BÜYÜK KRİZLERİN TÜRKİYE’DEKİ KONTEYNER TAŞIMACILIĞINA ETKİSİ: COVID-19 SALGINI ÖRNEĞİ
Yıl 2024,
, 51 - 70, 30.06.2024
Arda Toygar
,
Umut Yıldırım
Öz
Covid-19 salgını, anlık ve geçici bir etkiden ziyade ekonomi, sağlık ve toplum üzerinde geniş ve kalıcı bir etkiye sahip olan yakın tarihli büyük bir krizdir. Pandeminin ilanını takip eden ilk aylarda, Türkiye’deki konteyner taşımacılığı sektörü kısıtlamalar ve karantina önlemlerinden etkilenmiştir. Bu dönemde gemi uğraklarında azalmalar, gemi operasyonlarında yavaşlamalar, depolama ve antrepo hizmetlerinde kayıplar yaşanmıştır. Türkiye’deki konteyner hacimleri küresel ortalamadan daha az etkilenmiş olsa da daha önce istikrarlı olan büyüme eğilimi durma noktasına gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’deki konteyner taşımacılığı üzerindeki etkisini bir vaka çalışması olarak incelemektedir. İlgili literatür ve istatistiki veriler analiz edilerek Türkiye’deki spesifik etkiler detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma, paydaşlar ve ulusal politika yapıcılar için tavsiyeler sunarak ulusal hedefleri desteklemeyi ve gelecekteki krizlere karşı dayanıklılığı artırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tavsiyeler arasında dijitalleşme ve blok zinciri teknolojilerinin benimsenmesi, deniz ticaretinin bölgesel olarak genişletilmesi, depolama stratejilerinin dikkate alınması ve lojistik altyapısının geliştirilmesi yer almaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Açık, A. (2021). Do global crises have permanent or transitory effects on
container traffic in Turkish ports? International Journal of Economics,
Business and Politics, 5(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.877117.
- Ayaz, İ. S., Bucak, U., Mollaoğlu, M. and Esmer, S. (2022). Resilience
strategies of ports against Covid-19 in terms of chaos theory. Marine
Policy, 105323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105323.
- Bai, X., Xu, M., Han, T. and Yang, D. (2022). Quantifying the impact of
pandemic lockdown policies on global port calls. Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice, 164, 224-241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.002.
- Bakırcı, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinin Türkiye havayolu ulaşımına
etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (76), 45-58.
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.800559.
- Balcı, G. (2020). Konteyner Taşımacılığı Pazarının Kavramsal Bir
İncelemesi, in S. Esmer (Ed.), Deniz Taşımacılığı ve Lojistiği, pp. 353–
376. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
- Carrière-Swallow, Y., Deb, P., Furceri, D., Jiménez, D. and Ostry, J. D.
(2023). Shipping costs and inflation. Journal of International Money and
Finance, 130, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102771.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2020a). Uluslararası Taşıtlarda ve Giriş
Noktalarında Dezenfeksiyon: Sirküler No: 442.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/Media/ViewerWithName/17272?fi
leName=442_1158_uluslararas_ta_tlarda_ve_giri_noktalar_nda_dezenfe
ksiyon.pdf, Date accessed: 4th November 2023.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2020b). Korona Virüs Tedbirleri.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/sirkuler/korona-virus-tedbirleri-
11796?page=10, Date accessed: 12th October 2021.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2023). Denizcilik Sektör Raporu 2023.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorrapor
u/2023/Denizcilik_Sektor_Raporu_12.06.2023_v2.pdf, Date accessed:
12th July 2023.
- Dırman, E. (2022). Limanlar Taleplere Cevap Vermekte Zorlanıyor,
Konteyner Kıtlığı Yaşayabiliriz. https://medkonlines.com/wpcontent/
uploads/2022/04/depot.pdf, Date Accessed: 1st July 2023.
- Esmer, S. (2021). Limancılığın Son 10 Yılı ve Geleceği.
https://www.ekonomim.com/kose-yazisi/limanciligin-son-10-yili-vegelecegi/
612223, Date Accessed: 18th September 2023.
