Determination of some physicochemical properties in fruits of some avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivars during the harvesting periods

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 31.05.2019

Süleyman Bayram , Seyla Tepe

https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2019.410329

Cited By: 3

Öz

In
this study, certain physical and chemical properties of the Fuerte, Bacon and
Zutano avocado cultivars were determined during the harvesting periods between
the years 2010-2013. Fruit harvests were performed at intervals of 15-20 days. The
dry weight and oil content of Fuerte cultivar increased by 110.2% and 234.2%,
respectively, between October and May of the 2010-2011 harvesting period. The
dry weight and oil content of the Bacon cultivar increased by 44.7% and 180.7%,
respectively, between October and March of the 2010-2011 harvesting period, and
increased by 51.0% and 174.1%, respectively, between October and January of the
2012-2013 harvesting period. The dry weight and oil content of the Zutano
cultivar increased by 47.4% and 200.0%, respectively, between October and March
of the 2010-2011 harvesting period, and increased by 25.9% and 86.3%,
respectively, between October and February of the 2012-2013 harvesting period.
A very strong positive correlation between certain pomological properties used
as fruit maturity indices in avocados were found in the Fuerte, Bacon and
Zutano cultivars. As a result of this study; with regard to the dry weight and
oil content of fruit grown in the climatic conditions of Antalya, the optimal
harvesting periods were determined to be between November and May for the
Fuerte cultivar, and between November and January for the Bacon and Zutano
cultivars.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avocado, Harvest, Dry weight and oil content, Pomological fetures, Correlation

Bazı avokado (Persea americana Mill.) çeşitlerinin meyvelerinde hasat periyodu boyunca bazı fizikokimyasal özelliklerdeki değişimin belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada;
2010-2013 yılları arasında hasat periyodu boyunca, Fuerte, Bacon ve Zutano
çeşitlerinde bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Hasat, 15-20 günde bir yapılmıştır. Fuerte çeşidinin kuru ağırlık ve yağ
içeriği değerleri, 2010-11 hasat periyodu boyunca Ekim-Mayıs ayları arasında
sırasıyla %110.2 ve %234.2 artmıştır. Ayrıca, Bacon çeşidinde kuru ağırlık ve
yağ içeriği değerleri, 2010-11 hasat periyodu boyunca Ekim-Mart ayları arasında
sırasıyla %44.7 ve %180.7 artarken, 2012-13 hasat periyodu boyunca Ekim-Ocak
ayları arasında sırasıyla %51.0 ve %174.1 artmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Zutano
çeşidinde kuru ağırlık ve yağ içeriği değerleri, 2010-11 hasat periyodu boyunca
Ekim-Mart ayları arasında sırasıyla %47.4 ve %200.0 artarken, 2012-13 hasat
periyodu boyunca Ekim-Şubat ayları arasında sırasıyla %26.0 ve %86.3 artmıştır.
Fuerte, Bacon ve Zutano çeşitlerinde avokadonun meyvelerinde olgunluk indeksi
olarak kullanılan bazı pomolojik özellikler arasında çok yüksek seviyede
korelasyon bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; Antalya koşullarında meyvenin kuru
ağırlık ve yağ içeriği bakımından optimum hasat zamanı Fuerte’de Kasım ve Mayıs
ayları arası, Bacon ve Zutano’da Kasım ve Ocak ayları arası en uygun zamanı
olarak belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avokado, Hasat, Pomolojik özellikler, Kuru ağırlık ve yağ içeriği, Pomolojik özellikler, Korelasyon

