whiley. B. Schaffer ve B. N. Wolstenholme (Editör). The Avocado: Botany. Production ve Uses; Cabi Publishing, 2: pp. 15.
• Soule, M.J.Jr., & Harding, P.L. (1955). Relation of maturity of Florida avocados to physical characters. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society,68:303-308.
• Undurraga, P., Oleata, J., & Gardiazabal, F. (1987). Seasonal changes on chemical and physical parameters in six avocado (Persea americana mill) cultivars grown in Chile. South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook, 10:138-140.
• Vakis, N.J., Gregoriou, C., & Papademetriou, M. (1985). Maturity and picking dates of avocados under Cyprus conditions. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 69:81-88.
• Young, R.E., & Lee, S.K. (1978). Avocado fruit maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 62:51-57.
• Zentmyer, G.A. (1987). Avocados around the World. Avocado Society Yearbook, 71:63-77.
• Zerbini, E., & Polesello, A. (1984). Measuring the color of apple skin by different techniques. Proceedings of the second Workshop on Pome Fruit Quality, p:161-171.
• Zilkah, S., & Klein, I. (1987). Growth kinetics and determination of shape and size of small and large avocado fruits cultivars ‘Hass’ on the tree. Scientia Horticulturae, 32:195-202.