- Huang, L., Tan, Y. and Guan, X. (2022). Hub-and-spoke network design for container shipping considering disruption and congestion in the post
COVID-19 era. Ocean & Coastal Management, 225, 106230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106230.
- İncaz, S. and Karaköprü, U. O. (2021). The importance of Ambarlı Port in
container handling in Türkiye; forecasting analysis for the near future and
the impact of Covid 19 pandemic. Kent Akademisi, 14(4), 899-910.
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.981847.
- ITF. (2020). Covid-19 Transport Brief: Global Container Shipping and the
Coronavirus Crisis. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=132_132943-
daeq3o7rjc&title=Global-Container-Shipping-and-the-Coronavirus-
Crisis, Date Accessed: 12th June 2023.
- Kalgora, B. and Christian, T. M. (2016). The financial and economic crisis,
its impacts on the shipping industry, lessons to learn: the container-ships
market analysis. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 38–44.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.41005.
- Kurt, I. (2023). Lessons learned from COVID-19 in terms of port
operations: Evidence from Turkish ports. Research in Transportation
Business & Management, 51, 101055.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101055.
- Kuźmicz, K. A. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions on
container transport. Engineering Management in Production and Services,
14 (2), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0020.
- Lloyd’s List. (2023). One Hundred Ports 2023.
https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundredcontainer-
ports-2023, Date Accessed: 12th July 2023.
- MTI. (2020). Corona Virüsü (Covid-19) Kapsamında Başkanlığımızca
Alınan Önlemler. https://kocaeliliman.uab.gov.tr/haberler/corona-virusucovid-
19-kapsaminda-baskanligimizca-alinan-onlemler, Date Accessed:
3rd June 2023.
- MTI-GDMA. (2021). Konteyner Taşımacılığı İstatistikleri.
https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/konteyner-istatistikleri, Date
Accessed: 23rd December 2021.
- MTI-GDMA. (2023). Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü Deniz Ticareti
İstatistikleri 2022.https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/yayinlar/denizcilikistatistikleri-
bulteni-2022-04-02-2023.pdf, Date Accessed: 27th July 2023.
- Notteboom, T. E., Pallis, T. and Rodrigue, J. P. (2021). Disruptions and
resilience in global container shipping and ports: The Covid-19 pandemic
versus the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Maritime Economics & Logistics,
1–32. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-020-00180-5.
- Okumuş, A. (2020). Covid-19’un Ulaştırma ve Lojistik Sektörüne Etkileri.
https://lge.ist/degerlendirme/covid-19un-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-sektoruneetkileri/,
Date Accessed: 10th November 2023.
- Polat, O. (2022). Designing of Container Feeder Service Networks Under
Unstable Demand Conditions, in Lincoln C., Wood & Linh N.K. Duong
(Ed.), Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Globalized Business
Era, pp. 115-136. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8709-
6.ch006.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020a). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Mart 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Mart-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 1st November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020b). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Nisan 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Nisan-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 4th November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020c). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Haziran 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Haziran-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 8th November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2023). Türkiye Limancılık Sektörü
2023 Raporu. https://www.turklim.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2023/07/TURKLIM-Sektor-Raporu-2023.pdf, Date
Accessed: 25th August 2022.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2019). Eleventh Development Plan
(2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/
uploads/2022/07/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf,
Date Accessed: 14th December 2023.
- Tanrikulu, A. B. and Odabas, M. S. (2021). Covid-19 pandemisinin lojistik
sistemler üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Black Sea Journal of
Engineering and Science, 4 (4), 214-216.
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.856844.
- Toygar, A., Yildirim, U. and Nart, S. (2023). Understanding the impact of
global challenges on container shipping: a qualitative study in the COVID-
19 era. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-023-00327-0.
- Türe, I. (2021). 2020’nin Genel Değerlendirmesi ve Gelecek Vizyonu.
https://www.7deniz.net/2020nin-genel-degerlendirmesi-ve-gelecekvizyonu-
1, Date Accessed: 14th May 2023.
- TURKSTAT. (2023). Ülkelere Göre Yıllık İhracat-İthalat (En Çok İhracatİthalat
Yapılan 20 ülke). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis-
Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2023-49621, Date Accessed: 2nd August 2023.