Kaynakça

• Anonymous. (2000). Growing avocados in ventura county. A Reference Handbook-University of California Cooperative Extension, pp. 45–47.
• Barmore, C.R. (1976). Avocado fruit maturity. Proceedings of the I. International Tropical Fruit Short Course: The Avocado. pp. 103–109. Gainesville: Fruit Crops Dept., Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
• Bayram, S., & Aşkın, M. A. (2006). Bazı avokado çeşitlerinde harvest zamanının belirlenmesinde yağ ve kuru ağırlık parametrelerinin kullanımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2):38-48.
• Bayram, S., Tepe, S., & Toker, R. (2016). Determination of some physical and chemical changes in fruits of hass avocado cultivar during harvesting time. Derim; 33 (1): 14-26.
• Blakey, R.J. (2011). Management of avocado postharvest physiology. Doctorate Thesis, pp. 5-16. Disipline of Horticultural Science School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness Faculty of Science and Agriculture University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa.
• Biale, J.B., & Young, R.E. (1971). The avocado pear. pp. 1-60. In: Biale, A.C. (Ed.), The Biochemistry of Fruits ve Thei Products. Academic Press, London.
• Bizimana, V., Breene, W.M., & Csallany, A.S. (1993). Avocado oil extraction with appropriate technology for developing countries. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 70(8): 821-822.
• Bower, J. P., & Cutting, J. G. (1988). Avocado fruit development and ripening physiology. In: J. Janick (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews, 10: 229–271.
• Carvalho, C. P., Velásquez, M. A., & Rooyen, Z. V. (2014). Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia. Agronomía Colombiana, 32(3):399-406.
• Chanderbali, A.S., Soltis, D.E, Soltis, P.S., & Wolstenholme, B.N. (2013). Taxonomy and botany. 3: pp. 44. In: Schaffer, B., Whiley, A.W. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production And Uses; 2nd Edition, Cabi Publishing.
• Demirkol, A. (1997). Antalya koşullarında yetiştirilen bazı önemli avokado çeşitleri üzerinde biyolojik, morfolojik ve fizyolojik araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, (in Turkish).
• Demirkol, A. (1998). Avocado growing in Turkey. Procedings, pp. 451–456. World Avocado Congress III, 22–27 October, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
• Demirkol, A., Bayram, S., & Baktır, I. (2004). Adaptation and performance of 15 avocado cultivars grown in Antalya province in southern Turkey. Proceeding XXVI, IHC-Citrus; Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Crops. Acta Hort, 632; 45-52.
• Doğrular, H.A, Tuncay, M., & Şengüler, A. (1983). Adaptation of avocado varieties in Antalya and Alanya conditions (Interim Report).Turunçgil Research Institute, Antalya, Unpublished .
• Flitsanov, U. Mizrach, A., Liberzon, A., Akerman, M., Zauberman, G. (2000). Measurement of avocado softening at various temperatures using ultrasound. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20: 279–286.
• FAO (2018). Agricultural production data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Access date: October 3, 2018.
• Gamble, J., Harker, F. R., Jaeger, S. R., White, A., Bava, C., Beresford, M., Stubbings, B., Wohlers, M., Hofman, P. J., Marques, R., & Woolf, A. (2010). The impact of dry matter, ripeness and internal defects on consumer perceptions of avocado quality and intentions to purchase. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 57: 35–43.
• Hernández, I., Fuentealba, C., Olaeta, J.A., Lurie, S., Defilippi, B.G., Vargas, R.C., & Pedreschi, R. (2016). Factors associated with postharvest ripening heterogeneity of ‘Hass’ avocados (Persea americana Mill). Fruits, Cirad / EDP Sciences, 71(5): 259–268
• Hofman, P.J., Jobin-Décor, M., & Giles, J. (2000). Percentage of dry matter and oil content are not reliable indicators of fruit maturity or quality in late-harvested ‘Hass’ avocado. HortScience, 35 (4): 694–695.
• Hofman, P.J., Fuchs, Y., & Milne, D.L. (2002). Harvesting, Packing, Postharvest Tecnology, Transport and Processing. 14, pp. 363–390. In: Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing.
• Hofman, P.J., Bower, J., & Woolf, A. (2013). Harvesting, packing, postharvest tecnology, transport and processing. 15: 494. In: Schaffer, B., Whiley, A.W. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; 2nd Edition, Cabi Publishing.
• Kaplankıran, M., & Tuzcu, Ö (1994). Characteristics of some avocado cultivars emerged under adana conditions. Çukurova University Agric. Faculty Journal, 9 (2): 103-112, (In Turkish).
• Knight, Jr. R.J. (2002). History, distribution and uses. 1: pp. 10. In: Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing.
• Lee, S.K. (1981). Methods for percent oil analysis of avocado fruit. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 65:133-141.
• Lee, S.K., Coggins, & Jr. C.W. (1982). Dry weight method for determination of avocado fruit maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 66: 67–70.