- Tutar, F.T., Tutar, E., and Küçükdurmuş, H. (2022). Covid 19
pandemisinin ortaya çıkardığı eşitsizlik: Sayısal uçurum. International
Academic Social Resources Journal, 7(39), 706-721.
https://doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOURNAL.62717.
- UNCTAD. (2021). The Review of Maritime Transport 2021.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2021_en_0.pdf, Date
Accessed: 8th November 2023.
- UNCTAD. (2022). The Review of Maritime Transport 2022.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2022_en.pdf, Date
Accessed: 22nd May 2023.
- UTİKAD. (2021). Pandemi Etkisinde Denizyolu Taşımacılığı.
https://www.utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/30529/pandemietkisinde-
denizyolu-tasimaciligi, Date Accessed: 10th November 2022.
- UTİKAD. (2023). UTİKAD Lojistik Sektörü Raporu 2022.
https://www.utikad.org.tr/images/HizmetRapor/utikadlojistiksektorurapor
u2022-857.pdf, Date Accessed: 2nd August 2023.
- Uzun, Ç. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Liman Faaliyetlerine
Olan Etkisi. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/covid-19-pandemisinint%
C3%BCrkiyede-liman-faaliyetlerine-olan-
%C3%A7a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F-uzun/?originalSubdomain=tr, Date
Accessed: 13th June 2023.
- World Bank Group. (2023). Connecting to Compete 2023 Trade Logistics
in an Uncertain Global Economy: The Logistics Performance Index and
Its Indicators. https://lpi.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2023-
04/LPI_2023_report_with_layout.pdf, Date Accessed: 3rd July 2023.
- Zeybek, H. (2021). Demiryollarının konteyner limanı-hinterlant
bağlantılarındaki önemi: Mersin Limanı örneği. Demiryolu Mühendisliği,
14, 49-64. https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.840401.
- Zhou, X., Jing, D., Dai, L., Wang, Y., Guo, S. and Hu, H. (2022).
Evaluating the economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on shipping and
port industry: A case study of the port of Shanghai. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 230, 106339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106339.
IMPACT OF MAJOR CRISES ON CONTAINER SHIPPING IN TÜRKİYE: THE CASE OF THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK
Yıl 2024,
, 51 - 70, 30.06.2024
Arda Toygar
,
Umut Yıldırım
Öz
The Covid-19 outbreak is a recent major crisis with a broad and lasting impact on the economy, health, and society, rather than an immediate and temporary impact. In the first months following the declaration of the pandemic, the container shipping sector in Türkiye was impacted by restrictions and quarantine measures. During this period, there were reductions in ship calls, slowdowns in ship operations, and losses in storage and warehousing services. Although container volumes in Türkiye were less impacted than the global average, the previously stable growth trend came to a halt. This study examines the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on container shipping in Türkiye as a case study. Relevant literature and statistical data were analyzed to provide a detailed examination of the specific impacts in Türkiye. In addition, the study aims to support national goals and increase resilience to future crises by providing recommendations for the stakeholders and national policy makers. These recommendations include the adoption of digitalization and blockchain technologies, regional expansion of maritime trade, considering storage strategies and developing logistics infrastructure.
Teşekkür
This study is derived from the doctoral thesis entitled “The Impact of Covid-19 on Container Shipping: An Assessment Centred on Türkiye” by Arda Toygar at Karadeniz Technical University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.
Kaynakça
- Açık, A. (2021). Do global crises have permanent or transitory effects on
container traffic in Turkish ports? International Journal of Economics,
Business and Politics, 5(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.877117.
- Ayaz, İ. S., Bucak, U., Mollaoğlu, M. and Esmer, S. (2022). Resilience
strategies of ports against Covid-19 in terms of chaos theory. Marine
Policy, 105323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105323.
- Bai, X., Xu, M., Han, T. and Yang, D. (2022). Quantifying the impact of
pandemic lockdown policies on global port calls. Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice, 164, 224-241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.002.
- Bakırcı, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinin Türkiye havayolu ulaşımına
etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (76), 45-58.
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.800559.
- Balcı, G. (2020). Konteyner Taşımacılığı Pazarının Kavramsal Bir
İncelemesi, in S. Esmer (Ed.), Deniz Taşımacılığı ve Lojistiği, pp. 353–
376. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
- Carrière-Swallow, Y., Deb, P., Furceri, D., Jiménez, D. and Ostry, J. D.
(2023). Shipping costs and inflation. Journal of International Money and
Finance, 130, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102771.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2020a). Uluslararası Taşıtlarda ve Giriş
Noktalarında Dezenfeksiyon: Sirküler No: 442.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/Media/ViewerWithName/17272?fi
leName=442_1158_uluslararas_ta_tlarda_ve_giri_noktalar_nda_dezenfe
ksiyon.pdf, Date accessed: 4th November 2023.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2020b). Korona Virüs Tedbirleri.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/sirkuler/korona-virus-tedbirleri-
11796?page=10, Date accessed: 12th October 2021.
- Chamber of Shipping-Türkiye. (2023). Denizcilik Sektör Raporu 2023.
https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorrapor
u/2023/Denizcilik_Sektor_Raporu_12.06.2023_v2.pdf, Date accessed:
12th July 2023.
- Dırman, E. (2022). Limanlar Taleplere Cevap Vermekte Zorlanıyor,
Konteyner Kıtlığı Yaşayabiliriz. https://medkonlines.com/wpcontent/
uploads/2022/04/depot.pdf, Date Accessed: 1st July 2023.
- Esmer, S. (2021). Limancılığın Son 10 Yılı ve Geleceği.
https://www.ekonomim.com/kose-yazisi/limanciligin-son-10-yili-vegelecegi/
612223, Date Accessed: 18th September 2023.
- Huang, L., Tan, Y. and Guan, X. (2022). Hub-and-spoke network design for container shipping considering disruption and congestion in the post
COVID-19 era. Ocean & Coastal Management, 225, 106230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106230.
- İncaz, S. and Karaköprü, U. O. (2021). The importance of Ambarlı Port in
container handling in Türkiye; forecasting analysis for the near future and
the impact of Covid 19 pandemic. Kent Akademisi, 14(4), 899-910.
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.981847.
- ITF. (2020). Covid-19 Transport Brief: Global Container Shipping and the
Coronavirus Crisis. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=132_132943-
daeq3o7rjc&title=Global-Container-Shipping-and-the-Coronavirus-
Crisis, Date Accessed: 12th June 2023.
- Kalgora, B. and Christian, T. M. (2016). The financial and economic crisis,
its impacts on the shipping industry, lessons to learn: the container-ships
market analysis. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 38–44.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.41005.
- Kurt, I. (2023). Lessons learned from COVID-19 in terms of port
operations: Evidence from Turkish ports. Research in Transportation
Business & Management, 51, 101055.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101055.
- Kuźmicz, K. A. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions on
container transport. Engineering Management in Production and Services,
14 (2), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0020.
- Lloyd’s List. (2023). One Hundred Ports 2023.
https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundredcontainer-
ports-2023, Date Accessed: 12th July 2023.
- MTI. (2020). Corona Virüsü (Covid-19) Kapsamında Başkanlığımızca
Alınan Önlemler. https://kocaeliliman.uab.gov.tr/haberler/corona-virusucovid-
19-kapsaminda-baskanligimizca-alinan-onlemler, Date Accessed:
3rd June 2023.
- MTI-GDMA. (2021). Konteyner Taşımacılığı İstatistikleri.
https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/konteyner-istatistikleri, Date
Accessed: 23rd December 2021.
- MTI-GDMA. (2023). Denizcilik Genel Müdürlüğü Deniz Ticareti
İstatistikleri 2022.https://denizcilik.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/yayinlar/denizcilikistatistikleri-
bulteni-2022-04-02-2023.pdf, Date Accessed: 27th July 2023.
- Notteboom, T. E., Pallis, T. and Rodrigue, J. P. (2021). Disruptions and
resilience in global container shipping and ports: The Covid-19 pandemic
versus the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Maritime Economics & Logistics,
1–32. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-020-00180-5.