• Magwaza, L.S., & Tesfay, S. Z. (2015). A review of destructive and non-destructive methods for determining avocado fruit maturity. Food and Bioprocess Technology,Vol 8, Issue 10: 1995–2011.
• McOnie, A.J., & Wolstenholme, B.N. (1982). Avocado fruit growth and maturity in two Natal localities. South African Avocado Grower’ Association Yearbook, 5: 76-77.
• Mickelbart, M.V., Robinson, P.W., Witney, G., & Arpaia, M.L. (2012). ‘Hass’ avocado tree growth on four rootstocks in California. I. Yield and Flowering. Scientia Horticulturae, 143:184-188.
• Offer, R.A. (1986). Maturation and ripening of avocado fruit (summary). Thesis submitted for the degree of M.Sc. (agric.), The Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. http://www.avocadosource.com/papers /Israeli_Papers.htm. Access date: October 3, 2018.
• Olaeta, J.A., Undurraga, P., & Jaque, R. (2007). Effect of size and height of fruit within the tree on content of oil in Hass and Fuerte avocados (Persea americana Mill.). Proceeding VI World Avocado Congress (Actas VI Congreso Mundial Del Aguacate), 12-16 November, Viña Del Mar, Chile, pp: 1-10.
• Osuna-García, J.A., Doyon, G., Salazar-García, S., Goenaga, R., & González-Durán I.J.L. (2010). Effect of harvest date and ripening degree on quality and shelf life of Hass avocado in Mexico. Fruits, 65: 367–375.
• Ozdemir, A.E., Çandır, E.E., Toplu, C., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkeser, T.H., & Yıldız, E. (2009). The effects of physical and chemical changes on the optimum harvest maturity in some avocado cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (9): 1878-1886.
• Quiñones-Islas, N., Meza-Márquez, O G., Osorio-Revilla, G., & Gallardo-Velazquez, T. (2013). Detection of adulterants in avocado oil by mid-FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Food Research International, 51: 148.
• Pak, H.A., Dixon, J., & Cutting, J.G.M. (2003). Influence of early season maturity on fruit quality in New Zealand Hass avocados. Proceedings V World Avocado Congress, 19-24 October, Malaga, Spain, pp: 635-640.
• Ranney, C.A., Gillette, G., Brydon, A, McIntyre, S., Rivers, O., Vasquez, C.A., & Wilson, E. (1992). Physiological maturity and percent dry matter of California avocado. Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress, pp. 379–385.
• Requejo-Tapia, L.C. Woolf, A.B. Roughan, G. Schroeder, R. Young, H., & White, A. (1999). Avocado postharvest research: 1998/99: seasonal changes in lipid content and fatty acid composition of 'Hass' avocados. pp. 1-25. HortResearch Client Report No. 2000/1 Contract No.5262, Report to the NZ Avocado Industry Council, New Zeland.
• Schroeder, C.A. (1953). Growth and development of the Fuerte avocado fruit. Proceedings of the American Society for Hortıcultural Science, 61:103–109.
• Scora, R.W., Wolstenholme, B.N., & Lavi, U. (2002). Taxonomy and botany. 2: pp. 15. In: Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing.
• Toplu, C., Demirkeser, T.H., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkol, A., Baturay, S.G., & Yanar, M. (1998). The yield, quality and growth parameters of some avocado cultivars grown in Iskenderun. Derim, 15 (2): 50-57, (in Turkish).
• Toplu, C., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkeser, T.H., Yıldız, E., & Temiz, S. (2003). Pomolojical characteristics seen in some avocado cultivars grown under Hatay-Dörtyol. IV. National Horticulture Congress, Antalya, pp. 185-187, (in Turkish)
• Undurraga, P., Oleata, J., & Gardiazabal, F. (1987). Seasonal changes on chemical and physical parameters in six avocado (Persea americana Mill) cultivars grown in Chile. South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook, 10: 138–140.
• Vakis, N.J., Gregoriou, C., & Papademetriou, M. (1985). Maturity and picking dates of avocados under Cyprus conditions. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 69: 81–88.
• Whiley, A.W. (2002). Crop management. 10: pp. 231–254. In: Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B. and Wolstenholme, B.N. (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing.
• Whiley, A.W., Wolstenholme, B.N., & Faber, B. (2013). Crop Management. 12: pp. 363.In: B.Schaffer, A.W. Whiley, and B.N. Wolstenholme (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production And Uses; 2nd Edition, Cabi Publishing.
• Woolf, A.B., White A., Arpaia M.L., & Gross K.C. (2016). Avocado. pp. 217. In: Gross K., Wang C. and Salveit M (Eds.), Agriculture Handbook 66: The storage of fruits, vegetables and florist and nursery stocks, USDA, USA. https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf. Accessed date: September 25, 2018.
• Young, R. E., & Lee, S. K. (1978). Avocado fruit maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 62: 51–57.
• Zentmyer, G.A. (1987). Avocados around the World. Avocado Society Yearbook, 71: 63–77.
• Zilkah, S., & Klein, I. (1987). Growth kinetics and determination of shape and length of small and large avocado fruits cultivars ‘Hass’ on the tree. Scientia Horticulturae, 32: 195-202.