- Okumuş, A. (2020). Covid-19’un Ulaştırma ve Lojistik Sektörüne Etkileri.
https://lge.ist/degerlendirme/covid-19un-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-sektoruneetkileri/,
Date Accessed: 10th November 2023.
- Polat, O. (2022). Designing of Container Feeder Service Networks Under
Unstable Demand Conditions, in Lincoln C., Wood & Linh N.K. Duong
(Ed.), Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Globalized Business
Era, pp. 115-136. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8709-
6.ch006.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020a). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Mart 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Mart-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 1st November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020b). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Nisan 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Nisan-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 4th November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2020c). Türkiye Limanları Covid-
19 Ekonomik Etki Analizi (Haziran 2020).
https://www.turklim.org/pdf/TURKLIM-Covid-19-Suresince-Turkiye-
Limanlari-Ekonomik-Etki-Durum-Analizi-Haziran-2020.pdf, Date
Accessed: 8th November 2022.
- Port Operators Association of Türkiye, (2023). Türkiye Limancılık Sektörü
2023 Raporu. https://www.turklim.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2023/07/TURKLIM-Sektor-Raporu-2023.pdf, Date
Accessed: 25th August 2022.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2019). Eleventh Development Plan
(2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/
uploads/2022/07/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf,
Date Accessed: 14th December 2023.
- Tanrikulu, A. B. and Odabas, M. S. (2021). Covid-19 pandemisinin lojistik
sistemler üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Black Sea Journal of
Engineering and Science, 4 (4), 214-216.
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.856844.
- Toygar, A., Yildirim, U. and Nart, S. (2023). Understanding the impact of
global challenges on container shipping: a qualitative study in the COVID-
19 era. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-023-00327-0.
- Türe, I. (2021). 2020’nin Genel Değerlendirmesi ve Gelecek Vizyonu.
https://www.7deniz.net/2020nin-genel-degerlendirmesi-ve-gelecekvizyonu-
1, Date Accessed: 14th May 2023.
- TURKSTAT. (2023). Ülkelere Göre Yıllık İhracat-İthalat (En Çok İhracatİthalat
Yapılan 20 ülke). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis-
Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2023-49621, Date Accessed: 2nd August 2023.
- Tutar, F.T., Tutar, E., and Küçükdurmuş, H. (2022). Covid 19
pandemisinin ortaya çıkardığı eşitsizlik: Sayısal uçurum. International
Academic Social Resources Journal, 7(39), 706-721.
https://doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOURNAL.62717.
- UNCTAD. (2021). The Review of Maritime Transport 2021.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2021_en_0.pdf, Date
Accessed: 8th November 2023.
- UNCTAD. (2022). The Review of Maritime Transport 2022.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2022_en.pdf, Date
Accessed: 22nd May 2023.
- UTİKAD. (2021). Pandemi Etkisinde Denizyolu Taşımacılığı.
https://www.utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/30529/pandemietkisinde-
denizyolu-tasimaciligi, Date Accessed: 10th November 2022.
- UTİKAD. (2023). UTİKAD Lojistik Sektörü Raporu 2022.
https://www.utikad.org.tr/images/HizmetRapor/utikadlojistiksektorurapor
u2022-857.pdf, Date Accessed: 2nd August 2023.
- Uzun, Ç. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Liman Faaliyetlerine
Olan Etkisi. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/covid-19-pandemisinint%
C3%BCrkiyede-liman-faaliyetlerine-olan-
%C3%A7a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F-uzun/?originalSubdomain=tr, Date
Accessed: 13th June 2023.
- World Bank Group. (2023). Connecting to Compete 2023 Trade Logistics
in an Uncertain Global Economy: The Logistics Performance Index and
Its Indicators. https://lpi.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2023-
04/LPI_2023_report_with_layout.pdf, Date Accessed: 3rd July 2023.
- Zeybek, H. (2021). Demiryollarının konteyner limanı-hinterlant
bağlantılarındaki önemi: Mersin Limanı örneği. Demiryolu Mühendisliği,
14, 49-64. https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.840401.
- Zhou, X., Jing, D., Dai, L., Wang, Y., Guo, S. and Hu, H. (2022).
Evaluating the economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on shipping and
port industry: A case study of the port of Shanghai. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 230, 106339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106339.